Territory Of Poland Research Articles

Rzadsze rośliny naczyniowe terenów kolejowych w określonych regionach Kotliny Sandomierskiej. Cz I. Nizina Nadwiślańska, część północna

The present study is one of the first that are devoted to previously unknown stations of the more interesting flora of vascular plants discovered in the railway areas in specific regions of the Sandomierz Basin. Stations of 112 plant species of this type were currently described, which are located in the railway areas in the Sandomierz Basin in the northern part of the Vistula Lowland. Among the plants investigated, apophytes (69 species) prevail over anthropophytes (33 species). Moreover, there are presented stations of nine taxa of different rank of genus Oenothera plants with an unknown history of their settlement in the territory of Poland. They are generally plants with stations recorded with varying frequency on a regional and national scale. The most interesting and rarest of these in the Sandomierz Basin include above all: Althea hirsuta, Bromus japonicus, B. rigidus, Chondrilla juncea, Cirsium canum, Fumaria muralis, Euphorbia lucida, Erysimum marschallianum, Galium rubioides, Gladiolus paluster, Gratiola officinalis, Linaria genistifolia, Oenothera coronifera, Oe. fallax, Oe. hoelscheri, Oe. parviflora, Ononis spinosa, Potentilla intermedia, Roripa x armoracioides, Sedum reflexum, Silene latifolia, S. otites.

Kaliningrad earthquake of September 21, 2004 and seismic hazard forecast in the Belarusian-Baltic region

The paper deals with the earthquakes that took place in the Kaliningrad region (Russia) on 21 September 2004 and were felt in the territories of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Finland. Data on space and time co-ordinates and dynamic parameters of these earthquake foci available from international centers and various seismological groups are analyzed. A degree of reliability of the results obtained is discussed.

The influence of synoptic situations on the occurrence of days with thunderstorms during a year in the territory of Poland

The study concerns research into the connection between synoptic situations, analysed over the area of Central and eastern Europe, and the occurrence of days with thunderstorms in the territory of Poland. The analysis of thunderstorm activity in connection with synoptic situations was carried out in seasons of storm activity and thunderstorm regions set apart in the study. The analysis of lower synoptic maps for the researched period 1971–2000 made it possible to isolate seven types of synoptic situations characteristic of days with thunderstorms over the area of Poland. During the research based on the use of correlation calculations and logistic regression, a determination was made of the influence of various synoptic situation types on thunderstorm activity. An indication was made of two types of synoptic situations that are particularly conducive to the appearance of days with thunderstorms, of which one type influences the occurrence of particularly fierce and dangerous thunderstorms. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.

The first report of Acantholyda pumilionis Giraud, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) from Poland

Acantholyda pumilionis Giraud, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) is a rare mountain species inhibiting Europe. The first report of the species from the territory of Poland increases its area of distribution. This record extends the known geographic range of A. pumilionis to the North.

Engine manufacturing industry in Poland

Poland, with its continuously growing engine production – currently exceeding 2 mn units per annum – is becoming a distinguishing engine manufacturer on a world scale. The article, along with a short historical note, characterizes the engine manufacturing industry in Poland. The production profiles have been presented of both, international concerns with their mass production and more specialized Polish plants. The analysis of engine production unveiled the fact that sizeable investment projects have been realized recently in the territory of Poland by several leading engine manufacturers. Such a fact directly influences the growth and improvement of the Polish engine manufacturing industry, not to mention the increase in Poland’s export. Owing to the said changes, combustion engines are on top of the list of Polish export sales. The here presented characteristics of Polish engine production also includes short descriptions of Polish university centers and R&D centers focused on didactics and scientific research in the field. At the end of the paper the author sheds some light on the mission of Polish Scientific Society of Combustions Engines (PTNSS) in the dynamically developing engine manufacturing industry in Poland.

Magnetic Susceptibility of Chernozems

Abstract Among other forms, iron contained in soil is a component of magnetic minerals, both primary and secondary ones, produced by various soil forming processes. The composition of the soil magnetic fraction, characterised by a magnetic susceptibility, is the consequence of its origin. The character of susceptibility changes along the analysed chernozems’ profiles indicates a similarity of the parent rock, as well as the pedogenic processes forming the chernozems from the territories of Poland and the Ukraine. The influence of anthropogenic factors could be seen in the increased susceptibility within the humus horizon of the degraded chernozem.

Analysis of geomagnetic field along seismic profile P4 of the International Project POLONAISE'97

This paper presents relative secular variations of the total intensity of the geomagnetic field against a background of results of magnetic anomaly interpretation along seismic profile P4. Profile P4 crosses a Variscan folding zone in the Paleozoic Platform (PLZ), the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ), and the Polish part of the East European Craton (EEC). Secular geomagnetic field variations | T → | measured in 1966–2000 along a line adjacent to seismic profile P4 were analysed. The study of secular variations, reduced to the base recordings at the Belsk Magnetic Observatory, showed that the growth of geomagnetic field at the East European Craton was slower than in the Trans-European Suture Zone and the Paleozoic Platform. A 2D crustal magnetic model was interpreted as a result of magnetic modelling, in which seismic, geological and geothermal data were also used. The modelling showed that there were significant differences in the magnetic model for geotectonic units, which had been earlier determined based on deep seismic survey data. It should be noted that a fundamental change of trend of the relative secular variations was observed at the slope of the Precambrian Platform. After analysing the geomagnetic field observed along profile P4, the hypothesis that the contact between Phanerozoic and Precambrian Europe lies in Poland's territory can be proven.

Architektura i wystrój eremów kamedulskich w świetle prawodastwa zakonnego

Niemal od początku swego istnienia kameduli wykształcili pewien zauważalny styl w sztuce, charakterystyczny dla wznoszonych przezeń eremów, w któ­rych konkretnym zasadom podlegała nie tylko sama architektura świątyni i klasztoru, ale i wyposażenie wnętrza, malarstwo, rzeźba czy rzemiosło artystyczne. Cechy budownictwa kamedulskiego podkreślające duchowość i tradycję Zakonu Kamedułów dostrzec można we wszystkich eremach wzniesionych na ziemiach polskich. Utrzymanie właściwie jednolitego stylu architektonicznego byłomożliwe nie tylko dzięki rygorystycznym przepisom, ale i żywej tradycji. Nie znaczy to oczywiście, że wszystkie eremy kamedulskie są identyczne. Owszem, posiadają charakterystyczne cechy wyróżniające na przykład poszczególne kościoły, jednak tradycja wznoszenia zespołów klasztornych według „zwyczaju ojców kamedułów”, przetrwał w nich przez kolejne stulecia, dając w nich poczucie ciszy, spokoju i oderwania od wszystkiego co przyziemne. Ten klimat rozmodlenia i kontemplacji Boga, jakie dawało to przedziwne i organiczne wręcz połączenie pustelni i przyrody, jest wyczuwalny nadal nawet w tych kamandolach, w któ­rych już od wielu lat nie słychać monotonnie recytowanych psalmów i szelestu kamedulskich habitów.

Poland's environment--past, present and future state of the environment in the Vistula and Odra River basins.

In the middle of the last century in the case of many river basins, it became obvious that the targets of the Helsinki-Commission (HELCOM) concerning a 50% reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the Baltic Sea had not been reached. Such conclusions could be derived from the observed loads. But the measurements regarding the analysis were not sufficient to determine what the reasons for this report were, what has to be done to fulfil this agreement and to evaluate the time at which the targets can be reached. This contribution presents the current state of Polish surface water quality as well as results of modelling nutrient and heavy metal emissions into the two biggest Polish river basins: Vistula and Odra, which both cover approximately 90% of Poland's territory.

Economic and technical issues affecting the development of the wind-power industry in Poland

An assessment of local wind conditions allows one to predict that about 25percent of the Poland's territory is advantageous in that respect. Thus the author tries to explain why the development of the wind-power industry in Poland is so slow, especially in relation to the leading European countries such as Germany, Denmark or Spain. At present in Poland, there are wind farms of 27.5 MW total installed power. The Polish wind-turbine of 160 kW power, produced by the NOWOMAG factory, as well as a new approach of the KOMAG Centre aiming at the development of the prototype of state-of-the-art wind turbine of 1 MW power—according to the original technical concept which is a compromise between present multi-gear and gearless solutions in wind turbines — are presented in the paper.

Henry Ellis Daniels. 2 October 1912 – 16 April 2000

Henry Ellis Daniels was born in London in 1912, the second child of a Jewish family that had come from the Russian territories of Poland and Lithuania as refugees from the pogroms there. His father's family had come from Poland to London, whereas his mother's were Litvak Jews who had arrived in Scotland; the herring boats that sold fish to the Baltic ports returned with many immigrants to Leith. When Henry was two years old, at the time of the Zeppelin raids on London, the family moved to Edinburgh to join the branch there. The life of the Jewish community in Edinburgh at that time is described by Daiches (1971), whose family were neighbours.

Stature of boys post World War II migrants

Poland is a country with significant regional differences in socio-economic, demographic and epidemiological phenomena. This is partly due to its history; notably the division of Poland among three different countries and the change of the borders after the second World War. The latter caused massive migratory movements of population. Then from the territory which now constitutes one third of Poland, Germans were evicted and Poles settled. These, then new, Western and Northern Territories of Poland (WNTP) are still the most developed parts of Poland with better roads, better housing and easier access to medical service and schools. On the other hand, some of the statistical data concerning the health and lifestyle of the population of these parts of Poland are worse than the corresponding data concerning the rest of Poland. For example the rate of lung cancer, the rate of divorce, the rate of adolescence pregnancies, the rate of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are all higher in the WNTP. In 1955, a very comprehensive anthropological nationwide survey of school children was performed. Our findings based on this material exhibit a number of phenomena which might contribute to the explanation of these negative population data. We have observed that the boys born in various regions of pre-war Poland and settled with their parents in the new territories were of different height at the age of 7-18 years than those from the four other regions of Poland whose parents were not resettled. Also the average height of boys, those sons of the migrants who during post-war migration did not go to the west but settled in the central region of Poland, was greater than those who settled in the west of Poland. Our results indicate that among the migrants there was a considerable fraction of people who were physically weaker and less socially adapted in comparison to the rest of the Polish population and that these characteristics have been passed down to the subsequent generation.

The Munich Crisis and the Issue of Red Army Transit across Romania

Our traditional historiography of the Munich crisis of September 1938, now notorious as the discredited symbol of appeasement, is overwhelmingly consensual on one point: Stalin had no intention in any circumstance of intervening in support of his Czech ally, Hitler's victim, as he was obliged to do if and when the French did.' Of course, the matter was complicated by the fact that the Soviet Union had no common border with Czechoslovakia, as the two allies were separated by the territory of Poland and Romania. Czech Communist historiography, on the other hand, naturally followed the Soviet line, which maintained that Soviet assistance was forestalled only by the treason of the bourgeois government of President Edward Benes'2 Czech emigre historiography just as naturally agrees aggressively with the Western historiographic tradition.' In one such contribution, Jiri Hochman publishes a document in which the Romanian foreign minister, N.P.Comnen, allegedly furnished the Soviet foreign minister, Maksim Litvinov, just a week before the meeting at Munich, formal permission for the transit of the Red Army across Romania on its way to Czechoslovakia. There was, Hochman says, no response, and he emphasizes the point to show that the Czechs were betrayed by their Soviet as well as by their French ally.4 This document is now regarded as one of the staples of traditional Western and Czech emigre historiography and the arguments and conclusions that it serves. The purpose of my comment here is to question the authenticity of the document, the original of which has never been produced, and the rights of passage that it allegedly conferred. The reasons for skepticism are multiple. One dubious feature of the document is immediately apparent: the massive and multiple mistakes in French grammar and spelling, around fifty such in seven printed pages: au cot's de, au conditions, apres, cella, pour de telle raisons, la population civil, tout l'operation, tout l'Europe, par voi de terre, tout garantie, plusiers, en aucune cas, une durree de 6 jours, 'autorit6s compententes, la demand expresse and so on, many of which are conspicuously Anglophone, for example, member,

Directional analysis of extreme wind speeds in Poland

Abstract The paper deals with an analysis of extreme wind speeds for whole territory of Poland. Twenty-three meteorological stations having a complete, or near-complete records from the period 1966–1990 were selected from 60 existing stations for the directional analysis of strong winds. The majority of these stations were chosen for their geographical location and standard, open exposure. However, several stations with non-standard exposure were chosen to investigate the orographic effects on strong winds and exposure correction methods. The annual maxima of wind speeds from each of 12 sectors were abstracted from meteorological records and the analysis was performed to give estimates of the Gumbel probability distribution. Ten-minutes mean values and gust speeds were analysed. In the first phase, the raw data were analysed without any correction for anemometer height, terrain roughness and topography. Next the results will be corrected for each sector at each station. It has been found that western winds dominate for majority of territory of Poland. Wind velocity pressure for sectors from northern through eastern to southern may be reduced to 50% of western values. Only in mountains, where foehn winds occur, southern wind speeds are highest. Results will be used to the zoning of the country in wind loads zones. Intention is to harmonize these zones with all neighbouring countries.

The Polish Psychological Association

The history of Polish psychology organizations begins at the turn of the nineteenth century, when the first groups for people interested in psychological problems were formed on the territory of Poland. The activities of these groups were of course concentrated in the cities, and in the years 1901-1913 the first departments of experimental psychology were created at Polish universities. The psychology organizations in Poland shared the ever changing fate of the Polish state, and at the same time were influenced by the history of the development of psychology. Before the creation of the Polish Psychological Association, there were over a dozen separate organizations in Poland. These organizations developed in various ways, and catered for very different interests, ranging from psychological movements within other, mostly philosophical organizations, to well-differentiated, exclusively psychological groups, and from organizations that concentrated only on experimental psychology to groups interested in applied psychology, from small local societies to the integrated national association. And all these processes and developments were interrupted by the two World Wars in which Poland was involved.

Critical loads mapping in Poland: Lessons learned

Since 1990 the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, acting as National Focal Center, is actively involved in an international research programme aimed at the calculation and mapping of critical loads of acidifying compounds. Following the methodological guidelines elaborated under the leadership of UN/ECE Task Force on Mapping and Coordination Center for Effects, national maps of critical loads and their exceedances for acidity, sulphur and nitrogen have been produced. These maps have already been utilized in derivation of European maps of critical loads of acidity and sulphur submitted to the UN/ECE LRTAP Convention as scientific input to the negotiations on the Second Sulphur Protocol. The lessons learned from the critical loads mapping exercise can be summarized as follow: the majority of Polish territory is covered with forest soils sensitive to acidification at an average Central European level; the exceedances of critical loads, estimated on the basis of national deposition data reveal the tune changes of ecological risks on the territory of Poland as a reflection of economic transition. The significant difference in the scale of those risks (measured by the percentage of the country territory with the maximum exceedances of critical loads) that appear in the period between 1987, representing the period of central planned economy and 1990, representing the early transition phase to a market economy, is particularly notable.

Factor analysis of total element concentrations in surface soils of Poland

The occurrence of elements (total concentration) in arable soils of Poland was examined using R-mode factor analysis. Eight major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P and Ti) and eighteen trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, La, Li, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sr, V, Y and Zn) as well as some soils properties (pH, organic matter (OM), particle size distribution (PSD) and cation exchange capacity (CEC)) were determined in soil samples collected throughout the territory of Poland. The data were factor analyzed for geochemical associations. Four varimax factors accounted for 86% of the total variance of 30 variables studied. Varimax factor 1 describes most of the variation in the concentrations of 18 elements: Al, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, La, Li, Mn, Nd, Ni, V and Y. The high loadings of PSD (particles of < 0.02 mm and < 0.002 mm diameter) and Al on this factor indicate that these elements constitute association related to the soil parent rocks. Varimax factor 2 describes most variation in concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and a part in concentration of As. These associations constitute a suite of antropogenically induced elements. The remaining factors (3 and 4) are of minor importance and mainly explain variability in some soil properties (pH, OM, CEC) and concentration of P. The paper also presents baseline concentrations of the elements studied in the surface soils of Poland.

Le système national des flux de marchandises en Pologne

The nation-wide system of goods flows in Poland. — The research focuses on fluxes of goods between the hundred units of Poland's territory. A regression model applied to distances and the values of fluxes shows that the exchange movement in Poland is entirely under the domination of the South, with Katowice as its major centre. Warsaw hardly figures at all — only in relation to Gdansk. Poznan has a small network, while the link between Wroclaw and Szczecin emerges only very tentatively.

Uwagi o elementach "obcych" w uzbrojeniu w okresie rzymskim na ziemiach Polski

As "foreign" elements the author regards weapons produced in the Roman or provincial Roman workshops as well as the closer or more distant immitations in form, construction details, stylistic features and so forth, reflecting a partial assimilation of foreign ideas on the local cultural background. In the light of former archaeological literature only comparatively few elements in the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland were regarded as “foreign" ones. This opinion has been partially revised in result of studies on the double-edged side-arms. The studies enabled one to distinguish the swords which were either evidently imported (for instance the damascene pieces bearing the inscriptions and figural incrustations) or were believed to be imported (swords of gladius type fuller swords and so on). Denoting an unequal value of classifying criteria, the author takes up an estimation of their usefulness for such purposes. This brings him to distinguish two groups of criteria: 1. directly and 2. indirectly useful ones. The paper concerns also the finds of fragments of the scabbard fittings in forms regarded in literature as the "Roman" (strap loops globular and crescent chapes, suspension rings and for strap). The “foreign” Influences upon the defensive armament may reveal in the finds of basses bronze shield scattered on the territory of Poland, Using the mail (lorica hamata) in the Roman period on the area in question appears a combined problem (finds from Witaszewice, province of Płock). Traces of the discoveries of other "foreign" elements of armament (for example the helmets, spear-heads, shields, dagger) met in archaeological literature are verified by the author. Most of the “foreign" elements in Barbarian armament appears at the turn of the early and late Roman period. In the 2nd half of 2nd century. A.D. certain areas of Barbaricum entered the zone of special imperial interest, and in result of that begun so much as the Marcoman Wars. It is evident also in other categories of archaeological sources. There is no need to overvalue the significance of those impulsions, at least when the Polish territory is concerned. In armament they are visible only on the swords and different kinds of fittings related to swords. The "Roman“ influences upon other categories of armament usе to be either almost invisible or unrecorded. New qualities were accepted by selection and concerned only those elements the Barbarian warrior was familiar with. That was closely related to the Barbarian tactics and the way of maintaining a war. The adaptation of "foreign" idea which was partly or entirely unuseful in the local circumstances would be nothing but aimless. In Barbaricum this process reflects its strictly local varieties, and in that context the territory of Poland takes quite peripherial shape. In the author's opinion in most cases the armament of "foreign" 'features against the Barbarian background was probably some immitation of the "Homan" pieces (forms, sort of raw-material-for instance the shield bosses-and so forth) including often the native features. So, the imports are unnumerous. Present state of investigations of the Roman period armament on the territory of Poland leaves much to be desired. An urgent need to carry cut some broadly outlined comparative metallographic analysis is likely to emerge. The application of the sole formal criterion-typical for the former research comes short and is no more sufficient at present.

The Influence of War and Occupation on the Primary Reconstruction of the Polish Economy between July 1944 and July 1945

The liberation of the Polish lands was the result of two Soviet military operations. The first of these operations took place in June and July 1944 and liberated the areas situated East of the Vistula and Narew rivers. The second—January 1945 operation—liberated the rest of the lands belonging to Poland, prior to the Second World War. On the 26th of July 1944, the Polish National Liberation Committee and the Soviet Army's High Command signed an agreement concerning the taking over by the Polish administration of lands lying West of the so-called "Curzon line". The problem of the West borders was left open and was finally solved as late as the end of July 1945. And so, The West and North lands (then called "the Recovered Lands") were attached to Poland in the second half of July 1945. Thus, the part of the country, which we consider to be the subject of the present deliberation, stretched from the Soviet Western frontier up to the Western frontier of the Second Polish Republic. It is worth noticing, that the Polish Eastern boundary was fixed in result of an agreement signed in Moscow between Poland and the USSR on the 16th of August 1945, and our Western boundary was settled after Potsdam between the territory of Poland and the Soviet-Occupied Zone of Germany. The latter one followed the Odra and Nysa Łużycka rivers, with Szczecin and Świnoujście falling to Poland.