Territory Of Moscow Research Articles

Phenological Analysis of Grasses (Poaceae) in Comparison with Aerobiological Data in Moscow (Russia).

Grasses (Poaceae) produce large amounts of pollen and are among the main causes of pollinosis worldwide. Despite their morphological similarity, pollen grains of different grass species may have different allergenicities. Therefore, quantification of the roles of individual species in airborne pollen is an important task. There are very few studies on this topic, and none of them have been conducted in a temperate continental climate. Our study was carried out for three years (2020-2022) in the urban territory of Moscow (Russia) and aimed to understand what grass species contribute the most to the total pollen load of the atmosphere. The comparison of aerobiological and phenological data was based on calculating the phenological index, which is a combination of phenological parameters, pollen productivity of individual species, and their abundance. Our data showed that the decomposition of pollination curves based on the phenological index was sometimes very efficient but not always possible in temperate continental climates. The main reasons for disagreement between aerobiological and phenological data were weather conditions and lawn mowing. Not all grasses were equally important as sources of allergenic pollen. The greatest contribution to the pollen load at the beginning of the season in Moscow was made by Dactylis glomerata, and to a lesser extent by Phleum pratense and Festuca pratensis. These are the most common species, which are widespread throughout Europe. The contribution of minor components is insignificant.

Solid runoff assessment of Moscow territory

Over half of the existing river valleys and gullies on the territory of Moscow (within the Moscow Ring Road) for the XVIII–XX centuries were buried because of land development. Along with this, a network of storm-water drains (underground pipes) was built with an average density of 6.9 km/km2. Now the impermeable surfaces (roofs of buildings, sidewalks, roads etc.) cover 50% of total Moscow territory. Surface runoff, including soil, suspended and dissolve loads now enters remaining streams and ponds through storm-water network. It has been estimated, that on average the annual solid runoff from the surface area of 880 km2 is about 160–250 m3/km2 (or 2.6–4 ton/ha per year). About 100 m3/km2 of sediment per year is being washed off from flat surfaces (e.g. fluvial terraces) with amplitudes of less than 6–7 m. The reason of increase sedimentation and dissolved substances in runoff is a poor maintained storm-water network, extensive urban development, and intensification of aeolian transit from construction sites. The total quantity of particulate matter (suspended or bedload) coming from the storm-water drains lead to an explosive increase in sediment runoff exceeding the transporting capacity of the preserved rivers. The potential of the Moskva River to remove the increased runoff of sediments and pollutants has now been completely exhausted.

Parasitological investigation of soil biotope in the territory of Moscow

The purpose of the research is to conduct a sanitary and parasitological examination of soil biotopes on the territory of Moscow. In addition to traditional soil studies, we conducted coproscopic analyzes of samples of dog feces collected from the soil surface in Spring.Materials and methods. 83 combined soil samples were taken in 9 administrative districts of Moscow using the envelope method at a depth of up to 10 cm. From each combined sample, 4 samples were taken and examined using the Romanenko method according to MUK 4.2.2661-10 “Methods of sanitary and parasitological research”. From the same areas where soil was collected, 365 dog fecal samples were collected. Feces were studied using a combined flotation method. Soil and fecal samples were taken in Spring of 2023 during a period of positive temperatures immediately after the snow melted. Microscopy was performed using a Motic BA410T microscope. Identification of the detected objects was carried out on the basis of morphometric data. Species differentiation of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs was carried out based on differences in the size of the eggs and the structure of the outer shell.Results and discussion. The city's soil is contaminated with pathogens of parasitic diseases in 9.3% of samples. Toxocara eggs were found (5.7%), of which T. canis in 3.9% of samples, and T. cati in 1.8% of samples. Eggs of Capillaria sp. detected in 1.5%, eggs of Trichuris sp. at 0.9%. Eggs of Hymenolepis sp. and coccidia were detected in 0.6% of samples. In dog feces, pathogens of parasitic diseases were detected in 3.3% of samples. Toxocara sp. eggs were found in 1.4% of samples, isospores in 0.8%, sarcocystis in 0.8%, Toxascaris leonina eggs in 0.3%. Toxocara sp. eggs are the leaders in the frequency of detection in the soil; these are mainly viable eggs with larvae. This is consistent with the data that T. canis eggs are most often recorded in anonymized dog feces. Eggs of Trichuris sp. and Capillaria sp. found in soil with formed viable larvae. The findings show the potential of urban soils as a parasite transmission factor for humans and susceptible animals, and dogs play a leading role in the contamination of urban soils with Toxocara sp. eggs.

ПУТИ ВОВЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕВОСТРЕБОВАННЫХ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ВЛАДИМИРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ОБОРОТ

The article, using the example of the territories of the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky administrative districts (hereinafter referred to as TiNAO) of Moscow, shows the possibility of a geoecological assessment of changes in the morphometric parameters of small reservoirs. Before joining the administrative structure of the Moscow territories in 2012, the studies on the ecology of these territories was minimal. Of particular importance for monitoring the geo-ecological situation in “New Moscow», – what the conjoined territories are also called, is the fact that its area is 1,480 km2, which is 57.8% of the entire territory of Moscow.
 The subject of the study were 1402 small reservoirs registered in the territory of the TiNAO. To carry out their environmental assessment, a cluster analysis method was used, which is a universal mathematical tool for scientific research. A negative change (decrease) in the average depth of the reservoir was taken as the main parameter of the study. Based on the results of the objects’ morphometry analysis carried out at an interval of two years, data on dynamic changes in the physical parameters of reservoirs were obtained and processed. It was established that shallowing problems exist in 4.51% of the total area of reservoirs in the TiNAO. Mapping stagnant small reservoirs made it possible to visually assess the scale of the problem and identify potentially problematic areas of the TiNAO from a geoecological point of view. Using the cluster analysis, zoning of problematic water bodies was carried out. Such identification (clustering) of water bodies’ grouping made it possible to see deviations at the level of groups of small river basins, which provided a large-scale understanding of the ecological situation at the level of catchment areas of larger water bodies.

Long-term variations of aerosol optical depth according to satellite data and its effects on radiation and temperature in the Moscow megacity

The rapid development of large megacities, coupled with emission regulations, can lead to long-term variations in aerosol optical depth over urban area which has an impact on radiation and temperature. This study aims to evaluate the radiation effects of aerosol pollution in Moscow and its surrounding areas using MAIAC data obtained from MODIS satellite data for three distinct periods: 2000–2006, 2007–2014, and 2015–2021. A methodology has been developed to incorporate MCD19A2/MODIS data with some additional information from the AERONET Moscow MSU site into the COSMO non-hydrostatic weather forecast model. The aerosol radiative and temperature effects were estimated for cloudless conditions. The highest aerosol optical depth with an average of 0.18 were observed during the 2007–2014 over the newly developed Moscow territory during the active building construction period. In the most recent period, from 2015 to 2021, the mean AOD decreased to 0.1. This reduction resulted in an increase of net shortwave radiation at the bottom of the atmosphere by 15–20 W/m2 and a slight rise in surface air temperature of 0.08 °C compared to 2007–2014. The parameterizations were proposed for net radiation and air temperature at 2 m as a function of aerosol optical depth and solar zenith angle at low surface albedo.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans: methods of analysis, distribution in the Moscow region and application of biotesting methods to them

The review presents data on chemical-analytical methods of PCDD, PCDF determination and biotesting methods used for toxicological assessment of pollutants. Distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs on the territory of Moscow is analyzed. Analysis of publications of Russian and foreign authors showed that the currently existing methods of biotesting are in fact untested for dioxins. In order to quickly establish the toxicological effect of persistent organic pollutants in soil, it is suggested to use biotesting methods, with inclusion of test organisms representing the main trophic levels of ecosystems: producers, consumers, and decomposers.

P.D. BARANOVSKY AS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST: KOLOMENSKOYE IN THE 1920s–1940s

The article addresses the question of the need to publish a part of the archive of the renowned 20th century architect-conservator Pyotr Dmitrievich Baranovsky. It is associated with his studying of the regal residence of the 16th–19th centuries in the settlement of Kolomenskoye (now the territory of Moscow). This paper publishes part of the review of archaeological works in Kolomenskoye compiled by the researcher in the 1940s and newly found in his archive. The document contains a brief account of the 1930 excavations at the site of the “Wooden Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich”, a Moscow’s masterpiece of architecture. So far, no materials recording these works have been known. The found document also includes a description of the restoration of the palace’s stone structures conducted by P.D. Baranovsky in 1923–1928 and presents the context of the archaeological work of 1933 and 1935. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of the layout of the palace on the ground and the localization of its stoves, as well as the characteristics of their tiled decor. The article also publishes the analytical graphics by the architect of the 1940s associated with the reconstruction of the remains of the palace and the development of its new model.

Comparative Study of Anatomical and Diagnostic Features of the Leaves of the European Dewberry (<i>Rubus caesius</i> L.), Allegheny Blackberry (<i>R. allegheniensis</i> Porter) and European Blackberry (<i>R. nessensis</i> Hall)

Introduction. Expansion of the nomenclature of raw materials, including herbal substances, is one of the tasks of the development of the pharmaceutical industry. As an example of a potential and affordable medicinal plant raw material, we can offer the leaves of European dewberry with a proven anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial activity. Medicinal plant – European dewberry (Rubus caesius L.) belongs to the genus Rubus L., which includes many species, often difficult to distinguish between each other. For complete pharmacognostic characteristics of medicinal plant raw materials, microscopic examination is necessary.Aim. To carry out a comparative microscopic analysis of the leaves of R. caesius L., R. allegheniensis Porter and R. nessensis Hall to establish anatomical and diagnostic characters.Materials and methods. Leaf samples were collected on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2021-2022. Microscopic structures were analyzed using a Leica DM1000 light microscope (Germany) with a 10x/20 eyepiece and 10x/0.25 and 40x/0.65 lenses.Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of the anatomical and diagnostic structures of the leaves of the Rubus caesius L. (European dewberry) and its related species has been carried out. The size and frequency of occurrence per 1 mm2 of simple and glandular hairs and stomata were investigated, the type of stomatal apparatus was established, the shape of epidermal cells and crystalline inclusions in the mesophyll were considered. Conclusion. As a result of the study, differences in the anatomical structures of the leaves of three types of blackberries were revealed. Anatomical and diagnostic characters of Rubus caesius L. leaves have been established, which are indicators of the identification of this raw material, including: the presence of simple one-celled fused at the base trichomes, abundant leaf pubescence (especially on the abaxial epiderm), a large number of stomata (106 ± 37 per 1 mm2), the sinuous shape of epidermal cells, cubic crystals of calcium oxalate in the mesophyll.

Изменения кадастровых данных о выбросах в атмосферу загрязняющих веществ в московском регионе

For the planned modification of the air quality forecasting technology due to the transition to the new version of the CHIMERE chemical transport model, the updated EMEP-2020 emission data for the Moscow region were compared with the currently used EMEP-2013 data on emissions of priority pollutants into atmosphere. A 40 % decrease in the total volume of emissions has been revealed over the Moscow region in recent years, their spatial redistribution and changes in the contributions of industry sources to the total emission have been established. In EMEP-2020, as compared to EMEP-2013, the contribution of vehicle emissions and emissions from industrial combustion changed the most: it increased up to 58 and 27%, respectively. The comparison of 2019 and 2020 emissions is of particular interest: the inventory data revealed a slight decrease in total emissions (by 1–6 %) in 2020, which adequately correlates with restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of comparisons of the data on emissions into the atmosphere on the territory of Moscow according to Rosprirodnadzor and EMEP-19 are presented and discussed. The coincidence of total emissions was established, with differences in spatial and sectoral distributions. The developed algorithms for the comparative analysis of EMEP and Rosprirodnadzor data are universal and can be used to analyze updated information in any regions. Keywords: EMEP emissions, chemical transport model, CHIMERE, Rosprirodnadzor, COVID-19 pandemic

Identification of growing tuberculosis incidence clusters in a region with a decrease in tuberculosis prevalence in Moscow (2000-2019)

The control of tuberculosis (TB) may benefit from a prospective identification of areas where the incidence may increase in addition to the traditionally identified foci of high incidence. We aimed to identify residential areas with growing tuberculosis incidence rates and assess their significance and stability. We analysed the changes in TB incidence rates using case data georeferenced with spatial granularity to apartment buildings in the territory of Moscow from 2000 to 2019. We identified sparsely distributed areas with significant increases in the incidence rate inside residential areas. We tested the stability of found growth areas to case underreporting via stochastic modelling. For 21 350 cases with smear- or culture-positive pulmonary TB among residents from 2000 to 2019, we identified 52 small-scale clusters of growing incidence rate responsible for 1% of all registered cases. We tested clusters of disease growth for underreporting and found them to be relatively unstable to resampling with case drop-out, but their spatial displacement was small. Territories with a stable increase in TB incidence rate were identified and compared to the rest of the city, which is characterised by a significant decrease in incidence. Identified areas with a tendency for an increase in the TB incidence rate may be important targets for disease control services.

Abundance and Diversity of Prokaryotic Communities of Dust Aerosol and Urban Soils on the Territory of Moscow

The complex (quantitative and qualitative) characteristics of prokaryotic communities of solid atmospheric fallouts (dust aerosol) and soils in the territory of Moscow in areas with different intensity of anthropogenic load have been done. The total number of bacteria in the studied samples of solid atmospheric fallouts (SAF) was lower than the number of bacteria in soil samples; actinomycete mycelium was not found in the dust samples, although it was found in soil samples. The number of culturable saprotrophic bacteria in dust samples was an order of magnitude lower than in Urbic Technosols taken from the same plots. Representatives of the genus Micrococcus dominated among cultivated bacteria in the dust aerosols, while representatives of the phylum Proteobacteria dominated in soils. Representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family were found in the dust samples, among which there are species that are potential human pathogens. The maximum biodiversity of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family was recorded in the dust samples taken in areas with increased anthropogenic and transport load. The sanitary-indicative bacterium Escherichia coli was found in all samples of the dust and Urbic Technosols, its content varied (from 10 to 100 CFU/g), according to the degree of epidemic danger it characterizes dust and soils as moderately dangerous. Ecological indices calculated for prokaryotic communities in situ (barcoding of the 16S rRNA gene) indicate a lower taxonomic diversity of SAF prokaryotic communities compared to communities of closely spaced Urbic Technosols.

Abundance and Diversity of Prokaryotic Communities of Dust Aerosol and Urban Soils in the Territory of Moscow

Abundance and Diversity of Prokaryotic Communities of Dust Aerosol and Urban Soils in the Territory of Moscow

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS OF CERTAIN AREAS OF THE NEW MOSCOW

Since 2012 the territory of Moscow has increased by 2 times, the Troitsky and Novomoskovsky administrative districts (TiNAO) were annexed to Moscow. Due to the fact that earlier this territory was part of the Moscow region, detailed studies of the ecological state of soils were not carried out. In the period from 2019 to 2020 years to assess the soil pollution with heavy metals of certain areas of New Moscow, both in forest areas and near man-made objects that are potential sources of pollution, samples were taken up to 10 cm deep and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence analysis for the content of V, Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn. It was revealed that at present the surveyed areas are characterized by an acceptable level of pollution, exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations was not detected. It is shown that anthropogenic activity contributes to technogenic soil pollution. It is recommended to conduct annual environmental monitoring for the purpose of early detection of pollution foci.

Small Urban River Runoff Response to 2020 and 2021 Extreme Rainfalls on the Territory of Moscow

Small Urban River Runoff Response to 2020 and 2021 Extreme Rainfalls on the Territory of Moscow

Inventory of real estate for subsequent cadastral registration in Moscow

The author paid a special attention to the inventory of real estate objects. Inventory is an actual problem for most major cities and Moscow is no exception. Inventory is a system for collecting, storing, and processing information about real estate objects, allowing further reliability of cadastral records about these objects. The characteristics of real estate objects, especially land plots, are of particular importance for their further management. Without any doubt, the land acts as a basis for the development of various industries. In this regard, this article analyzes the features of land inventory on the territory of Moscow in order to carry out further cadastral registration of such real estate objects.

ПРАКТИКИ РЕВОЛЮЦИОННОЙ ДВУХПАРТИЙНОСТИ: КОАЛИЦИЯ БОЛЬШЕВИКОВИ ЛЕВЫХ ЭСЕРОВ В ОРГАНАХ ВЛАСТИ МОСКВЫ И МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article examines the problem of interaction between the representatives of the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries in the institutions of Soviet power in Moscow and the Moscow region in the first half of 1918. The author introduces new archival documents into scientific circulation, which serve as an important source for studying the conflicts between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs in Moscow government institutions. Using specific examples of ideological and administrative clashes, the author studies the practices of interaction between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs within the framework of a dual-party coalition. The author proves that the interaction of representatives of the two parties in the Moscow authorities included both conflicts between the Bolshevik and the Left socialist revolutionary commissars, and joint state work, which consisted of organizing the management of the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. Archival documents show that among the Bolsheviks there was no single point of view on the need for the existence of separate Moscow authorities. Representatives of the left communists, as well as the Left socialist revolutionaries, advocated the preservation of independent state institutions in the Moscow region, which created the possibility of an alliance between them and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. However, the active actions of Vladimir Lenin prevented a split among the Moscow Bolsheviks. The emergence of a dual-party system in Soviet state institutions was a unique phenomenon in modern history of Russia, since representatives of the neo-populist socialist party could influence managerial decision-making. This situation led to the “power sharing” between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs, which became a characteristic feature of the “long” revolution of 1917.

Concept and main measures for ecological rehabilitation of small rivers and adjacent territories of cities

The study of methods and tools for the ecological rehabilitation of water bodies continues to be an urgent area of research in the water sector. Ecological rehabilitation is always based on scientific approaches in the field of methodology of ecological rehabilitation of water bodies, on the basis of which methods are being developed to select priority actions aimed at ecological rehabilitation of lakes, reservoirs, rivers and swamps. This article attempts to formulate the main such approaches from the point of view of environmental safety of water bodies in conditions of intense anthropogenic impact. The Chermyanka river was chosen as the object of research. The article carried out a comparative analysis of the already reconstructed part of the water body and the technical solutions applied on its territory, and the part of the object that is just being prepared for rehabilitation work. The causes of degradation of the ecological state of the water body are established, the main factors and sources of anthropogenic impact are identified, taking into account the role of polluted surface runoff from catchment areas. The climatic and geological conditions of the object of study are analyzed. The article concludes that small rivers on the territory of Moscow in the prevailing majority of cases are not exclusively a water body, but are part of various specially protected natural territories. In this regard, these objects and all changes occurring in them should be considered only in the context of the interaction of a water body with other components of the natural environment and anthropogenic factors. The quality of existing measures for the ecological rehabilitation of the Chermyanka river section was also analyzed. Recommendations are given on improving the effectiveness of measures to ensure a satisfactory geoecological condition of small rivers and a unified methodological concept of geoecological rehabilitation of natural territories has been developed.

The Zones of Influence of Surface Flow in the System of Urban Nature Management: Case Study of Moscow Territory

The Zones of Influence of Surface Flow in the System of Urban Nature Management: Case Study of Moscow Territory

Ecogeochemistry of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms and their Habitat on the Territory of Moscow

The issue of technogenic mercury pollution of aquatic ecosystems in urban areas of Moscow was considered based on the sampling data of aquatic plants, amphibians and bottom sediments of the water bodies under study. Quantitative assessments of the mercury distribution in wild life and inorganic nature components of 33 water bodies of Moscow in both protected areas and beyond. Information was provided on the average percentage of mercury in some components of freshwater ecosystems. An excess of the average ecotoxicant concentration values in the in duckweed family (24 ng/g dry wt), amphibians (177 ng/g dry wt) and bottom sediments (57 ng/g dry wt) in the territory of Moscow was revealed versus bulk earth and background values. A significant correlation of mercury concentration for the natural components under study (R>0.4) was identified.

IMPACT ON HUMANS OF POLLUTANTS IN MOSCOW

This article is devoted to the study of the levels of public health risk from exposure to vari-ous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur, hydrogen sul-fide, ozone, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, methane and phenol on the territory of Moscow. It is shown that all the considered pollutants cause harm tothe human body. Averaged data were ob-tained, for the period from 2008-2020, the calculated values indicate a significant level of risk of developing diseases in the residents of the capital that lead to damage to the endocrine system. Causing diseases leading to metabolic disorders in the body, respiratory organs and skin, as well as subcutaneous tissue. Thus, diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders in residents of Moscow, during the period under review, are most influenced by nitrogen oxide and dioxide, carbon monoxide and phenol. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, toluene and phe-nol have the greatest influence on respiratory diseases in humans. The diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue are most affected by carbon monoxide, phenol, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. In this paper, a forecast of the volume of pollutants for 2024 is made. The data obtained indicate that there will be an increase in the concentration of pollutants such as formaldehyde, methane and phenol. Which will lead to adverse effects, both on the soil and on the human body. On the other hand, the results obtained indicate that there is a positive trend towards a decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide and nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, benzene and toluene.