Territory Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE MILLING CHISEL PLOUGHWITH SIMULTANEOUS LOCAL APPLICATION OF HYDROGEL

The given article is related to agricultural engineering and the design of milling chisel ploughwith special working bodies for cutting water-absorbing slots with simultaneous introduction of hydrogel mixture into them was developed to increase moisture accumulation in soil in the article. Improved technologies and techniques are needed to improve the quality and quantity of crops, in particular cereals, in order to improve their production. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan belongs to the zone of risky agriculture. Every year there are droughts that significantly reduce cereal yields. Many farmers are making large amounts of fertilizer in order to increase yields. However, there is the problem of unsustainable use of fertilizers. Thus, most of fertilizers introduced into soil is washed into its lower layers and becomes inaccessible to plant roots. Therefore, we propose to use local application of hydrogel retention mixture to accumulate nutrients and soil moisture. Its granules are able to absorb liquid, in volume many times larger than their own, and hold it for a long time. For better nutrition of plants, we offer to enrich hydrogel with fertilizers. Possible machines for application of hydrogel mixture are considered in «Analysis of possible methods of application of hydrogel with fertilizers in soil». It is noted that there are no units capable of carrying out local application of granules with fertilizers together with milling chisel ploughinto seeding area in the modern system of machines. Existing machines allow the application of hydrogel in dispersed or subsoil way, and local application of granules together with fertilizers is used for the first time and allows place hydrogel with saturated fertilizers. The choice of optimal method of application of hydrogel mixture pellet was produced and the machine design for its implementation was developed on the basis of common and private methods. Keywords:milling chisel plough, working body, design, hydrogel, moisture, soil, technology.

Use of the salicornia plant as a substitute for salt in the recipe for manufacturing meat chips

In Kazakhstan, the meat processing industry is represented mainly by traditional assortments, such as steaks, meat tenderloins, and sausages. However, meat industry enterprises understand the need to expand the range of meat products towards new products that appear on world food markets. One of them is food products for instant preparation and consumption, the so-called snacks, which appeared in connection with the need of part of the population to reduce the time for preparing food, and for the younger generation, products that are modern in their consumer characteristics. In turn, research in the development of new food products must solve pressing issues related to increasing their biological and nutritional value based on the use of natural raw materials and the minimal use of various additives and substances that subsequently have a negative impact on health. For example, a product such as meat chips has appeared on foreign markets, which are thin, round-shaped plates with a crispy texture and crust, and a salty taste. The presence of animal protein in it makes it a source of amino acids necessary for the body, on the one hand, but on the other hand, the use of table salt in the recipe in the amount necessary to impart a salty taste is not entirely beneficial for people suffering from high blood pressure, having kidney problems, etc. The goal of our research is to reduce the amount of table salt in meat chips using Salicornia plant raw materials containing natural sodium chloride, as well as various biological substances and mineral elements. As a research methodology, experimental methods were used, including selection and preparation of the Salicornia plant, selection of the ratio of table salt and Salicornia in the recipe for the production of meat chips, expert methods for determining the taste, smell, color of the finished product. It has been established that the species Salicornia E. grows in large quantities on the territory of Kazakhstan, in which the content of 32.89% Na and 33.51% Cl, as well as elements such as Mg -1.8%, K -1.94%, is confirmed by X-ray spectral method. Ca -0.74%, silicon -1.32%. To preserve the biologically active substances of the Salicornia plant during its preparation, drying is carried out at a temperature not exceeding 500C, and in the recipe for the manufacture of semi-finished minced meat, use only in powder form. It has been established that to preserve the salty taste without a pronounced herbal taste, as well as the color inherent in meat products, the ratio of table salt and powdered Salicornia should be 1:1.

Cytome analysis (micronuclei and nuclear anomalies) in bioindication of environmental pollution in animals with nuclear erythrocytes

Assessment of cytogenetic homeostasis of indicator animals is of great importance in ecological monitoring. The simplest method of its study is micronucleus analysis. Animals with nuclear erythrocytes are often used as indicator animals. In addition to the micronuclei usually recorded, a wide range of cytological nuclear and cellular abnormalities (cytomic analysis) is encountered when assessing the spontaneous level and under the influence of anthropogenic factors. Spontaneous frequency of cytogenetic disorders in 36 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds was studied. Ecological monitoring of territories of Kazakhstan with different types of pollution (radiation, petrochemical, pesticide, heavy metals, due to rocket and space activities) was carried out with the help of separate species of animals. The results of the study include comparative descriptions, schematics and microphotographs clearly demonstrating a wide range of cytological anomalies of nuclear erythrocytes of animals of different classes. The greatest spectrum of nuclear anomalies in the studied animals was registered at petrochemical and pesticide contamination of territories. Depending on the tasks and climatic-geographical conditions, all investigated species can be used as bioindicators. Testudo horsfieldii is an exception for desert regions due to high spontaneous micronuclei level in this species. A review of the names of the main nuclear anomalies is carried out and variants of its ordering are proposed.

Study of prevalence and morphological features of cestodes in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the territory of Kazakhstan

Study of prevalence and morphological features of cestodes in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the territory of Kazakhstan

Analysis of labor force, capital and production outputs of border territories of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan on economic growth

Border areas can play a crucial role in market integration and infrastructure development between Central Asian countries, thus creating favorable economic growth and regional cooperation conditions. This study aims to assess the economic impact of border areas between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, focusing on their role in enhancing market integration and infrastructure development to foster regional growth and cooperation. Focusing on labor and capital as essential production drivers, this study employs a sophisticated panel data regression model to explore the Cobb-Douglas production function’s application in these border territories. The research findings indicate that regions’ elasticity towards capital and labor inputs vary, necessitating differentiated economic strategies. For capital-intensive areas, we recommend prioritizing investments in infrastructure and technology to boost production outputs. Conversely, in regions where labor significantly influences production, the emphasis should be on human capital development through education, training, and improved labor market conditions. The study’s insights into the evolving trade relations between the two countries underscore the need for flexible economic policies to enhance regional integration and cooperation. This research not only fills a crucial knowledge gap but also offers a blueprint for leveraging the diverse economic landscapes of Central Asia’s border areas in future policy-making and regional economic strategy.

МНОГОЛЕТНЯЯ ДИНАМИКА ТРАНСГРАНИЧНОГО ПРИТОКА БИОГЕННЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ ПО РЕКЕ ИЛЕ И ЕГО ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПО ТЕЧЕНИЮ РЕКИ

The paper presents the results of studies devoted to the assessment of the long-term dynamics of the volume of transboundary inflow of biogenic compounds to the territory of Kazakhstan along the Ile River. Based on long-term data from the State Monitoring of RSE «Kazhydromet,» the peculiarities of the transformation of the flow of biogenic compounds (nitrogen and phosphorus) along the river course, considering the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors, are analyzed. Information about the importance of studying biogenic substances in the formation of surface water quality, as well as river runoff’s role in the biological productivity and sanitary regime of final water bodies, is provided. The role of the transboundary flow of the Ile River as the main factor in forming the biogenic substances regime on the territory of Kazakhstan is highlighted. A quantitative assessment of the volume of average annual inflow of these compounds for the period from 2003 to 2020 is given, along with the main factors determining the transformation of nutrient runoff along the river course.

Absattar Haji Derbisali and the Importance of His Works for the Development of Islamic Studies in Kazakhstan

Religion is an essential element in the existence of society and the culture of the people. It embodies universal human values and principles for the realisation of public relations. From the beginning of Kazakhstan’s independence to the present day, the issue of the spread of different religions in Kazakhstan, including Islam, remains relevant. The research aims to study the activity and creativity of Absattar Haji Derbisali in the context of the development of Islamic studies in Kazakh society. General scientific methods, the method of analysis and synthesis, as well as special historical methods: ideographic, historical-genetic, problem-chronological and comparative-historical, were used. As a result, it was possible to describe the main stages in the biography of the scholar Absattar Haji Derbisali. The significance of his works and achievements in the field of Islamic studies and its dissemination in Kazakhstan were described. The study established that it was Absattar Haji Derbisali who was the founder of the Kazakh School of Arabic Studies. This indicates that the spread of Islam in the territory of Kazakhstan took place based on the approaches and methods of this scholar. It has been established that Islamology was little explored and did not develop in Kazakh society. Based on this it was proved that the role of Absattar Haji Derbisali in the development of Islamic studies was extremely high, which had a positive impact on the development of the independent state. It has been established that his approaches to the management and organization of society are a priority since they provide for the interests of various religious cells. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used in the development of training programmes for Islamic studies or in the deepening of knowledge about the peculiarities of the development of Islam in the culture of Kazakhstan.

Перспективы переработки угля с низкой степенью метаморфизма

Introduction. The relevance and significance of this work is due to the fact that the soils of Kazakhstan are about 48% salt marshes. The reasons for their occurrence are different: harsh climatic conditions, the drying Aral Sea, the Baikonur cosmodrome, numerous test sites, etc. With an increased content of water-soluble salts in the root layer of soils, most cultivated plants develop poorly and yield a reduced yield. To solve the above problem, the technology of processing brown coal from the Kiyakty deposit and its substandard part for the production of drugs-growth stimulants for agricultural plants, high-calorie fuel briquettes and coal-alkali reagents is proposed. Materials and methods. Development of technology for the production of a humic preparation from brown coal deposits in Kazakhstan. It is known that these coals are amorphous polymers containing bitumen, humic acids, residual organic substances and moisture. Laboratory experiments were carried out by the method of biotesting according to B.P. Strogonov in glasses with a capacity of 0.5 liters in accordance with the requirements of GOST (GOST 10250–80, GOST 12038–84). The methodology for conducting research on the manufacture of briquettes, carbon-alkali reagents based on the humic acid hypothesis and various local binding materials with the involvement of certified CeLSIM laboratories is substantiated. The most optimal binder is a liquid bardic concentrate. Results. As a result of the application of new methods of pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds with a 2.5 % aqueous solution of the preparation from coal, its yield increased by 9.5–12.1 quintals per 1 ha, or by 33.8–41 % compared with the control. Discussion. The works of a number of foreign and domestic researchers on this topic have proved the possibility of using humic substances from brown coals to obtain organo-mineral fertilizers, and a comparative study of the chemical composition has been conducted. However, according to our technology, it is clear that we do not get fertilizer, but plant growth stimulants. It should be noted that the technology developed by the authors makes it possible to obtain a humic preparation, the use of which on low-yielding soils of Kazakhstan ensures a stable increase in the yield of cereals and legumes. Conclusion. The developed technology for the production of humic preparations for various purposes can be used to increase crop yields on degraded soils, for the bio recultivation of man-made formations, the manufacture of a substrate for greenhouse farms, the production of fuel briquettes and coal-alkali reagents, as well as during the operation of other brown coal deposits of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a high content of humic acids in their composition. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The territory of Kazakhstan is considered to be arid zones of dry steppe soils without rains. In these conditions, agricultural technicians resort to plants of halophyte varieties, therefore, the prospects for using this technology are very large, for example, to suppress dust formation on the surface of tailings ponds with the cultivation of green mass of wild plant varieties. Preparations from brown coals can be used to purify water and wines, leach precious metals, etc.

Повышение энергоэффективности предприятия за счет установки в системах его водоснабжения гидроэлектрических энергосистем по выработке электроэнергии

The article presents the results of the research strategy for the development of mountainous territories of Kazakhstan. The study of the ossibilities of developing the energy system of mountainous territories is shown on the example of the city of Almaty (Kazakhstan). Materials and Methods. To study the energy efficiency indicators of enterprises in the manufacturing industry, Almaty Heavy Machinery Plant (AHMP) was selected as one of the largest machine-building enterprises in Almaty. Results. It is shown that in the conditions of supplying the water supply system with industrial water from mountain rivers, hydro turbines can be used. It was found that such hydro turbines can be placed in water supply pipelines of production shops. Discussion. An assessment was made that showed that the electricity generated by them can be used to power their own equipment, as well as to supply electricity to the general network. Conclusion. The obtained average efficiency of the hydro turbine of 39 % allows us to calculate the possible generation of electricity in real conditions up to 11 kW, while the declared capacity was 16 kW. Resume. If we consider the tasks of energy saving in production, we can confidently predict that the generation of electricity from the developed hydro turbine will reduce the total electricity consumed from the grid. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The mini-hydroelectric power station developed and presented in this work can be used in water supply systems of industrial enterprises located in mountainous regions. This system can contribute to increasing the energy efficiency of enterprises. In the future, it is planned to scale these mini-hydroelectric power stations and make smaller and larger units for use in larger and smaller enterprises.

FORCED DEPORTATION OF PEOPLES TO KAZAKHSTAN

The totalitarian system that dominated during the Soviet period forcibly displaced manynationalities and ethnic groups from their historical homeland, causing great damage to their unity andintegrity, cultural and social development, pursuing a policy of ideological arbitrariness (dictatorship).Soviet leaders forcibly deported to the territory of Central Asia, accusing the Crimean people of activecooperation with the German invaders in order to strengthen the central political power. The CrimeanPeninsula was the main tourist center of the USSR and one of the regions of high political importance.This scientific article, written on this basis, presents historical data on the state of the population onthe Crimean Peninsula before the deportation, on the change of names of cities in Crimea, on how theprocess of forced displacement was carried out, based on archival data. The detrimental consequencesof the forced displacement of peoples to the territory of Kazakhstan and the impact on the nationalcomposition of the Kazakh people are analyzed. In the second half of the 20th century, attempts bythe peoples of Crimea to return to their homeland, the socio-economic situation of the population afterresettlement to the territory of Kazakhstan, and their contribution to the modern development of Kazakhstanisociety were considered.During the actual study of the article, archival data were used. Historical scientific methods of analysisand synthesis of scientific data, historical and comparative analysis, classification, systematization,etc. were also used.

THE ROLE OF CAVE NAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN KAZAKHSTAN

Geographical names, including speleonyms, which were once not registered in official sources, have been preserved in the form of missing words or errors in the Russian language. Therefore, the task of their collection and systematization is fixed by many resolutions of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other authorized bodies. One of the issues of determining the ways of implementing the project "sacred geography of Kazakhstan" and the direction of research work is aimed at restoring the names of caves. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of cave names on the territory of Kazakhstan and the geographical prerequisites for their restoration. Research objectives: to determine the role of physical and geographical conditions of Kazakhstan in the formation of speleonyms; to reflect the patterns and areas of cave distribution in Kazakhstan and to analyze the geographical aspects of the formation of speleonyms; analysis of geographical aspects of the formation of speleonyms; determination of the place of speleonyms as tourist and recreational objects; making proposals for the preservation of caves and Speleonyms of Kazakhstan. The object of the study is caves and other underground parts distributed on the territory of Kazakhstan as special objects of the sacred regions of the country, the subject of the study is the conditions and meaning of the formation of the names of these caves, their geographical prerequisites and opportunities for restoration. The caves will be of great interest from a geomorphological, hydrological, bio-speleological, archaeological and paleozoological point of view. In recent years, they are studied as unique natural landscapes. The importance of caves for speleotourism is also difficult to overestimate.

THE EVALUATION OF TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY OF SHCHUCHINSK-BOROVOYE RESORT AREA USING GEOINFORMATION SYSTEMS

The aim of the article is to evaluate the transport accessibility of the Shchuchinsk-Borovoye resort area within the territory of Kazakhstan and border areas of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the accessibility of the resort area from cities and populated areas, using information provision and to identify areas with varying spatial accessibility. The primary method of evaluation involves a series of operations in the “ArcGIS.10'' system (including kriging, the method of direct transport distance, and interpolation of data using the inverse distance weighting method). The results are presented as a series of maps illustrating the accessibility of resort areas from cities and populated areas, using isolines and coloring techniques. The transport accessibility of the resort area is identified and evaluated, highlighting the importance of transport infrastructure in the development of the tourism cluster. The main conclusion of the research focuses on the calculated indicators of accessibility and the density of the transport network in the region.

ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ В ДРЕВНЕТУРЕЦКИХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ПАМЯТНИКАХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПАМЯТНИКОВ, НАЙДЕННЫХ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ)

This article analyzes the concept of cultural heritage in ancient written monuments. The essence and cultural status of the preserved monuments in different forms are explained. Ideas are summarized on the example of monuments found on the territory of Kazakhstan.

Forensic evaluation of craniometric characteristics of the Kazakhstan population

BackgroundThe human skull is the part of the skeleton most frequently used in population studies, as it was more exposed to genetic factors and less exposed to environmental factors. The skull is an important component in human forensic identification. Materials and methodsThe craniometric characteristics of 186 male and 114 female skulls found on the territory of Kazakhstan were studied. Dimensions were measured using standard anthropometric methods and instruments. The results of measurements of 25 craniometric parameters are presented. Methods of descriptive and parametric statistics were used. ResultsStatistical analysis showed significant regional dimorphism, confirming theindividuality of the Kazakhstan population. Statistically significant deviations werefound in 6 male craniometric characteristics and 4 female craniometric characteristics(p<0.05). The most dimorphous variables for regional identification in Kazakhstanmales were the higher skull base and frontal chord width , full face height , condylarand bigonial width , and low mandibular body reference values (p<0.05). For females,significant statistical discrepancies were seen in the transverse diameter and skullbase width, mastoid and occipital aperture width (p<0.05). ConclusionThe recorded variations and changes in the morphology of the humanskull of the population of Kazakhstan indicate the need to develop and updateosteometric standards used in practice for specific populations. All this will significantlyimprove the accuracy of forensic identification and more fully study the biologicalpatterns of population formation, as well as evaluate the comparative effectiveness ofindividual features in the reconstruction of the population history of various populationgroups.

ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМЫ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ В СЕМИРЕЧЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ С 1867-ПО 1917гг.

This article describes the problems of the formation of the health care system in the Semirechye region in the period from 1867 to 1917. the work describes the formation of the health care system in the pre-revolutionary period, covers the problems of the lack of medical institutions, medical personnel, financial instruments, which led to the death of thousands of ordinary inheritance. Research in this area allows us to deepen and expand our ideas about the development of pre-revolutionary medicine on the territory of Kazakhstan on the example of the Syrdarya region. When writing the work, archival materials were used that helped to analyze the negative trends in the organization of therapeutic assistance to the Kazakh people.

ПАСПОРТ РЕК КАЗАХСТАНА

This article discusses the structure and content of the passport of the rivers of Kazakhstan, which is based on the accounting of the main morphometric and morphological features of natural watercourses and their catchment basins. These features reflect the hydrographic characteristics, the definition of which is part of the task of mapping hydrological processes. Over time, the surface of river catchments undergoes changes due to a number of natural causes and anthropogenic activity, which accordingly changes the values of their morphometric characteristics. In this regard, dynamic characteristics need to be updated when there have been changes in water bodies or their catchments, which, when calculating hydrological characteristics, affect their accuracy. In this paper, the structure of the passport of the rivers of Kazakhstan is considered, which is a reference material, which combines information on rivers and temporary watercourses throughout the territories of Kazakhstan on water basins. In addition, it includes all natural watercourses with a length of more than 10 km and studied rivers with a length of less than 10 km. The certification of rivers is the first step, since the development of the form of passports of water bodies in the Republic of Kazakhstan is being carried out for the first time.

CALCULATION OF THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROLOGICAL OBSERVATION STATIONS OF THE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE NETWORK IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article estimates the number of hydrological observation points taking into account the minimum density of their location and in accordance with WMO recommendations. The territories of Kazakhstan, distinguished by a great variety of climatic conditions and natural zones, have different water availability and require separate norms in the organization of observation points in river basins, known water management regions of the republic. For each river basin, the areas of physiographic regions belonging to different natural zones, including drainless areas, were calculated, which amounted to more than 700 thousand km2. As a result of the calculation, the total minimum number of hydrological posts for the whole country was justified to be 500. However, with economic growth, this number should be increased in accordance with the developed principles and territorial zoning for more effective water resources management.

Stress-strain states of reinforced concrete spans of a railroad overpass using a spatial finite element model

The paper presents the results of computational analysis of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete spans of the railway (single-track railway line) overpass over the highway, under specified loads using spatial finite element models. The static load consists of a cohesion of three TEM-18 diesel locomotives and two loaded gondola cars (up to 25 tons per axle). The purpose of this study was to ensure reliable and safe operation of artificial structures on the railroads, as there is a constant increase in transit freight trains from China through the territory of Kazakhstan to near and far abroad, and often the load on the axle reaches 25 tons, and sometimes larger values – up to 27 tons per axle. The results of the study are recommended to be used for inspections and tests of typical girder bridge spans, as well as in the case of monitoring their technical condition with increasing operational loads.

Tax incentives in agricultural sector: indicators and performance results

The goal is to show the current state and prospects for tax incentives in agricultural sector. Methods – economic-statistical, factor analysis, comparison and synthesis, logical justification. Results – it is substantiated that direct methods of supporting certain sectors of agroindustrial complex can be effectively replaced by indirect methods due to differences in the rate of unified land tax for peasant (farm) enterprises, and for other forms of business there are differences in the corporate income tax base. In particular, direct support is compensated by tax mechanisms in agricultural formations producing crop products (the average level of profitability for 202-2022 was 49,6%), with the exception of rice cultivation, as well as in individual entrepreneurship and peasant (private) farms specializing in production of livestock products (profitability – 35,6%). An assessment of possible budget revenues is given, in conditions of full control and application of liability measures for improper or inappropriate use of agricultural land. Conclusions – calculation of the potential funding volumes that can be used to improve the land use is provided. The irrational use of agricultural land is associated with their ineffective exploitation: imperfect methods of cultivation or fertilization, improper planning of crop rotations. Regional characteristics, which cause different problems and needs that require adaptation of coordination measures and regulation should be taken into account. It is necessary to continue the work to cover the entire territory of Kazakhstan with agricultural maps to provide complete and accurate information on the condition and use of land resources, which will prevent possible violations for which fines and increased tax rates may be levied.

Calculation and numerical modeling of the effect of heat and mass transfer on the properties of pile foundations in seasonally freezing soils

The phenomenon of heat and mass transfer in seasonally freezing soils has a significant impact on the condition of pile foundations. Building structures constructed in such soils experience extremely negative consequences: frost heave, vibration dynamics, moisture mass transfer and soil weakening during the thawing. Seasonally freezing soils occupy most of the territory of Kazakhstan, and in most regions the depth of soil freezing exceeds 1.5 m, there are settlements where the index reaches 1.97 m (Semiyarka, East Kazakhstan region) and in the north of the country - 2.74 m (Arshaly, Akmola region). Arrangement of foundation bases below the frost depth leads to increased construction costs, requires additional costs for thermal insulation, ventilation, other materials and structures, and, in addition, does not always lead to a full levelling of the negative impact of heat and mass transfer on the term and conditions of operation of buildings, structures, railways and roads. Therefore, the efforts of engineers and specialists in the field of thermal physics are aimed at finding effective ways to solve the problems of deformation and destruction of foundations in seasonally freezing soils. In the article an attempt is made to reveal the character of heat and mass transfer influence on pile foundations in seasonally freezing soils on the basis of a thermomechanical model.