Territory Of Czechoslovakia Research Articles

Казаки-эмигранты в Чехословакии в 1921–1939 годах

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to analyze key aspects of the lives and details of Cossack emigrants in the Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR). Methods and materials. Within the research process, the author relied mainly on the following methods: narrative, historical-genetic, comparative-historical, and the method of analogies. The sources used were regulatory legal acts and office documents of the government and several ministries of the Czechoslovak Republic, speeches by individual representatives of the Czechoslovak ruling circles, documents of various organizations and societies, orders and decrees of army atamans, periodical press materials, and sources of private origin. Analysis. Most Cossacks moved to Czechoslovakia from Turkey and Greece, where they ended up after the evacuation from Crimea. The organization of the Cossacks’ move to Czechoslovakia was carried out mainly by public associations and societies. The first part of the Cossacks arrived in Czechoslovakia in June 1921. By the beginning of 1922, about 3,000 Cossacks were stationed on the territory of Czechoslovakia. The Cossacks received great support as part of the campaign to help Russian refugees. Within Czechoslovakia, the Cossacks formed public associations in the form of villages and khutors, as well as workers’ artels, in order to obtain and perform various jobs. Most Cossacks living in Czechoslovakia were involved in agriculture. Atamans of Cossack troops tried in every possible way to counteract the assimilation of Cossacks. Many Cossacks, after getting an education, were trying to leave Czechoslovakia for other states, mainly for France. Results. A comparative analysis showed that the Cossacks generally adapted more easily to the conditions of life in the position of an emigrant than most representatives of other parts of the Russian emigration. At the same time, the problem of assimilation among the Cossacks was sometimes quite acute and required the adoption of effective measures by their leaders. One of these measures was the popularization among the Cossacks of facts from their historical past and the preservation of historical memory. Not least, it was contributed by the Cossack historical commissions and archives.

Historický vývoj presumpce neviny

The article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of the presumption of innocence, the basic principle of criminal proceedings and basic human right, from ancient times to its first explicit anchoring on the territory of Czechoslovakia in the 1950s. It shows that the roots of the presumption of innocence can be found in antiquity, especially in Roman law. In the medieval inquisitional procedure, this principle was suppressed, only to be rediscovered later for continental Europe as a result of the inspiration of the English criminal process and enshrined in particular in the French Declaration of the Rights of the Citizen of 1789, from where it spread further. On the territory of Czechoslovakia, its first explicit establishment took place, surprisingly, in the 1950s, which are associated with the denial of the rights of non-compliant persons.

A református elemi iskolák helyzete a Komáromi Református Egyházmegyében, az 1920–30-as években

Abstract. The situation of the Reformed elementary schools in the Reformed Diocese of Komárom in the 1920s–1930s. The present study provides an insight into the history of the Reformed church schools of the Reformed Diocese of Komárom in the territory of Czechoslovakia between the two world wars. Following geopolitical changes after 1920, the church school network had to be reorganized, which posed completely new challenges to the minority Reformed Church. Subsequent to presentation of the major school laws, the development of the diocesan school network is discussed. After the reorganization, teachers had to face a lot of grievances from state officials, which had a direct and indirect impact on both teachers and the educational policy of the Reformed Church. After outlining the problems of textbooks for use in schools, the diocesan schooling of the two decades under review is summarized. Keywords: Reformed Church, schools, school network, teacher, textbook

THE SPARTAKIADE AS A PHENOMENON IN THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SPORTS DIMENSION IN THE TERRITORY OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA

The aim of the article is to provide a description of the emergence and genesis of the Spartakiade in the territory of former Czechoslovakia. In the article, we focused on the origin and development of mass sport in Czechoslovakia since 1918, on the emergence and genesis of the Spartakiade and the definition of the term “Spartakiade”. In this paper, we also present a chronological name list and a brief course of individual Spartakiades that were held in the territory of Czechoslovakia within the period 1955 – 1985.

The Value of Justice in Czechoslovak Criminal Law Norms in the 20th Century

The authors focus on the legal regulation of criminal substantive law rules and its development in the 20th century in the territory of Czechoslovakia. Specifically, the paper focuses on finding the value of justice in the substantive law provisions and looking for its value in judicial practice. In the conclusion of the paper, the authors consider the meaning of justice in criminal law rules and compare its value in historical and current criminal codes. Justice is not legally defined as an institution or a principle, and therefore, it is very difficult to seek the value of justice in legal branches. The authors present a new hypothesis that works with all kinds of sources of law, which, in their interconnection and agreement, should provide a test to show the value of justice. The authors work with a specific type of criminal law – post-war retribution criminal law. However, the humanities are not exact as science, so subjective evaluations are always present. The second stage of verification of correctness is identical or very similar to the textual and contextual interpretation of the sources of law. The value of justice is not determined by a numerical scale, so only a comparison of specific cases can give us answers as to whether criminal law has been applied more or less fairly in individual trial proceedings

Activities of the Theosophical Society and the Order of the Star in the East in the Czech Lands until 1939

The study shows the penetration of the Theosophical movement into Austro-Hungarian territory, highlighting this process in the Czech lands from the end of the 19th century. It also examines the development of the Theosophical movement in the territory of Czechoslovakia during the interwar period, and analyses the conflict that occurred in the Theosophical circles as the result of accepting or rejecting the teachings of Jiddu Krishnamurti, recognised as the manifestation of Majtreja, but also as the expected Messiah. The analysis also considers the activities of the Star Order in the East, which was founded for the purpose of spreading the teachings of Krishnamurti.

ЧЕСЬКІ НІМЦІ: ІСТОРІЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО САМОЗНИЩЕННЯ (1939–1945 рр.)

Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.

ЧЕСЬКІ НІМЦІ: ІСТОРІЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО САМОЗНИЩЕННЯ (1939–1945 рр. )

Objective of the study: to classify and identify the main causes of the process of political self-destruction of the German ethnic minority in the territory of Czechoslovakia; to propose, substantiate and introduce into scientific circulation the concept of political self-destruction of the German community in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which existed under the suzerainty of the Third Reich from March 15, 1939 to May 13, 1945. Methodology: Therefore, the journalistic and literary works of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were analyzed, as well as legal documents and diplomatic protocols adopted following the Yalta Conference (February 4 — F ebruary 11, 1945), the Potsdam Conference (July 17 — August 2, 1945). With the help of the traditional complex of historical and legal methods (text study, comparative analysis, legal analogy), were analyzed the content and external forms of legal succession of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in relation to the First Czechoslovak Republic (October 28, 1918 — September 30, 1938) and the Second Czechoslovak Republic (September 30, 1938 — March 15, 1939). Structural and functional method allowed to isolate the main reasons for the successful cultural and socio-economic coexistence of Germans and Czechs in the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under the auspices of the Third Reich in 1939–1945. The socio-psychological approach, in turn, determined the political-political characterization of the rise of interethnic hostility of the Czechs to the Germans. The article argues that the cause of the massacres of Germans by Czech fighters (actions with clear signs of genocide) during 1945–1950 was the transfer of the so-called «guilt for Soviet occupation» by the Czech collective consciousness to the Germans. With the help of English and Soviet propaganda, a negative image of the Germans in the mass media was simultaneously formed. Results and conclusions: The history of the Czechoslovak Republic of 1918–1939 is a prime example of the confrontation between spatial and ethno-linguistic political ideologues. On the one hand, there were Sudeten and Bohemian Germans, supported by the strong movement of the Nazis. On the other hand, the concept of Central European Slavic integration, known as «Czechoslovakism». The struggle between these two ideologues often falls out of sight of contemporary political scientists (political scientists) and historians. This article does not fill the gap, but aims to demonstrate the Czech-German ethno-political conflict of the mid-twentieth century in the form of a logical sequence of events that led to the collapse of both Pan-Germanism and Czechoslovakism. The bloody war between the Slavs and the Germans in the center of Europe ended with the victory of «third power» — ideology of communism.

ПОВСЯКДЕННЯ ІНТЕРНОВАНИХ ВОЯКІВ-УКРАЇНЦІВ У ТАБОРІ ЛІБЕРЕЦЬ, ЧСР: СПРОБА ВІЗУАЛІЗАЦІЇ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ЦДАВО УКРАЇНИ І СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОЇ БІБЛІОТЕКИ У ПРАЗІ)

The creation of the Libereс camp of interned soldiers-Ukrainians was caused by emergence on the territory of Czechoslovakia of certain groups of Ukrainian soldiers, who tried to get back to their motherland. Their placement in the camp has begun at September 1920, and the life of the camp was built on a military basis. With a view to establish of Liberec camp`s cultural and educational life, there were created the «Cultural and Educational Club» of four (theatrical, musical, historical and photographic) sections. Its primary task was to set up courses for illiterates, as well as providing regular statements for other categories of interned soldiers, organization of sports clubs and archiving. Realization of cultural and educational work at the Liberec camp was largely depended on financial assistance, received from officers of the Ukrainian Galician Army interned at Německé Jablonné camp. It was especially needed in the winter of 1920-1921, when camp inhabitants has suffered of cold in wooden barracks and of deficient food rations. However, this situation did not prevent the organization of activities a number of artistic and educational centers (theater, choirs, courses, schools) in the Camp, intensive national patriotic and educational work as well. There was a library with a fund of about 1000 books and also a shop. The camp command had sought therefore to socialize of interned soldiers, caring for their general and special education for civil professions. Most of the camp inhabitants went gradually out of Camp as part of the workers’ teams to various parts of Czechoslovakia. At the same time, the military discipline was supported in the Camp; military exercises were required, every time when new soldiers came to the Camp, the military organization, specific for the parts of the UHA, was restored. Even workers’ teams formed in the Camp, have a military basis and were subordinated to the UHA Army’s Initial command. These measures were aimed to preparing Ukrainian soldiers for the continuation of the armed fighting for Ukraine’s independence.

Sovětská základna uprostřed Čech. Milovice v době sovětské vojenské přítomnosti na území Československa (1968-1991)

Studie se pokouší v ucelené podobě zachytit různé stránky spjaté s přítomností sovětské vojenské posádky ve středočeské obci Milovice v letech 1968 až 1991. Opírá se přitom do značné míry o lokální archivní a jiné prameny. Autor nejprve stručně představuje historii Milovic. Tato lokalita i s okolím byla od počátku dvacátého století významně modelována pod vlivem unikátního vojenského výcvikového prostoru v místní části Mladá, který sloužil postupně rakousko-uherské, československé, německé, znovu československé a nakonec sovětské armádě. Milovice tak tvoří ojedinělé prostředí, které v současnosti prochází přeměnou z oblasti zatížené chátrajícími vojenskými objekty a ekologickými škodami v dynamicky se rozvíjející menší město. Zvláště zajímavá kapitola tohoto místa se začala psát po 21. srpnu 1968, kdy intervenční Sovětská armáda převzala zdejší vojenský prostor a zřídila zde nejen početnou posádku, ale také sídlo Střední skupiny sovětských vojsk. Milovice se tak staly nejen prominentní a přísně střeženou zónou, ale i politickým symbolem sovětské vojenské přítomnosti v Československu.Autor se zaměřuje především na vývoj vztahů mezi místními obyvateli a příslušníky sovětské posádky (patřili k ní nejen vojáci, ale i rodiny důstojníků a civilní zaměstnanci), ale také na změny zdejšího prostředí i každodenního života a na důsledky sovětského pobytu v daném období. Sleduje protesty místních občanů proti sovětské invazi, jejich odmítavé reakce na usídlení sovětské posádky a poté postup takzvané normalizace na Milovicku a v nymburském okrese, vyznačující se změnou postojů místních politických orgánů a stranickými prověrkami, navazováním styků se Sovětskou armádou i manifestačními návštěvami oficiálních státních a stranických činitelů. Zevrubně popisuje problematickou bezpečnostní situaci v Milovicích s množstvím drobnějších kriminálních incidentů i zostřenou policejní kontrolou, vážné ekologické škody, zejména znečištění vodních zdrojů a půdy ropnými produkty, problémy obyvatel se zásobováním pitnou vodou, potravinami a průmyslovým zbožím (ale i oblíbené nákupy místních v nadstandardně zásobených sovětských prodejnách), dopravní komplikace, devastaci obytných a veřejných prostor, spojenou s častým nerespektováním předpisů a pravidel soužití ze strany sovětských občanů. Líčí ale také neformální kontakty domácích obyvatel se sovětskou posádkou, často za účelem nelegálního výměnného obchodu nedostatkového zboží, a vedle toho oficiální projevy československo-sovětské "družby". Trvalým průvodním rysem sovětské přítomnosti byly stížnosti místních obyvatel na rozmanité problémy, které byly na příslušných místech řešeny většinou jen formálně nebo vůbec, a marná snaha o zjednání nápravy.

Moisture-Related Problems of Historic Concrete Structure

In the 30's a lot of military defensive lines were built in many European countries (France, Germany and more). These were a sophisticated concrete bunkers protecting the borders of the State. A lot of concrete fortresses were built also in the territory of Czechoslovakia as a protection against Nazi Germany. These bunkers are currently almost 80 years old and they are an important part of the Czech cultural-technical heritage. The paper describes moisture-related failures of the bunker R-S74 which is situated in Eagle Mountains in the Czech Republic with additional material testing of the permeability of used concrete. Present experimental study is unique due to the significant differences in the cement and concrete composition 80 years ago in comparison to the actual state of concrete technology. The results of the laboratory analysis showed that the bunker's concrete is very inhomogeneous and it has very different properties in terms of its permeability.

The role of paediatric nurse in home visiting of newborns and infants in the past – literary survey

This article deals with the problems of home visiting service for newborns, infants and mothers in the territory of Czechoslovakia during the period from 1949 to 1989. At that time the complex child care requirements was carried out through the district system. In-depth analysis of documents and articles from professional journals were used as the method of obtaining and processing the data. The articles were researched up via a research service in the National Medical Library in Prague. Criteria for the selection included the period 1949–1989 and the key words used were – nurse, newborn, infant, care and nursing. One hundred and thirty-four documents were found in total and after a thorough analysis 14 articles were included in the literary survey. The goal of this literary survey was to map out the care of newborns and infants in the territory of former Czechoslovakia from 1949 to 1989. The results of the survey showed that the care of newborns and infants was ensured via the district system which included home visiting in families, counselling for infants and toddlers and the district medical care. It is also obvious that the introduction of district health care in the past was a comprehensive solution to the problems of health care of the children. This data provides a rational basis for the idea that community care of an infant plays an important role in the health care system also in the present when we miss home visiting service of a paediatric nurse of newborns and infants which is absolutely common practice in developed European countries.

La emigración de la población de la Checoslovaquia socialista en el lenguaje de la propaganda comunista

El presente artículo explica los métodos y formas de propaganda de los régimenes no democráticos tomando como ejemplo la propaganda comunista respecto a la emigración. El propósito del artículo es averiguar cómo veía la élite política comunista a la gente que abandonaba el país, contra qué tipos de emigrantes iba dirigida la propaganda comunista y qué medios de expresión se utilizaban en la prensa comunista para caracterizar a los exiliados políticos. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el lenguaje propagandístico de los comunistas en contra de los emigrantes no cambiaba en función de la rigidez del régimen comunista. De este modo, los emigrantes eran considerados enemigos del régimen tanto en el periodo totalitario de los años cincuenta como en el periodo autoritario de los ochenta. En el presente texto se realiza un análisis de los contenidos de los medios de comunicación escritos de ambas épocas. En la primera parte, la parte teórica, se presenta el papel que desempeña la propaganda en los regímenes no democráticos. A continuación, se explican los motivos de la emigración durante la época objeto de análisis y, finalmente, se analiza el lenguaje de la propaganda del partido comunista.

Little-Known Operations of the Soviet Troops in Liberation of Czechoslovakia

RETRACTEDSuccessful advances of Soviet troops during the East Carpathian offensive created very favorable conditions for further operations to liberate Czechoslovakia. The breakthrough by Soviet troops of powerful natural barriers - the Eastern Carpathians with strongly fortified defensive positions created an entirely new situation on the Carpathian-Prague direction. The enemy lost an important strategic milestone, a cover of Czechoslovakia from the east. There were favorable conditions for the further deployment of the Red Army offensive deep into Czechoslovakia and access to the southern border of Germany. During this operation the right wing of the 2nd and 4th Ukrainian Fronts entered the territory of Czechoslovakia and by the end of 1944 liberated a large part of South and South-East Slovakia, surrounded by the large enemy grouping. During the offensive they managed to destroy about four divisions of the enemy, and capture more than 68 thousand troops. In March - April 1945 as a result of the fighting of the 2nd and 4th Ukrainian fronts and friendly Czechoslovak and Romanian forces large groups of the Wehrmacht were defeated in the Western Carpathians. Slovakia and Moravia were completely liberated, including such major administrative and industrial centers such as Prague, Brno and Moravian Ostrava. Within six weeks the troops advanced on both fronts more than 150-350 km, reaching the southern regions of Germany and central regions of Czechoslovakia, occupying a favorable position for an attack on Prague and the final defeat of the Wehrmacht.

Areas of cooperation or competition – rapport or conflict? The Polish-Czechoslovakian relations exemplified by the activity of Polish cultural and educational associations in Czechoslovakia in the years 1947–1958

The postwar Czechoslovakian and Polish relations were not the most cordial, as the cooperation was disturbed by mutual territorial claims, as well as by various expectations regarding the national minorities. It caused a rise in mistrust between the Polish and Czech as well as Slovakian nations, generating conflicts and mutual accusations. The state of the relations has changed after the 10th of March 1947 when The Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance between the Republic of Poland and the Republic of Czechoslovakia was signed. Political agreement helped to improve relations regarding a number of contentious issues, particularly in the treatment of national minorities. One of the main provisions arising from the records of the Protocol-Appendix from the Treaty was necessity of the settlement of the Polish cultural and educational organization on the territory of Czechoslovakia. In June 1947 the government of Czechoslovakia completing the arrangements approved the statutes of the Treaty and allowed the operating of the Polish Cultural and Educational Association in Czechoslovakia. Association conducted a large-scale cultural and educational activity, and therefore played a great role in education and integration of Polish minority in Zaolzie. It affected the nature of the relationship, and mutual contacts between the Polish and the Czechs and Slovaks.

Gréckokatolícki mučeníci z obdobia neslobody 1939–1989

Pass of the twentieth century in Central Europe is marked by two totalitarian systems, which grossly restricted the freedom of people and stifled any opposition speeches. These included the free expression of religion at all levels of society. The presented study deals about the personalities of Greek Catholic Church in Central Europe, with emphasis on the territory of Czechoslovakia. These are individuals who had expressed opposition to the totalitarian regime. They also brought the greatest sacrifice of own life for bold attitude to cruel regime or were exposed to risk of death. Greek Catholic Church has declared blessed some of them after the process of investigation and thus forever entered them in the memory of the Greek Catholic Church. Among the presented figures are the bearers of the title Righteous Among the Nations, award-winning in Israel for unconditional aid to Jews during World War II, as they were risking the loss of his life and lives of family members for saving the racially and religiously persecuted. Given later, the contribution is divided into two parts, the first presents the blessed martyrs, that those who died as martyrs and the second part is devoted to individuals who risked their lives while were exposed to the death for rescuing Jews.

Slovaks in the Prague Parliament 1918–1938

SUMMARY Matej Hanula examines the activities of Slovaks in the Prague parliament during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Slovaks in the National Assembly were divided not only between the left and the right of the political spectrum but also according to their attitude towards relations between Slovakia and the Czech lands. One side consisted of parties standing for Czechoslovak national unity—the socialist parties and the Agrarian Party who were dependent on their Prague headquarters. The other side advocated Slovak national independence and regional autonomy within the territory of Czechoslovakia. The two groups were not able to find common ground even on the basic economic needs of Slovakia. But the policy of all Slovaks was based on the territory of the republic. In critical moments they had been its consistent supporters also in parliament.

The 30th Anniversary of Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Czechoslovakia

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Environmental management in Czechoslovakia and succession states

This article describes briefly the extensive environmental deterioration in the former territory of Czechoslovakia (Federation of Czech Republic and Slovak Republic since 1968), the participation of environmentalists in the “Velvet Revolution” of November 1989, the new system of environmental management that has evolved as a part of the emerging democracy since the beginning of 1990, and offers perspectives on environmental protection and sustainable living strategies in both succession states—the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic—which emerged after the division of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992.

Evaluation of Air Radioactivity in Prague after the Chernobyl Accident

The results of radioactivity measurements in the air of Prague after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident are summarized for the period of April 29 till May 10, 1986. Three separate periods of the transfer of contaminated air masses through the territory of Czechoslovakia, differing both in total activity level as well as in individual radionuclides content were indicated. Maximum of air activity at about 210 Bq·m−3 observed in region of Prague between April 30 · and May 1 differs greatly from levels measured in neighbouring countries and is discussed in relation to the trajectory lines of contaminated air masses over the west Europe.