Territorial Segregation Research Articles

Planning urban proximities: An empirical analysis of how residential preferences conflict with the urban morphologies and residential practices

Urban proximity planning is foreseen as a solution to foster a “sustainable” city, including economic viability, environmental soundness and social inclusivity. This paper focuses on the inclusivity aspects by questioning the adoption of urban proximities: how far planning for urban proximities resonates or conflicts with current residential preferences and practices? Based on functional, social, and sensitive attributes, five latent residential preferences have been identified: spatial proximity, tranquility, elitism, social proximity, and conviviality. These aspirations form the basis for a longitudinal, spatial, and clustering analysis. The results of the analysis, conducted on 2200+ respondents in Geneva, reveal characteristics in residential preferences. Firstly, preferences are stable over time, but malleable to changing circumstances. Secondly, some preferences show clear spatial distribution patterns when regressed with residential location choice. Thirdly, the gap between preferences and actual residential practices varies across morphological attributes. As a main result, the clustering analysis shows that 43 % of the population aspire more to tranquility than to functional proximity; and those aspiring for proximities (32 %) are the youngest and wealthiest. This questions the relevance of models of urban proximities as an inclusive solution – raising issues of generational divide, territorial segregation, and injunctive and targeted planning.

Unequal periurban mobility: Travel patterns, modal choices and urban core dependence in Latin America

Latin America is a highly urbanized region characterized by remarkable inequality levels, also reflected in an uneven distribution of opportunities, making socio-economic segregation quite visible. Since the individual possibility to travel and therefore access to urban opportunities strongly depends on socio-economic status and the distances to overcome, highly unequal patterns of mobility and accessibility emerge. The continuous expansion of Latin American cities originates specific mobility-related inequalities visible in periurban areas, which tend to lack some key urban opportunities and public transport services usually available in cities. Due to established and new patterns of territorial segregation, these areas may generate new forms of marginality in relation to mobility, posing challenges for public action and territorial governance. Our paper considers if and how periurban areas experience different forms of mobility-related inequalities in three Latin American metropolises in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia (São Paulo, Santiago, and Bogotá, respectively). We do so by examining the differences among urban core and periurban zones based on four elements: socio-demographic features, access to the public transport system, spatial continuity, and functional dependence. Our analysis shows that the three metropolitan regions have different structures: while Bogotá and Santiago appear to be more dependent on the urban core, São Paulo shows more autonomous and self-sufficient periurban zones. The analysis also highlights different forms of peripherality, defined by differentiated mobility patterns and modal choices that suggest that city-specific lines for public action might be needed.

Dalit Humanism: Marginal Spatial Reality as a Site of Dalit Counterpublic in Bama’s Sangati and Tulsiram’s Murdahiya

In India, one of the major counter-discourses constituted to critique the culture of violence, silence and impunity, harboured by the Indian public sphere, is offered by Dalit literary writings. Dalit counterpublic highlights the alternate cultural spaces that subvert and disrupt the dominant structures of repression by valuing the Dalit standpoint. The present article claims that the Dalit counterpublic is subaltern as well as locational; subalternity is based on the marginal position prescribed to Dalit people in the Indian social and cultural structure while location refers to the geopolitical territorial segregation. Bama’s Sangati and Tulsiram’s Murdahiya have been analysed using theoretical perspectives of counterpublic proposed by critics such as Nancy Fraser, Kanika Batra and Michel Warner. The findings suggest that Dalit people have transformed Dalit marginal site into a source of resistance.

Redressing legal pluralism in South Africa’s water law

ABSTRACT During apartheid, South Africa formalized legal pluralism as territorial and institutional segregation that legitimized the white minority’s grab of most land, water and mineral resources. In the homelands on the remaining 13% of the country, allied tribal chiefs controlled second-class customary land and water rights. Under the democratic dispensation, the new Constitution (1996) and National Water Act (1998) aim at redressing this racial discrimination. However, these goals have not been achieved. Building on literature, field research and ongoing policy and legal debates, this paper traces causes for this failure and examines whether and how a different interpretation of statutory law can decolonize past legal pluralism. A main cause of this failure is the continued power by white large-scale water users and their consultants and lawyers. Monopolizing technical and legal knowledge, they fiercely defend apartheid era’s Existing Lawful Uses by 1998 and relatively easily obtain administrative licences for post-1998 water uptake, while claiming excessive monetary values of entitlements to water resources that the state, with tax payers, as custodian holds. In contrast, black water users’ pre-1998 Existing Lawful Uses have not been defined as yet and burdensome licences processes for new water uptake are inaccessible to the many smaller-scale black water users. The paper concludes that, in former homelands, the legal status of living customary water tenure should be elevated and protected. Inclusive facilitated processes can further clarify the “sharing in” of water resources flowing over or under the communities’ territories inside the boundaries of former homelands, also to enable gradual alignment with constitutional rights. However, in “sharing out” these water resources with powerful third parties, including foreign investors, customary water tenure should be fully protected. As a core minimum of highest priority water resource rights across the country, the current Basic Human Needs Reserve should include all water-related constitutional rights, so also water for sufficient food, and be implemented.

Governance of heritage. Challenges of a community strengthen by its heritage.

It is crucial to review cases where heritage works as a means of empowering sustainable communities through participative governance and learn from these mechanisms. This paper aims to explore the lessons of participative governance in Agua Blanca, a small village located on the Ecuadorian coast, where heritage -archeological remains and dry tropical forests- constitutes the primary resource. The approach is qualitative, and the methods were archive analysis, observation, and open interviews. The villagers lead participative management that is based on equality of the access and distribution of resources. Through this vision, collective economic benefits from their heritage are achieved. Besides, the dwellers reinforce their identity through their cultural and natural heritage, which contributes to its preservation. Nevertheless, Agua Blanca faces challenges as the indifference of younger generations, territorial segregation, and the lack of relationships with government organisms. To confront these obstacles, it is recognized that the community is not a stable and permanent system but rather a set of difficulties that are overcome through inclusive governance mechanisms that evolve in the face of new necessities.

Urbanização e preservação cultural: caso do Bairro das Chicalas em Luanda

O processo de urbanização em Luanda tem sido pontual, sendo priorizadas as áreas centrais da cidade e negligenciando-se os projetos habitacionais para a população mais pobre. Os planos de requalificação tendem a ser planos com propostas duvidosas, se analisados sob a ótica dos grandes debates urbanísticos que abordam a integração social e o direito à cidade. Prevalecem interesses financeiros e finalidades corporativistas, e não a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos moradores que, frente a realidade latente, não se reconhecem enquanto unidade populacional. O plano de requalificação da Baía de Luanda, na qual Chicala faz parte, envolve destruições de bairros informais em seu entorno. Discute-se aqui as implicações desta reforma urbanística e seus impactos no bairro da Chicala, à luz da segregação territorial, identidade cultural, políticas públicas habitacionais e o habitat. Frente aos impasses de uma gestão territorial conturbada e direcionada, e as ações que reforçam a desigualdade social, sugere-se, aqui, uma reflexão sobre a requalificação e a preservação cultural aplicados a este bairro. O pensamento global aliado às ações locais promovem diálogos com as experiências internacionais que podem contribuir para a gestão do território de modo coerente, tendo em vista a sua unidade cultural e os interesses de seus habitantes.

Designing urban parks for inclusion, equity, and diversity

ABSTRACT Urban parks are vital spaces that provide the much-needed open space in cities offering numerous benefits and opportunities. One of the prime roles of urban parks is to fulfill the physiological and psychological needs of diverse populations. Empirically observing and analyzing park use can be an important tool toward reducing the gap between user needs and the planning, design, and management of urban parks. This paper reports the findings of systematic observation and evaluation of park design and management of two major urban parks in Cincinnati, Ohio. First, we conduct systematic on-site observation and document user-activity patterns at different times of day and week. Second, we graphically represent the observations using outputs from qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, we synthesize and analyze the observations to identify the dominant users of the parks, their behaviors and activities, and the utility of the park designs and facilities in serving the needs of the diverse social groups. The findings provide useful insights on aspects of park design that create affordances for diverse groups to use the park and ones that create territorial segregation, thus showing whether contemporary parks are inclusive, equitable, and diverse or not. The paper concludes with recommendations for designing for diversity in urban parks.

Constructing social identity through multiple \u201cus and them\u201d: a grounded theory study of how contextual factors are manifested in the lives of residents of a vulnerable district in Brazil

The association between contextual factors and health inequalities is well documented, also in Brazil. However, questions about how contextual factors actually affect health and well-being persist. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how contextual factors—i.e., social stratification and neighborhood opportunity structures—are manifested in the lives of the residents of a vulnerable district in Brazil. We used a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach based on 12 in-depth interviews. The core category constructing social identity through multiple “us and them” is supported by eight main categories that characterize different pairs of “us and them”, based on internal and external aspects of the social processes involved. Our findings strengthen and support the links between contextual factors and health inequalities, highlighting the relevance of downward social comparison, territorial segregation and stigmatization and erosion of social capital in the construction of social identities and the manifestation of social hierarchies and neighborhood structures in the Brazilian context. Ultimately, these create shame and stress but also pride and empowerment, which are recognized determinants of health inequities.

Absence and Presence of the State as a Reproduction Way of Urban Violence in the Aguablanca District (Cali, Colombia)

Based on an ethnographic approach, this article describes how the notions of presence and absence of the state are manifested, simultaneously, in the Aguablanca District (Cali, Colombia). Within a context of urban violence, this is an obstacle when recognizing the effects of the state’s actions and omissions. Additionally, it can be noticed how the readings on violence intending to generate alternatives to mitigate this scourge enable the confrontation of imaginaries between communities from marginalized areas, elite areas, and the state. Thus, we see the emergence of signaling practices and discourses that assign violent identities to black communities and the Aguablanca District, which serve to present them as accountable for Cali being one of the most violent cities in the world, and it favors the execution of racial and territorial segregation practices, and “state” and “parastatal” actions that reproduce violence.

Tuberculosis and malaria walk side by side in the Brazilian Amazon: an ecological approach.

To assess the spatial distribution of TB and malaria incidence, as well as their spatial association with each other, regardless of environmental and socio-economic factors commonly reported as determinants of both disease rates among the municipalities of Amazonas State, Brazil between 2012 and 2015. Through an ecological approach considering municipalities of Amazonas, Brazil, as unit of analysis, a negative binomial regression model was used to assess association between malaria and TB rates, in which the dependent variable was the average municipal tuberculosis incidence rate. Positive associations of overall malaria (β=0.100 [CI=0.032, 0.168], P=0.004), P.vivax malaria (β=0.115 [CI=0.036, 0.195], P=0.005), and P.falciparum malaria (β=0.389 [CI=-0.0124, 0.791], P=0.057) with TB rates were found, regardless of the sociodemographic factors included in the study. In the Brazilian Amazon, TB and malaria are spatially associated. Therefore, it is very likely that co-infections also occur in this region, regardless of the HIV status.

Поиски новых подходов к социокультурной интеграции мигрантов

Статья посвящена анализу основных направлений ведущихся государствами глобального Севера поисков эффективных подходов к управлению культурным разнообразием. Показано, что массовая иммиграция с глобального Юга резко усложняет культурную неоднородность принимающих обществ Севера. Последняя, в свою очередь, сопряжена с серьезными вызовами размывания их культурной идентичности, фрагментации и социально-политической дестабилизации, усиленными недавним миграционным кризисом. Угрозы дальнейшего расширения ареалов расселения и укрепления позиций выходцев из исламских стран в Европе сплетаются с рисками ее «рехристианизации» представителями южных течений христианства и распространения архаичных ценностей и практик. Доминирование белого населения европейского происхождения в США все заметнее ослабляется быстро укрупняющимися инокультурными сообществами выходцев из стран Латинской Америки и Азии. Ни ассимиляционизм, игнорирующий и подавляющий культурные различия, ни сменивший его мультикультурализм, признающий и поощряющий их, не смогли дать эффективного ответа на рост разнообразия и помочь избежать усиления территориальной сегрегации, культурной замкнутости «параллельных сообществ» и социального иждивенчества их членов. На волне критики мультикультурализма вновь возрождается ассимиляционный подход. В то же время предлагаются и новые интеграционные концепты. Омникультурализм акцентирует общность человеческой природы разных этнорасовых групп, а поликультурализм – пересечение их историй и взаимосвязи, однако практическая реализация обоих подходов может иметь лишь ограниченный и спорный эффект. Интеркультурализм, делающий ставку на перенастройку городской системы управления и общественных структур на функционирование в условиях разнообразия и налаживание снизу конструктивного межкультурного взаимодействия, уже позитивно себя зарекомендовал в локальных практиках. Вместе с тем результаты таких инициатив пока скромны и непрочны. Это делает перспективы интеркультурализма неопределенными, пока он не пройдет проверку на национальном уровне.

GRUPOS DE PODER, SEGREGAÇÃO E COOPERAÇÃO: OS SUÁBIOS DO DANÚBIO EM GUARAPUAVA/PR / GROUPS OF POWER, SEGREGATION AND COOPERATION: DANUBE SWABIANS IN GUARAPUAVA/PR

doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2017.22330 Este texto busca compreender como os suabios do Danubio, imigrantes do leste europeu (Iugoslavia, Hungria e Romenia) se constituem como grupo de poder politico-economico e a contribuicao destes para o desenvolvimento da regiao de Guarapuava, no Centro-Sul do Parana. Os suabios do Danubio sairam compulsoriamente do sudeste da Europa para viver em campos de refugiados na Austria, apos a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Em decorrencia, 500 familias inscreveram-se em um projeto que visava a criacao de uma cooperativa agricola no Brasil a partir de incentivos governamentais do pais e do exterior. Com a chegada ao Brasil fundaram a Cooperativa Agraria, em 1951. O texto foi elaborado a partir da investigacao qualitativa obtida pela coleta de dados documentais sobre a cooperativa, a vida cultural e politico-economica dos imigrantes, dados secundarios de orgaos institucionais e entrevistas. Como resultados desta investigacao podemos afirmar que a instalacao do grupo cooperou economicamente para o municipio, mas nao de forma equânime. Houve, ainda, um processo de segregacao (ou auto segregacao/diferenciacao) territorial e intensa valorizacao da tradicao e cultura germânicas.

The Historical Context of Land Reform in South Africa and Early Policies

The need for the current land reform programme arose from the racially discriminatory laws and practices which were in place for the largest part of the twentieth century, especially those related to land ownership. The application of these discriminatory laws and practices resulted in extreme inequalities in relation to land ownership and land use. This article provides an overview of the most prominent legislation which provides the framework for the policy of racially-based territorial segregation. It further discusses the legislative measures and policies which were instituted during the period from 1991 to 1997, aimed at abolishing racially-based laws and practices related to land and which eventually provided the basis to the current land reform programme.

Anthropology at the dawn of apartheid

In this article, I focus on different strategies of anthropological engagement with government and potential funders. I do so by considering the diverse nature of Alfred Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski’s encounters with South African authorities, between 1919 and 1934. I suggest that Radcliffe-Brown saw South Africa as an integrated society in which segregation was impossible, and advocated the sympathetic scientific understanding of cultural difference within this context. By contrast, Malinowski was committed to a romantic vision of holistic cultures, collaborated directly with colonial authorities, and argued for a policy of effective cultural and territorial segregation. The strategies had important longterm consequences and costs, calculable only from the privileged vantage point of history.

Contradicción anarco-metropolitana: descentralización municipal y centralismo regional en Chile

In Chile, a strong state centralism coexists with a notable municipal decentralization. This contradiction implies that regions are governed by authorities designated by the national government, while municipal authorities are elected and have political and financial autonomy. This administrative contradiction results, in part, in non-existent regional governments -despite the recent election of regional councilors- since they are, strictly speaking, central government delegates, including regional ministerial secretaries (governors are not yet elected). Another expression of this contradiction is the municipal atomization, with communes that reproduce inequality and territorial segregation in their capacities and resources, with divided and weakened intermunicipal associations. The conjunction of these two realities, centralism in larger administrative divisions, and atomized municipal decentralization in smaller areas, collapse in pluricomunal metropolitan areas, which are literally without government. Although centralism inhibits regional development, and municipal fragmentation reproduces inequality, the “anarcho-metropolitan contradiction” is the most serious consequence of both of these conditions. The lack of government results is inequality for the majority, and in inefficiency for the urban and national economy. Despite the gravity and urgency of this “anarcho-metropolitan contradiction”, alternative solutions have been politically unviable. The possibility of an elected metropolitan government -with the risks that whoever presides over it turns into a powerful political competitor- counterbalanced by a council of intercommunal mayors seems to be a possible option to evaluate.

Community Safety: A Remedy for Territorial Segregation? A French Response

Community Safety: A Remedy for Territorial Segregation? A French Response

TOTEM AMBON MANISE:MEMBONGKAR SEGREGASI TERITORIAL BERBASIS AGAMA DI KOTA AMBON

This writing is an effort done by the writer to break up the religious segregation that is still continuing in Ambon City, the Capital of Moluccas. Since the Social conflict started in January 19, 1999, then continued in September 11, 2011, and May 15, 2012 the religious people who live in harmony has become a fragile living. The Data collected by the observation and interview technique. Observation was done to collect the data about the impacts of social conflict, especially on the reality of segregation based on religion background, while interview was done with the tradisional / cultural leaders and the citizens of Ambon (Moslems and Christians as well). They involved directly or indirectly in the social conflict and undergo its impacts. After that, the researcher collected and studied the written documents that related to the research topic. The impact of social conflict in January 19, 1999 and September 11, 2011 is the territorial segregation based on religion background. This situation still held by the people from the Christians and Moslems because of the safety and comfort reasons, also traumatic and psychological reasons. Durkheim’s theory on totem is used by the writer to explain that reality of segregation. So the theory become the concept to break up the segregation based on religion background which is happening in Ambon. Totem: Ambon Manise, is a concept or slogan that is very closed to the Molucans. Therefore, this concept or slogan can be a self image of Molucans communally, and can be a norm that able to change their point of view and the daily attitude. The attitude of respect each other, help each other, and trust each other, before the conflict in 1999, was very good and tightly held among the Molucans. Therefore if a member of community does not have this attitude, he/she known as people who have not the Molucan identity. So, the Totem Ambon Manise can be a new Totem for Molucans, especially for the modern Ambonesse here and now. Then the Totem can be a common self image to build up the people life communally in order to create the social cohesion without the religious, ras, and tribe walls. This new totem does not reduct the totems belong to the clans. Conversely, it enriches the clan totems that have been belonged to the people until now. Key words: segregation, social conflict, slogan, totem, Ambon Manise, pela, gandong.

Cultural and Regional Characterictics of Poverty Segregations

Abstract The process of segregation is a complex problem affecting both developed and developing states; it is influenced by territorial, historical, demographic and economic impacts. To solve this growing problem, we must know how it is influenced by different factors. In this case, we are able to describe the appropriate strategy. This study examines the characteristics of poverty’s regional segregation in Baranya county, Hungary. It describes and analyses the regularities and correlations at NUTS 3 level and compares four segregated living spaces in different areas of the county. Our theory postulates that segregation has different bases and different attributions according to geographical localisation. Due to the different and well-chosen research areas, this study is able to highlight these aforementioned regional differences and characteristics. According to the results, we create a standardisation system to form the basis for future studies and strategies. After all of the study analyses, the local conditions are categorised based on the previously established standardisation system. The results of this study can help manage the problems of marginalised social groups and territorial segregation and also create a strategy to handle them.

Sport for peace in Northern Ireland? Civil society, change and constraint after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement

Using the case of Northern Ireland, this article examines how post-conflict transition impacts sports organisations which have traditionally underpinned societal division and what factors facilitate or restrain such organisations from fulfilling peacebuilding functions. The article identifies three peacebuilding functions of sport: in-group socialisation, promoting social cohesion and symbolically representing new identities. Then, after outlining the sporting and political context in Northern Ireland, the article explores changes within the sporting environment stemming from the peace process as well as persistent socio-political barriers to sport’s capacity to encourage reconciliation and integration, especially symbolic contestation and territorial segregation. The analysis draws on a public attitudes survey (n = 1210) conducted by the authors as part of a major government-funded study. The findings demonstrate the potential of the three peacebuilding functions of sport, yet also, crucially, the constraints imposed by the distinct and divided political context. Avenues for further and comparative research are identified.

Territorio estratégico y segregación: la región noreste del Área Metropolitana de Montevideo

Las áreas metropolitanas de América Latina transitan por diversos cambios territoriales que se han profundizado durante las últimas décadas. En este estudio se analizan las dinámicas territoriales que han ocurrido en la región noreste del Área Metropolitana de Montevideo, se considera a la segregación territorial y a los territorios estratégicos como conceptos claves para entender dichas transformaciones. En este sentido se emplean técnicas de Geoprocesamiento y se elabora un índice de estratificación socioeconómica. Los resultados indican un crecimiento sostenido de los procesos de urbanización sobre el uso rural y se evidencia un desarrollo acelerado de cambios en las distintas clases sociales donde el Estado es un actor clave para favorecer los procesos de segregación territorial.