Territorial Security Research Articles

Marine environmental protection in the seas of Japan and Okhotsk

Abstract The marine environment is a relatively minor issue in the Japan/Okhotsk Seas region. Territorial claims, navigation, fishing rights, and national security take precedence. Growing interest in marine resource development in the four coastal states (Japan, DPR Korea, Republic of Korea, Soviet Union) is fostering a new awareness of the advantages of regional pollution control and living resource conservation. Prospects for environmental regulation are assessed with reference to compatibility of national and international initiatives, cultural and historical characteristics of ocean use, and national legal and institutional approaches to marine environmental protection.

Zhou Enlai's Diplomacy and the Neutralization of Indo-China, 1954–55

A vital key to Zhou Enlai's diplomacy in Indo-China during 1954 and 1955 was his systematic effort to “neutralize” the region. Zhou, as Chinese premier and foreign minister, laid the foundations of China's approach to Indo-China. Subsequently, his policy of neutralization and its application to Indo-China focused on the enlargement of the “area of collective peace” along China's southern frontiers. This general formula reflected Zhou's primary concern for China's territorial security and economic development. In Zhou's estimation the immediate western military threat to China's security could be curbed effectively if Indo-China became a “neutralized” region in which the three local states, that is, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, were not allowed to enter into alliances with any outside major powers. Only by terminating French colonial domination in Indo-China and restraining major-power interference in the internal affairs of these three states could the peace and stability of Indo-China be secured.

The Tree and the Canoe: Roots and Mobility in Vanuatu Societies

Can the tree symbol of rootedness and stability be reconciled with the canoe symbol of journeying and unrestricted wandering? Traditional Melanesian identity is essentially an overlay on the semiology of place: grouped into nexuses these places from territories around which starlike alliance areas are gathered. Although inherited identity is reproduced and reacquired in each generation through journeying and circulating within the areas of alliance and shared identity. The canoe concept provides a framework for mobility while preserving rootedness admitting the prospect of the journey while preserving the security of territory. The problem nowadays is less to recover a lost identity than to rediscover canoes which reestablish the connection with venturing on the high seas. Melanesian identity will remain alive as long as the forms of mobility remain dominantly circular for if their movement should become the rural exodus found in many Third World societies the originality and identity of traditional Melanesian society will have joined the legion of dead cultures. Traditional Melanesian societies will only survive if they include towns and other modern places within their alliance areas and if they find cultural and economic niches as well as physical places into which to integrate their group structures and perhaps also their "companies" of migrants. Conversely new places and enclaves can only keep their oceanic spirit and remain in harmony with the traditional identity of space by accommodating such integration. A possibility would be to organize complexes of communal hospitality including a cultural space for discussions and encounters a meeting house that functions as a club and several houses available for use by people circulating for limited and variable amounts of time.

Franchise Regulation: An Economic Analysis of State Restrictions on Automobile Distribution

FRANCHISE distribution systems are a relatively recent economic development and have proved to be highly effective in industries ranging from hotels to fried chicken restaurants. At the same time, reasons for the economic success and rapid growth of franchise distribution are not well understood.' Misperceptions about the nature of franchising have led to (or at least not prevented) a confusing tide of new regulations and court decisions pertaining to franchising. In particular, government and the courts have vacillated on the legality of territorial security, which is (at least implicitly) a significant aspect of virtually all franchise arrangements. A second key aspect of the franchise system is that it typically involves a relationship between a large corporation and the owner of a small business. In recent years statutes have been enacted which portend to protect the little guy from the rapacious acts of the large and powerful. The interplay between these two concerns is particularly acute in the franchise distribution of new automobiles. Efforts by the states to deal with the issues involved in franchise distribution of automobiles have produced a highly varied collection of regulations. After a brief examination of the economics of automobile franchising, this paper presents an analysis of state regulations of manufacturer-dealer relations in the automobile industry. The analysis provides a basis for an econometric study of the economic impact of the state regulations. Regulations are viewed in the study as producing wealth transfers among the