Land Territory Research Articles

Ecological organization of the territory

The article describes the reasons for deterioration of agricultural lands which affects the environmental management system violating the landscape and biosphere compatibility. It is necessary to implement the ecological-landscape organization of the territory at various levels of development. The nature of the ecological landscape organization of the territory was described. Sustainable agro-landscape systems should be formed while designing land categories. Territories of the agricultural land should be formed taking into account zonal features of landscapes. The article provides land management recommendations on the ecological-landscape basis. Its advantages in comparison with traditional methods were revealed.

Assessing the ecological and economic state of agricultural land in the border areas of the Altai Krai

The article discusses the method of integrated assessment of ecological and economic state of agricultural land territory of the Mikhailovsky District of the Altai Krai. The joint analysis of the results of remote probing data processing, cadastral information and statistical reporting allowed us to carry out an areal assessment of lands classified according to different degrees of anthropogenic transformation. The characteristics of the areas exposed to anthropogenic influences were identified, which allowed us to isolate land with a special regime of use and adjust the ecological and economic state towards a balanced and sustainable development.

Chikungunya Virus as the Agent of Emergent Viral Disease

Chikungunya virus belongs to Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. It is a member of Semliki Forest virus antigenic complex that includes antigenic related Semliki Forest, Chikungunya, O’ Nyong-nyong, Ross River viruses. Chikungunya virus is the causative agent of acute febrile illness with myalgia and arthralgia in humans. Since its discovery in 1952, Chikungunya virus caused sporadic and infrequent outbreaks. Since 2004, global Chikungunya outbreaks have occurred. Now Chikungunya is viewed as a global public health issue in many countries, where Aedes mosquito vectors are widespread. Currently, four genotypes of Chikungunya virus (West African, South African, Asian and Indian Ocean) are distinguished. Appearance of different genotypes is associated with adaptive mutations in peplomers of E1 and E2 glycoproteins. It is shown, that a single mutation in E1 glycoprotein (alanin for valin substitution in 226 position) leads to increasing virus virulence (50-100 times). This mutation is instrumental for epidemic potential increase. For virus variants with this mutation, secondary substitutions enhancing viral virulence are described too. А edes aegypti mosquitoes are common vector for all genotypes of Chikungunya virus, А edes albopictus mosquitoes are vector, mainly, for South African and Asian genotypes. They play the leading role in epidemic potential increase over the last decade. The effectiveness of Chikungunya virus transmission by А edes а egypti mosquitoes is 83.3 %, by А edes albopictus mosquitoes - 96.7 %. The А edes albopictus are more widely disseminated than А edes а egypti (about 40 percent of all land territory). Demonstrated is the possibility of transcontinental spread of А edes albopictus mosquitoes by aviation and naval transport. This review highlights the most recent advances in our knowledge of the ecology, epidemiology and molecular biology of Chikungunya virus. These data play an important role in the development of preventive, treatment and vaccination strategies of Chikungunya fever.

Sovereignty of Maritime Microstates: Maintaining an International Presence in a Changing Context

ABSTRACTTypically, coastal or island states, maritime microstates are sover- 5 eign countries with a land territory covering less than 1,000 km2 and a direct access to the sea. While accounting for less than 0.01% of the Earth’s total land area, the combined exclusive economical zones (EEZ) of maritime microstates represent a tenth of the United Nations’ EEZ and more than any single 10 other country. With economical and geopolitical tensions on the one hand and climate change on the other hand, seas have become under the focus of more and more countries and regional powers. However, with their limited population, microstates cannot ensure a level ofmilitary presence on the seas comparable 15 to regular, larger states. Therefore, the globalized tensions over the seas represent as many potential threats for microstates sovereignty. This paper will explore the challenges related to maritime microstates sovereignty and will analyze how maritime microstates canmaintain an international presence in a changing 20 international context from three imbricated perspectives: the diplomacy perspective, the limited workforce perspective, and the intelligence perspective.

An Improvement of Energy Efficient and Extending Life Time of WMSN through Data Fusion Method

This paper presents the implementation of Wireless Multimedia Sensor networks (WMSN) using datafusion methods with aggregation that comprise of huge number of sensor hubs that are sent in some land territory. The motivation behind the system was to detect the earth and record what occurs in a territory it’s sent in. With different prospective applications wireless multimedia sensor network has numerous difficulties. In this method, each node is equipped with multiple sensors (like camera, temperature and humidity). Use of more than one sensor provides additional information about the environmental conditions. The datafusion approach based on the competitive-type hierarchical processing is considered for experimentation. Energy sources are the principle requirement for a wireless sensornode organizer because of restricted batteries power provided to every sensor node hub, so it’s important to join energy consciousness into each phase of the system structure and activity. So as to augment the lifetime of sensor arrangements, the system needs forceful energy streamlining strategies, guaranteeing energy awareness is joined into individual sensor hubs as well as into gatherings of coordinating hubs and into a whole sensor organize. The multiple data fusion process improves the reliability and accuracy of the sensed information and simultaneously saves energy, which was our primary objective. The proposed algorithms were simulated using Matlab. This article gives a datafusion (aggregation) methods to assume significant job for improve the PSNR, error performance and Security of the data which get by whole sensor network system. By classification of grouping (clustering) in WSN this articlepresents the design diagram for information datafusion in multimedia sensor network arrangement.

Lithogenesis on peneplaned сontinented platform of Kazakhstan and Siberia during the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary epoch

Research subject. The inner structure, composition, and genesis of the poorly studied formation of weathering crusts are studied with reference to peneplaned platform territories in Kazakhstan and Siberia during the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary epoch. This formation hosts many valuable minerals, such as bauxite, iron ores, refractory clays, etc., thereby attracting much research attention. Materials and methods. The results were obtained following a series of long-term studies and a review of available data recently obtained on the weathering crust formation in the territories of Kazakhstan and Siberia. The methods of lithological facies and formation analysis were used, along with the separate studies of the eluvial material – weathering crusts in erosion areas and intra-formation weathering horizons in accumulation areas. Results. The weathering crust formation in the study area is shown to comprise two kinds of rock mass: siliceous-kaolinite ones forming erosion-tectonic depressions and kaolinite-bauxite ones forming karst depressions. The inner structure, composition, and genesis of both rock mass units are studied in detail, with all their sedimentation stages being analyzed. The sedimentation process is traced from the preparation of the material in weathering crusts at erosion areas to the deposition of this material and its post-sedimentation transformations (mostly with the involvement of subaerial diagenesis) in depressions. Detailed information is presented on subaerial diagenesis, which deserves further studies. Conclusions. This publication is the frst to present detailed information on the inner structure, composition and genesis of the ancient formation of weathering crusts produced in hot humid climate on peneplaned land territories. It is confrmed that the processes underpinning this formation – starting with the preparation of the material and ending with its accumulation in depressions – were different from those typical of modern orogenic environments. This conclusion extends the current understanding of the forms and nature of ancient lithogenetic processes.

International Jurisprudence Concerning the Group or Unity Principle in Territorial Allocation

Abstract In the past one hundred years, a series of international cases have addressed the group or unity principle in the context of territorial allocation. This article provides an analysis of such jurisprudence, and concludes that this principle can act as a mediating principle to inform the interpretation and application of the primary rules relating to territorial acquisition, thus raising a presumption about the extent and scope of an established territorial title. By showing respect for the natural link between land territories that form an integral group or unity, this principle might provide an efficient and pragmatic approach to settling territorial disputes.

An Overview of the Statutory Laws and Regulations Relating to the Maritime Issues of Bangladesh: Loopholes and Recommendations

The research intention is to overview the existing laws and regulations regarding the maritime territory of Bangladesh. In this time demanding research, the researcher tries to point out, the legal circumstance of the sea territory of Bangladesh and how the sea territory is being protected. Where there are more 1350 statutory laws of State but not more than 2% is directly or indirectly related with the sea territorial concern. Whereas, its total area of sea territory is more than her land territory. Bangladesh geographically situated in shore of the Bay of Bengal. After its independence, it already has passed 48 years but till in this tenure couldn’t protect her vast sea territory as like her land boundary due to her two neighboring State’s concern and lack of legal and economic management. Last decade, major concerning issues with her two neighboring States already had been dissolved by the interferences of International Tribunal for the Law of Sea and the International Permanent Court of Arbitration. But due to its legal drawbacks, stockholders are not interested to come here as much as required. Here, researcher tries to identify the present legal status of the maritime issue of Bangladesh along its defects and recommendations.

Chthonic Sovereigns? ‘Neak Ta’ in a Cambodian Village

Typically conflated with spirit or religion, territorial land entities known by various names across monsoon Asia are engaged in social relationships with human communities. Most often called neak ta in Cambodia (meaning the Ancient ones), but also known as maja tuk maja day, (the master of the water and the land), and arak (guardian or protector), many will tell you this is Brahminism, superstition from the ancient religion. More recently scholars use the term animism, and through this lens, neak ta becomes spirit—metaphysical guardians of territories, spirits of founding ancestors, or the earth-bound deities in Buddhist cosmologies. For locals they are guardians, people we cannot see, punishers, and healers, sometimes ancestors sometimes not. In the following treatment, empirical data complicates the prevailing paradigm and begins to detangle these entities from the constructed category of religion. In the context of an expanding discussion rethinking animism in Southeast Asia and its relationship to universal religions, these sovereigns of the land emerge beyond their confinement, or their assignation as spirits. They are in and of the water and the land and are instrumental social actors in the articulation of economic activity and political strategies as well as Buddhist practice.

Sevinç Çokum'un Romanlarında Tarih

Sevinc Cokum uses ‘history’ as an atmosphere in her novels such as Bizim Diyar, Hilâl Gorununce, Agustos Basagi, Lacivert Tasi, Gozyasi Cesmesi Kirim’da Son Dugun. In her novel Bizim Diyar, she narrates the loss of territorial land in Rumelia and the casualties within a family during the Balkan War. The theme of Hilâl Gorununce is related to the incidents that the Crimean people dealt with during the Crimean War. She expresses the participation of the people of Sogut in the National Struggle in Agustos Basagi. In Lacivert Tasi, she narrates the incidents a family experienced in Siirt/Tillo in the first quarter of the 20th century. She describes the love between Kirim Giray, the Crimean Khan and Maria, a Polish girl, along with the historic-political events of the period. In these novels, she reveals the humane in a historical personage like Kirim Giray and further creates the heroes witnessing the events of the history. In this article, the novels will be examined one by one in terms of their historic reflections and the issues, the characters, the motives and the details leading to the formation of history will be touched upon.

THE PROBLEM OF “CLIMATE REFUGEES” IN VIEW OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW – SELECTED ISSUES

The article is an attempt to respond to the need to find international legal solutions, extremely important for people living in the countries threatened by the consequences of climate change, among others, the effects of rising sea levels in the seas and oceans. I try to direct attention to the still underestimated in the international law problem of the so-called "climate refugees". Behind the concept that defies the classic definitions of "refugees", there are hundreds of thousands today, and soon perhaps millions of people whose lives, health and property will be threatened by the forces of nature. The originality of the approach presented in the article is an attempt to consider whether appropriate legal solutions that protect vulnerable populations can be sought on the basis of international humanitarian law, since so far no other branch of international law seemed adequate to take up this challenge. The urgent and important dimension of the problems discussed in the article completes the necessity of searching for and finding answers to questions about the relationship between climate change and public international law. These are the legal consequences of climate deterritorialisation of sovereign states, such as the status of the population of the state without land territory, the loss of territories by archipelago states, the change of the sea borders, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and finally the responsibility of states for climate change. In the context of 'climate refugees', there is still no binding legal act that would meet the needs of thousands of people affected by climate change. This causes dissonance because, beyond any doubt, the situation in which these people find themselves raises a lot of fears - for their own lives, safety, health, etc. Today, entire communities and even countries face the problem of progressing deterritorialisation in face of climate threats. climate change, they face the risk of a non-culpable threat to their sovereignty.

A framework for coupling a participatory approach and life cycle assessment for public decision-making in rural territory management

To ensure agricultural land in rural territories is managed sustainability, environmental assessments need to be undertaken to support both policy-makers and local stakeholders in their decision making. Thanks to its completeness, life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most widely used tools for the evaluation of environmental impacts. However, LCA is difficult to apply in rural areas of developing countries. First, it requires a lot of data that are difficult to collect due to the diversity of small farming systems. Second, LCA results are difficult for non-specialists to interpret due to the complexity of its multiple indicators. Third, the processes considered in LCA often do not match the values and interests of the stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to propose an innovative operational framework that couples LCA and a participatory approach to overcome these issues. The first step was to conduct a progressive participatory diagnosis of the socio-ecological structure of the rural territory and to characterise the main cropping systems. The results of the diagnosis and other data were progressively triangulated, validated and consolidated with the stakeholders at the territorial level. The paper discusses the quality and validity of data obtained using a participatory approach. To improve the appropriation of results by stakeholders, the LCA method was applied using a territorial approach to distinguish on-site and off-site activities as well as global and local impacts. The applicability of the framework was tested on a case study in a semi-arid region in central Tunisia.

Context and Opportunities for Expanding Protected Areas in Canada

At present, 10.5% of Canada’s land base is under some form of formal protection. Recent developments indicate Canada aims to work towards a target of protecting 17% of its terrestrial and inland water area by 2020. Canada is uniquely positioned globally as one of the few nations that has the capacity to expand the area under its protection. In addition to its formally protected areas, Canada’s remote regions form de facto protected areas that are relatively free from development pressure. Opportunities for expansion of formally protected areas in Canada include official delineation and designation of de facto protected areas and the identification and protection of land to improve connectivity between protected areas (PAs). Furthermore, there are collaborative opportunities for expanding PA through commitments from industry and provincial and territorial land stewards. Other collaborative opportunities include the contributions of First Nations aligning with international examples of Indigenous Protected Areas, or the incorporation and cultivation of private protection programs with documented inclusion in official PA networks. A series of incremental additions from multiple actors may increase the likelihood for achieving area-based targets, and expands stakeholder engagement and representation in Canada’s PA system. Given a generational opportunity and high-level interest in expansion of protected areas in Canada and elsewhere, it is evident that as a diverse number of stakeholders and rights holders collaboratively map current and future land uses onto forest landscapes, science-based conservation targets and spatial prioritizations can inform this process.

Influence of Orenburg gas condensate field development on ecological and biological condition of landscape-botanical complexes

The article presents the results of the study of the landscape-botanical complexes in the zone of influence of the Orenburg gas condensate field. The studies have found that the area objects in most cases are located on the territory of arable land, which occupy 60-90% of the terrain of the study area. Previously, natural vegetation was cut down and new trees and shrubs were planted. The studies have shown that during the reconstruction and construction works at industrial sites the soil was removed. During the work with the water wash the existing vegetation was subjected to species transformations, which led to the death of communities that can not withstand constant excessive moisture. Thus, the role of the floodplain as a natural filter under the condition of surface water pollution was violated. Water-washing works led to a change of the Ural river bed: the right bank became more steep, the river bed expanded, which affected the decrease in the flow rate, the process of silting of the river was outlined.

Трансформація Морської доктрини України: концептуальні засади

Ukraine is a traditional maritime nation, which has a strong port, shipbuilding, human potential involved in the maritime industry. Ukraine seeks to form its own maritime policy and to define the prospects for its development, taking into account current and expected influence factors and possible risks. At the same time, the basic program document in this area – the Maritime Doctrine of Ukraine – has been adopted back in 2009 and currently it does not meet the challenges and threats, which Ukrainian nation has been encountering for the last five years. Thus, the Maritime Doctrine of Ukraine requires the essential updating in a timely manner to be aligned. . with realities of the current situation. Referring to the analysis of marine program documents of Ukraine and foreign states, the author categorizes them and notes that such documents usually cover three aspects of maritime activity: the development and use of naval forces (Great Britain, USA, India); non-military aspects of maritime safety (France); a comprehensive regulation of the protection of national interests in the marine sector (Ukraine, Russia, Indonesia). The research is based on combination of foreign experience and deep analyses of the situation in the Ukrainian marine industry which includes: temporal occupation of certain water and land territories, requirements of the Association Agreement with the EU, the need to harmonize the provisions of the Maritime Doctrine of Ukraine with a number of other, more recent, program documents adopted by Ukraine. The author stipulates that Ukraine Maritime doctrine should be primary considered, as a document that coordinates all aspects of public administration in the field of maritime activity, that in clear language formulate well-balanced and realistic objectives in this area. Such approaches should provide the basis for the development of a powerful maritime industry and finally restored the centuries-old renowned maritime tradition.

FENOMENA ROB DI KOTA SEMARANG

The city of Semarang can generally be divided into two regions. The first is the upper region with hilly soil condition, solid and the height almost reaches 350 meters from the sea level.The second is the lower region which is softly grained alluvial plains. The position of the lower land of Semarang has same height with the sea level, so that is too risky when the water overflows onto mainland. The issues that arise, are the soil becomes land subsidence because additional load onto it, consolidation and the excessive groundwater so when tides has come through mainland and flood some territory of the lower land of Semarang. The purpose of this research is to create a map of puddle, because of land subsidence that has made “rob” (Java Slang) and extensive changes puddle from time to time. That results will make stakeholders to adjust the existing condition. The methodology of research is done by drilling machine on 5 points until 30 meters depth to get soils sample that spreads in the at whole of the lower land of Semarang. The sample has been obtained and also tested by using the mechanical properties and soil properties at UNISSULA’s soil mechanical laboratory. Based on the test lab,it is analyzed to get the result how deep the soil settlement caused due to consolidation. Finally it holds analyzing extensive changes puddle cause of land subsidence by using GIS. The result of this research is puddles map in Semarang city and it changes from time to time. Besides that the analysis is further to the north (seaward) down more, but the time also give the biggest impact of land subsidence.

Is large good enough? Evaluating and improving representation of ecoregions and habitat types in the European Union's protected area network Natura 2000

Natura 2000, the largest protected area network worldwide, covers 18.2% of the European Union's terrestrial area. Thereby, the network surpasses the goal of the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi target 11 to protect 17% of the land area by 2020. However, Aichi target 11 also calls for protected area networks to be ecologically representative. Here, we analyzed the coverage of 43 ecoregions in the terrestrial Natura 2000 estate. To simulate cost-efficient closing of gaps in the current system, we applied a linear programming model that solves the minimum set conservation problem of expanding the Natura 2000 network to achieve 10% ecoregion representation. As Natura 2000 sites are designated for habitat types and species listed on the annexes of the Habitats and Birds directives, we included 226 habitat types as a further biodiversity surrogate in the optimization. We found six ecoregions that currently do not meet the 10% representation target. To close these gaps, an additional 15,187 km2 (0.35% of the European Union's land territory) would be required. Simultaneously, representation of 21 habitat types could be increased. The United Kingdom would have to contribute more than half of the additional area, followed by Estonia, Latvia, France, and Italy. To protect biodiversity effectively and to comply with international conservation targets such as Aichi target 11, we recommend continuous evaluation and improvement also of already well-established protected area networks.

On the Consolidation in the Legislation of the Concept of Rational Use of Land

The article discusses how the definition of rational use of land is disclosed in the legislation, as well as how it corresponds to the more applicable at the moment the concept of improper use of land. This definition is important for land legislation and it was widely used in the Soviet period. But unambiguous def inition and at that time there was no.Conceptual-legally and comparative-legal methods are applied.Thus it is stated that as a result of changes of the land legislation of the last years the definitions in this area became worse that is fraught with negative consequences in law enforcement. In particular, gross violation of the rules of rational use of land plot entails a sanction in the form of the possibility of seizure of land plot from its owner. The author for the first time analyzes these issues in conditions of exclusion in 2016 from legislation the majority of the norms with mention of improper use of land. The author of article suggests either to return in the Land code the corresponding definition, or (which is better) to disclose the concept of rationality in the Federal Law «About Land Use Planning». According to this law, the maintenance of land use planning includes activities for the study of land, planning and organization of rational use of land and their protection. Therefore, the essence of rational and improper use of land must be defined in this Federal Law. Since its adoption in 2001, the Federal Law «About Land Use Planning» has acquired a reduced form. So geodetic and cartographic works, territorial land management is no longer in it. Land plots, zones with special conditions of use of territories and territorial zones already are no its objects. Therefore, a new version of this law is necessary.

Framing Indigenous Bioenergy Partnerships

The rapidly expanding forest bioenergy sector in Canada promises to support low carbon energy options that also support economic development and Indigenous involvement. Little empirical research has been conducted on Indigenous participation in forest bioenergy in Canada, which points to the need for a nuanced and reliable knowledge base to foster innovation in bioenergy that will contribute to community and economic development. However, before empirical research can be conducted it is important to understand the issues that influence Indigenous participation in the bioenergy sector. We therefore look to and conduct a frame analysis of allied sectors to develop insights about the policy and participatory landscape in which forest bioenergy in Canada is situated. Our analysis illustrates that identities and perspectives linked to energy and forestry can be complex and can shift depending on how business is done around such projects. Strengths in the current state of knowledge include the breadth of research regarding participatory natural resource management in Canada, particularly with regard to northern and Indigenous communities and territorial lands. Our review indicates that even the emerging bioenergy literature that exists now, when paired with that of allied sectors, can help analysts understand and make sense of energy and energy-related issues.

КРОШКИ ОТ АРКТИЧЕСКОГО ПИРОГА

<p align="justify">В последние годы в российской Арктической зоне наблюдается беспрецедентный для постсоветского периода рост экономической активности. Но, несмотря на то, что большая часть сухопутных арктических территорий РФ административно относится к Уральскому и Сибирскому федеральным округам, эта активность проходит мимо большинства их соседей. О том, как распространить экономический эффект от реализации северных проектов за пределы Арктической зоны и вовлечь в процесс освоения Арктики научный и промышленный потенциал Урала и Сибири, шла речь на совместном совещании полномочных представителей Президента РФ в Сибирском и Уральском федеральных округах, при участии представителей науки, бизнеса и губернаторов сибирских и уральских регионов. </font>