Territorial Framework Research Articles

Innovation districts as strategic urban projects: the emergence of strategic spatial planning for urban innovation

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to the emerging research on innovation districts (IDs) by conceptualizing them as strategic urban projects. IDs connect innovative activities to their spatial foundations and thus provide a territorial framework for strategic spatial planning efforts. The extant literature on IDs, focusing mainly on ID characteristics and placemaking, has failed to acknowledge that ID development requires an integrated planning approach to realize the so-called new union between form and function, which is often executed via strategic urban projects. Integrated planning, as discussed in the literature on strategic spatial planning, emphasizes coordination both between a range of stakeholder interests and between administrative sectors and spatial scales. This, in turn, is often rooted in path-dependent connections between diverse sectors and organizations. A case study examines the gradual adoption of the new strategic planning approach while the Turku Science Park area in the city of Turku, Finland, was being transformed into an ID. It demonstrates the rise of a new integrated rationale in contemporary urban planning and economic development, one that strategically envisions a spatial form for economic development objectives. The case offers lessons for academic and policy debates on ID development, underscoring competence building in strategic spatial planning.

Section of monuments of Science and technology VOOPIK: history and main activities (on the example of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions)

The object of the study is the section of monuments of science and technology of the VOOPIK. The subject is the activity of the section of monuments of science and technology for the identification, study, accounting, preservation and updating of the corresponding category of monuments. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the history of the emergence and functioning of this structural unit in the 1960s-1980s. The territorial framework is limited to the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the leading industrial regions of the Urals, on the territory of which there were a large number of monuments of science and technology, monuments of industrial heritage. The author studies the history of the formation of the section of monuments of science and technology, and also gives a description of various types of its activities on the materials of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The problem posed has not yet been the subject of special study, and has only been touched upon in the context of the study of history in general of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments and its regional branches, in particular. This determines the scientific novelty of the article. The source material is represented by archival materials, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, for example, unique information about the project to create a Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Chelyabinsk. The author comes to the conclusion that there were both similar directions and significant differences in the activities of these sections. This was determined by several reasons. Of great importance was the personal factor, which also influenced the effectiveness of the functioning of the section of monuments of science and technology

Production of a Tourist Space and Territorial Governance Regime in French Guiana (Guyane Française)—The Challenges of Touristification in the Peripheral Territory of Haut-Maroni

This article focuses on the processes of territorialization of the local population’s living space, created by the governance regime in French Guiana, and their effects on the production of a tourist space in the context of sparsely populated regions. The Guiana Amazonian Park is analyzed as a territorialization agent with mechanisms that influence the development of tourism in the Maripasoula/Haut-Maroni zone. Our objective is to use the territorial framework to better understand the political and geographical dynamics that exist between the processes of the global production of tourist areas and those related to the local population’s management of the living space. Using Critical political geography framework, this study is based on documentary research and on 15 semi-directed interviews, conducted during a month-long stay in 2019, with different groups of stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in tourist activities. The paper first outlines the regional and local context of tourism in French Guiana. It also offers a territorial description of the different inclusion criteria for Sparsely Populated Regions in the Maripasoula/Haut-Maroni region, which is linked to the specific tourist practices in this territory. The processes of territorialization are then analyzed through the different governance regimes the French state created in order to understand how they fit into the production of a tourist space. Finally, a reflection on the future of tourism in this region is proposed, particularly regarding colonial governance regimes vis-à-vis Indigenous populations in the region. Our analysis demonstrates that tourism, along with any other form of activity to be developed in Maripasoula/Haut-Maroni territory, will be systematically confronted with the same structural constraints that have helped to reproduce the dynamics of territorial dispossession since the establishment of a colonial regime in the region.

Mass Pilgrimage and the Usable Empire in a Napoleonic Borderland

AbstractThis article analyses the biggest pilgrimage event of the Napoleonic era, showing how Catholics used imperial opportunities and imperial loopholes to progress on their path toward religious revival. In September 1810, more than 200,000 pilgrims rushed to the small provincial city of Trier to venerate one of Christianity's most important relics, the Holy Coat of Jesus. This pilgrimage could take place and grow to such gigantic dimensions because both clerical elites and laypeople deftly navigated territorial frameworks created by the Napoleonic state. In the Rhenish borderlands to which Trier belonged, French hegemony enabled the return of the relic to the city in the first place, but pilgrims subsequently exploited the malleability of public order that also characterized imperial governance. The great pilgrimage of 1810 represented neither a form of exclusively top-down mobilization orchestrated by the church and controlled by the state, nor an act of overt, politicized opposition – even as state officials, in turn, proved undeniably hostile to pilgrim mobility and ‘superstition’. The article therefore argues that, in the more peaceful parts of Napoleon's empire, pilgrims and pilgrimage organizers accelerated post-revolutionary Catholic renewal by using that empire rather than either resisting or collaborating with it.

«Иная» жизнь Урала: основные направления социокультурной деятельности монастырей Пермской губернии в предсоборный период

The Ural historical and geographical region as an object of historical research was most often of interest from the point of view of studying its socio-economic and, less often, sociopolitical and socio-cultural processes. It must be said that turning specifically to the history of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 20th century in the Urals was very rare in the Russian historic studies. When assessing the Russian Orthodox Church at the beginning of the 20th century, there are still many cliches and mythologies. The Church is viewed as an “appendage of the state apparatus”, “an organization for the ideological indoctrination of the masses”, “a defender of the interests of the ruling classes”. Recent publications demonstrate interest in the development of issues related to the objective state of the church, as well as its role and significance in the history and culture of Russia. The aim of the research is to identify the main directions and content of the socio-cultural activities of monasteries in the conditions of the dynamically changing political, economic and social Russian reality of the pre-revolutionary decade in the new paradigm. To achieve the goal, historical, comparative and statistical research methods were used. This article, based on an extensive factual series, systematizes the main directions of the socio-cultural activity of monasteries which are characteristic of the pre-conciliar period of 1905–1917. Most of the documents presented in the publication were introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time. Both published and unpublished sources are used comprehensively here. The chronological framework is due to the fact that it was in 1905 that the 25-year period of activity of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, K.P. Pobedonostsev, ended. In 1917, the Local Council began its work, starting a new milestone in the church life. It was a new stage not only from the point of view of the state-church relations, but also from the point of view of the intra-church processes. The territorial framework is limited to the Perm province, which was, on the one hand, a distinctive industrialized region, and on the other hand, a typical province of the Russian Empire

ГЕНЕЗИС ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ «МИТНИЙ ПРОСТІР»: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ТА КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ

The article examines the determinant "customs space" as a new linguistic concept with ancient roots, which arose in ancient times, but only recently began to be widely used. After all, in any country of the world, the customs system delineates its state borders, thereby forming territorial integrity; is a kind of barrier for the movement of dangerous products across the border, thus forming national security; serves as a litmus indicator for checking the quality of goods, protects society from harmful and low-quality products; is conducting legal international trade by enterprises, simplifying customs procedures for crossing of the border; activates the foreign economic activity of business entities, increasing the level of financial and economic development of the state. In total, the proper performance of all outlined tasks forms the country's competitiveness and investment attractiveness at the international level, strengthens its image as a profitable stable partner among other countries and a reliable member of international organizations, ensures progressive socio-economic development. Such functional versatility of the customs space clearly distinguishes its place in the structure of the state and determines its priority role in the implementation of state policy. Today, there is no single interpretation of the concept "customs space" in the scientific literature. Therefore, based on the current customs legislation of Ukraine and international law, the authors considered the interpretation of the definition "customs space" through the specter of its comparison with the concept "customs territory of the state". At the same time, it was suggested to make clarifications to Article 5 of the Customs Code of Ukraine with the relevant content "delineation of the unified customs territory of Ukraine". The relevance of such clarification today is determined by the peculiarities of Ukraine's stay in a state of bloody war, which was caused by the neighboring country russia, violating the sovereignty and customs integrity of our country. It has been proven that considering the "customs space" exclusively within the framework of the customs territory of the country is incomplete, because the customs area is defined as a place where customs development processes take place, connections between economic entities are formed and implemented. In the process of formation, development and expansion of the customs space, the relations between its elements and participants are constantly changing, therefore it is proposed to shift the emphasis to its balance rather than stability. Having carried out a detailed study of scientific works on the determinant "customs space", as well as relying on a philosophical approach to its interpretation, the authors summarized not only the limits of understanding the customs space, but also systematized its structuring depending on specific characteristics; relevant factors on which the efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of the customs space depend are determined.

Проблемы оценки эффективности административно- территориальных преобразований в России

In modern studies devoted to the issues of reforming the administrativeterritorial division in the present and historical past of Russia, the point of view traditionally prevails, according to which the true goal of such transformations is to create not so much an economically efficient but a state-administrative territorial framework. However, most of these judgments are not supported by empirical evidence and quantitative estimates. Therefore, modeling the problem of the conflict of managerial and economic interests during the reform of the administrative- territorial division of Russia seems to be an interesting research task. Its solution will give a new assessment of the effectiveness of administrative-territorial transformations both in historical retrospect and in modern political realities. The authors collected statistical data for 135 years for studying the evolution of the territorial organization of Russia. The value of real GDP per capita in 1913 prices was chosen as an endogenous variable. As the main variables of interest, dummy variables were used, obtained according to the authors’ grouping of historical events and characterizing political and economic initiatives to change the territorial division of the country. As a result of modeling, it was proved that the transformations on the "crossroads" of the administrative borders of the regions (regardless of the declared goals) during the period under review contributed more to solving the political and managerial tasks of the Center than to the economic development.

Russian-Eastern Trade in the Period of Epidemics, Epizootics and Epiphitotics in the XIX Century

The paper is devoted to the problems of development of foreign trade ties between the Russian Empire and neighboring countries of the Middle East and Central Asia during periods of epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties throughout the 19th century. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the sanitary and quarantine policy of the state, the measures of government agencies to check the spread of contagious diseases in highly endemic regions. The author shows how the emergence and spread of infectious diseases affected the dynamics of foreign trade operations, changes in distribution channels and supply of goods, pricing policy, assortment of goods, shortages, the state of fair and retail trade in the empire. Special consideration is given to the protective measures of the Russian authorities in border zones, in ports, centers of transit trade. The territorial framework of the study embraces the countries bordering Russia in the east - Turkey, Iran, the Central Asia Khanates, Afghanistan, as well as the territory of the Russian Empire itself. The paper analyzes the measures of state and legal regulation of foreign and domestic trade underconditions of epidemics and epizootics. The preventive measures of the authorities in border areasto stop the spread of infectious diseases deep into the territory of the empire, along with goods, merchants, animals, and plants. The importance of the topic is determined by the similarity of problems in the foreign trade of contemporary Russia in connection with the pandemic of COVID-19, the disruption of foreign trade ties with near and far-abroad countries and the need to use historical experience in view of an immediate change in foreign trade strategy. The paper is based on rare archival documents and rarely used pre-revolutionary domestic and foreign sources. In the course of the study, the author came to the conclusion that a clear and fairly effective system for preventing the spread of infectious diseases was formed in the Russian Empire throughout the 19th century, a system was developed to respond to the interruption of the influxof goods and their sale under conditions of epidemics, epizootics and epiphytoties, to search for alternative channels for supplying the necessary goods to prevent shortages, price increases, production shutdowns, etc.

Ethnic Assertion and Electoral Politics of the Bodo Tribe in Assam

Ethnic assertion in North East India is widely known political phenomenon. Bodos are one of the largest ethnic groups in North East India, who have asserted for Bodo homeland in Assam for a long time. This paper is an attempt to make a critical analysis of various stages of the Bodo assertion, the rise of Bodo identity consciousness, sub-nationalism, evolution of the Bodo politics and simultaneous participation in electoral politics since Colonial era under different organizations and leadership of the time. Beginning from the first generation Bodo leaders in the first half of the 20th century to the post Independence era and beyond. The study is limited and emphasis only the Bodo assertion and their electoral participation within the limited political and territorial framework of BTC/BTR. BTC/BTR comprises of four districts of Assam i.e. Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksa and Udalguri. It is administered under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India. It enjoys limited jurisdiction of legislative and executive power under the constitutional framework.This study is analytical in nature includes an observation and critical analysis of the secondary sources. The study has also referred the primary sources for electoral data and statistic from various official sources and records.

The Historical Statistics of the Altai Information System

In the era of the digital turn, it is becoming relevant to create information resources that provide researchers with not only background information about historical sources but also reliable historical data. At the all-Russian level, such resources come from library centres (National Electronic Library, Presidential Library), archival authorities (Central Fund Catalogue), and public organisations (Russian Historical Society, Russian Geographical Society). For some regions, this task remains new and requires modern approaches and solutions. The article provides a description of the information system for a set of statistical materials on the history of Altai in the nineteenth – the first half of the twentieth centuries kept in central and regional libraries, archives, digitised publications, and collections with the possibility of versatile search and analysis of historical data. On the one hand, the chronological boundaries of the materials included in the database depend on the formation of the foundations of regular statistics in the mid-nineteenth century, and, on the other hand, on the establishment of Altai Krai within its present-day boundaries in 1937. The territorial framework of the study covers the borders of Altai as a historical region, which was included in the period under review in such administrative-territorial formations as Tomsk and Altai provinces and Siberian and West Siberian regions. The study employs a systematic approach, examining various types of statistical data as elements of a single set of sources on the history of Altai in the nineteenth – first half of the twentieth centuries. In its IT aspect, the study relies on database technology, both a tool and a result of the study. The Historical Statistics of Altai information system was created under the control of MySQL and consists of directories and four main modules: storage, sources, tags, and documents. The authors examine database architecture, logical structure, and data characteristics of the modules. The information system on the historical statistics of Altai will make it possible to solve some of the heuristic tasks related to the search and use of archival, museum, and library funds, including familiarisation with historical sources and their preliminary analysis in remote access mode. As a result, it will significantly expand research opportunities.

Integrated seismic vulnerability assessment of road network in complex built environment toward more resilient cities

The road network is recognized as an important infrastructure system that is playing an essential role in making cities more sustainable and resilient. Hence, it is crucial to increase the safety and resiliency of urban road networks against external shocks such as earthquakes, by ensuring that they function efficiently within the complex-built environment systems in that they reside. Previous research on disaster risk management for road networks focused mainly on the assessment of the physical vulnerability for one criterion, without considering multiple vulnerability criteria of the road infrastructure and its interaction with the built environment. The primary goal of this research is to present an integrated vulnerability assessment approach based on intrinsic and eccentric characteristics of road networks. The proposed method employs two Vulnerability Indexes (VI); the first one assesses the Intrinsic Seismic Vulnerability (ISVI) of the network that considers the direct physical damage of the roadway system, while the second one, is the Eccentric Seismic Vulnerability (ESVI) that is based on the damage of the surrounding damaged buildings surrounding the roads. Subsequently, the correlation between the assessed indexes is utilized to provide a more holistic assessment tool in support of emergency and evacuation plans during earthquake incidents. These indexes are applied to assess the accessibility to emergency critical service centres based on a territorial framework for an urban area. The methodology and case study show the importance of the integrated seismic vulnerability assessment in the resilience of critical city infrastructure, for enhancing emergency access and implementing effective risk mitigation measures.

Functioning of Cinemas in the Cities of the Tobolsk Province at the Beginning of the XX Century .

The purpose of the article is to conduct an overview of the functioning of pre–revolutionary cinemas in one of the most remote provinces of Russia based on the analysis of archival materials, chronicle newspaper publications and the advertising component of regional periodicals. The object of the study is stationary cinematographic institutions of the cities of the Tobolsk province, the subject is the peculiarities of their functioning at the beginning of the XX century. In methodological terms, the work is based on descriptive-narrative, comparative-historical, logical and retrospective methods of scientific cognition, the method of historical reconstruction. It describes the formation of urban cinematographies of the province, their technical characteristics and infrastructure elements in accordance with official Russian standards, the conditions of acceptance of buildings, fire safety issues and problematic aspects of the existence of cinemas. Attention is paid to the repertoire content of film screenings, pricing policy, the phenomena of competition among film entrepreneurs, their work with the audience. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the lack of comprehensive regional works considering the specifics of the activities of pre-revolutionary cinematographic institutions in the territorial framework of the Tobolsk province. It is determined that cinema, having arisen at the end of the XIX century as a sporadic form of entertainment for citizens, during the first decades of the XX century it evolved into an important social phenomenon of everyday life and became one of the key factors of transformations that took place in the system of value attitudes and behavioral stereotypes of the population of the region. Stationary cinemas were not only a fundamentally new type of communication for representatives of the urban community, but over time they turned into significant objects of socio-cultural infrastructure and leisure centers for citizens of the Tobolsk province. A key trend in the progressive development of the cinema services industry in the studied region was constructive competition for the audience, during which the owners of institutions improved the infrastructure and regularly updated the repertoire of cinemas, resorted to intensification and forcing the advertising component in the development of their own business.

Предпосылки становления системы подготовки специалистов технического профиля в Поволжье

The article deals with background causes for the establishment of a system for training technical specialists in the Volga Region which generally determined the vector and specifics of its further development including at the present stage. Currently the complex geopolitical situation in the Russian Federation, as well as a special military operation in Ukraine requires the mobilization of all resources to maintain the domestic market and industry development at a high level. In this connection it seems possible to refer to the rich experience of the development of the technical education system which has more than once helped to maintain the sustainable development of our country in difficult conditions. In our opinion the background causes for the establishment of a system for training technical specialists in the Volga Region are socio-political (the Civil War, the USSR formation, international isolation and confrontation with Western countries, the educational institutions’ evacuation during the Great Patriotic War in the rear and etc.), social and economic (the implementation of domestic industrialization policy in the USSR, the need to restore the economy in the period of the Great Patriotic War, the industrial enterprises’ appearance), pedagogical (appearance of the first educational institutions in the second half of the 19th century, the need to train specialists locally) and ideological (belief in the possibility of building socialism, universal equality and accessibility of goods, including education, for all, hostility of capitalist countries towards the USSR, premature heating of ideological conflict in the world). The choice of the territorial framework is determined by the fact that the Volga Region is one of the central regions of Russia and the peculiarities of the technical training system’s development are also typical for other regions of our country. The cycle extends from the second half of the 19th century when the first technical educational institutions were established in the region’s cities to the early 1960s when the system for training of technical specialists in the Volga region was finally formed.

ПРОБЛЕМА РАЗВИТИЯ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ ПОДДЕРЖКИ МАЛОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА В КЕМЕРОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В ПОСТСОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

The purpose of the article is to show the regional features of the formation and development of the infrastructure to support small businesses in the Kemerovo region in the post-Soviet period. Objectives: to identify the reasons for the lag in the development of small business in the region; assess the role of various small business support organizations; to analyze other factors that influenced the development of infrastructure to support small businesses. The object of the study is infrastructural support for small businesses in the Kemerovo region in the post-Soviet period. Territorial framework — Kemerovo region. The main research method is comparative-historical. The main researchers involved in this issue: Kislyuk M.B., Surnin V.S., Novoseltsev N.R. The main reasons for the lag in the development of small business are the underdevelopment of infrastructure support; the authorities could not solve these problems in the 1990s. The Kuzbass Chamber of Commerce and Industry played a special role in supporting small business. Especially in the 1990s. The number of members gradually increased. Other bodies were also created to help entrepreneurs: the Kuzbass Technopark, a business incubator, and municipal funds to support small businesses. Also, laws and regulations were important both at the federal and regional levels.

Culture-led urban regeneration and local expectations of urban void renewal in eastern Lisbon

This article will analyze the ongoing culture-led regeneration processes of abandoned, informal and vacant areas, often considered by residents, local associations, and public officials to be urban voids. Our territorial framework is in Marvila, a semi-peripheral riverside area in Lisbon, strongly affected by informal activities, high levels of youth unemployment, an elderly population, and the existence of urban spaces with non-planned uses, seen as undesirable by the local ecosystem of stakeholders and particularly by residents. Our analysis will be centered around a social and spatial understanding of Lisbon’s municipal urban policy (funded by the 3.5.6. program of the European Union on Cultural Heritage), which has supported the reoccupation of some these so-called urban voids. We will focus on the use of a Pilot Project methodology, its exploratory and prototype nature, the local bureaucratic planning system, and the soft Planning techniques implemented as new ways of addressing long-term decayed and informal urban spaces. We will examine the regeneration results of two EU-H2020 funded pilot projects, under the ROCK project, which supports this research. The first pilot project “Loja Com Vida” (“store with life” or “store invites”), supports the municipal objective of creating a new urban centrality in Marvila, encouraging a diversification of its users, operationalizing the reuse of municipal ground floor spaces. The second project, “Jardim para Todos” (‘Garden for all’), corroborates a municipal urban policy on environmental sustainability goals, promoting, with the help of local agents, a learning and sharing process centered around green knowledge and the creation of a future agriculture hub and leisure area. The acknowledgment of these pilot project results will constitute an interesting case study for other urban areas with similar conditions, incorporating a better understanding of participative urban regeneration processes, outside the traditional and formal planning perspectives and achievements.

Los archivos municipales y los libros de actas de sesiones municipales: sus potencialidades para el estudio de los territorios nacionales a partir del caso de Misiones (1880-1920)

The paper proposes an approach on the potentialities of the municipal books of minutes as sources for the study of diverse historiographical problems within the framework of the national territory`s regime. For that purpose, it focuses in the municipal archives located in the current province of Misiones, that hold documentations of greater antiquity regarding this period. Firstly, the general characteristics of these sources are presented, addressing both their most favorable and unfavorable aspects. Afterwards, the documentation held in these archives is presented, indicating its current accessibility and conservation. Lastly, several historiographical problems that could benefit from consulting these sources are appointed.

Ethnic Minority Language and Sinophone Minority Literature in China

Minority authors in China are generally conceived of as having two choices: they can make an attempt at becoming “major”, by repeating the major literature’s ideological praxis (successful examples may be minority authors who become literary “masters” such as Tibetan author Alai 阿来 and Miao-Tujia author Shen Congwen 沈从文); or conversely they can attempt to become (more) “minor”, reproducing regionalist and minority representations. This is perhaps best encapsulated by the turn of phrase used by Abram de Swaan: “there is a choice for authors between being a small fish in a big pond or a big fish in a small pond”. What I attempt to show in this article is the possibility of a third way, a refusal to play by the rules of the game, so to speak, by changing the fundamental framework of the literary territory itself. In the writing of Naxi author Sha Li 沙蠡 we see usage of ethnic language as a form of resistance not against the Sinicizing centre, but against the very notion of being peripheral (to refuse to recognize the existence of two separate “ponds”). Sha Li does this by deterritorializing Chinese in a way that moves the language away from its traditional centre. Sinophone minority literature thus becomes a way of reorienting the centre, a place where the centre is the periphery, and it is in these spaces that the reader can find an “authentic” China.

Стратегическое планирование развития рекреационно-туристической сферы Пермского края в условиях ограничений

Development of the tourist and recreational sphere of the country’s regions is one of the points of economic recovery in the post-pandemic period, the importance of which is increasing in terms of stimulating domestic tourism in the country. Perm Krai has the necessary potential to increase its competitive advantages as a center of tourist and recreational services among the regions of the Volga Federal District, since it is consistently among the top three regions in terms of financial and economic indicators of sanatorium treatment. According to expert estimates, this direction will recover at more quickly accompanied by state support measures. However, with the continuing risks of restrictions the need for strategic planning of this activity increases significantly. The article presents the competitive advantages of tourist and recreational industry of Perm Krai. The study used general logical research methods, system and situational approaches, simulation of economic processes. The analysis of the problems of tourism development of Perm Krai is carried out, the limitations and promising directions of its further growth are determined. A model of tasks and solutions for the development of promising tourist territories is presented, which allows to situationally assess the state of tourism in the region, the dynamics and results of its development, as well as make changes to market regulation, if necessary. Further development of scientific research in this area should be associated with the adjustment of existing tools and mechanisms at the regional level to situational problems of the functioning of tourist and recreational industry of Perm Krai. The formation of a cluster framework of territories should be organically combined with support measures in conditions of restrictions, which may subsidies and compensation for labor costs, preferential loans, tax holidays.

Hydrology across Disciplines: Organization and Application Experiences of a Public Hydrological Service in Italy

Water is a fundamental resource for human life and nature; flood management, water supply systems and water protection policies are a few examples of equally important disciplines across the whole hydrological cycle. The present work focuses on the creation and sharing of hydrological knowledge within public activities, with regard to materials and methods adopted for developing and supplying hydrological information, suitable to different stakeholders needs, throughout different disciplines and sectors of environment, economy, society, as well as research and analysis. The aim of this work is to better understand the market in order to increase the value of hydrological data, products and services, and to reduce potential gaps and overlapping areas. The method we developed is based on the example of the Hydrological Service of Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. Institutional, legal and territorial frameworks as well as agency organization, materials, methods, instruments, activities, products and results are briefly described, focusing on those supporting civil and environmental protection, water management, infrastructure design, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. We discuss the role of a public Administration in interdisciplinary activities, the links between the general background (e.g., territory, society, rules), organizations, actors, resources, tools, processes and results, by highlighting, where possible, a potential starting point for future research studies. Finally, this paper adopts a novel linguistic style, based on an informal format, in order to explore the set-up and follow-up of the Hydrological Service’s initiatives, with the final aim of sparking curiosity and building awareness, from different sectors and disciplines, which, ultimately, may benefit from the presented approaches.

Intellectual Property's Territorial Framework and the Macro-Level Contradiction with Tax Policy

Many large intellectual property owning firms have not paid "fair taxes" in the territories where they achieve sales and licences of their products. Rather, they tend to utilise regimes where they pay as little tax as possible. The international taxation system has allowed this to happen extensively. This is currently under challenge from some governments and the OECD. In this tribute to renowned tax scholar, John Prebble, the territorial nature of intellectual property is explained. Territoriality is a key organising principle of the existence of intellectual property rights, their exploitation and enforcement. At a high-level the territorial nature of intellectual property is not consistent with what happens to the profits of its exploitation, rather at a macro-level the frameworks of the international intellectual property regime and the international tax regimes are in contradiction.