Terrestrial Surface Temperature Research Articles

Assessment of satellite images terrestrial surface temperature and WVP using GNSS radio occultation data

Abstract Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Water Vapor Pressure (WVP) contour maps can be produced using cameras aboard satellites, for instance, under the name “Remote Sensing (RS)”. Satellite image observations should be verified before using based on a reliable data. Global Navigation Satellite System Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO) method is observing accurate Earth atmosphere parameters continuously. In the present research, LST and WVP differences between Landsat 8 (LC08), Sentinel-3 (S3), and MODIS (Terra and Aqua) images and GNSS-RO are assessed in Egypt depending on the satellites operating periods and data availability during the years from 2015 to 2020. Statistically, S3 and Terra have insignificant differences with RO temperature with an average bias of 3.48 °C and 1.47 °C, respectively, but LC08 and Aqua have significant differences with it. For WVP, Aqua and LC08 have insignificant differences with an average bias of 0.02 kg/m2 and 2.31 kg/m2, respectively, but S3 and Terra have significant differences with RO observations. When comparing LC08 LST data to other satellites, it was found that there were insignificant differences between LC08 and S3 as well as Terra. However, significant differences were observed when comparing LC08 LST data to Aqua. Additionally, significant differences were noted when comparing LC08 WVP data to other satellites. In response to these differences, improvement models have been developed to enhance the estimation of terrestrial data through remote sensing, particularly for satellites that exhibited significant disparities when compared to reference observations (RO).

Variability in effective moisture inferred from inclusion fluid δ18O and δ2H values in a central Sierra Nevada stalagmite (CA)

The oxygen isotopic composition of stalagmites is widely used to infer regional changes in terrestrial surface temperatures and precipitation dynamics. The stalagmite δ18O values, however, record the influence of multiple environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation source and amount) as well as in-cave physicochemical processes and possible disequilibrium precipitation effects. The δ18O and δ2H values of fluids entombed in stalagmites as inclusions have the potential to be robust proxies of paleo-precipitation δ18O and δ2H. Here we analyze the inclusion-fluid δ18O and δ2H values for a stalagmite from a central Sierra Nevada foothill cave, McLean's Cave, to reconstruct changes in effective moisture (precipitation – evaporation) in the region over the last deglaciation (20–13 ka). The results demonstrate high variability in inclusion-fluid δ18O and δ2H values and further suggest that the δ18O and δ2H values have several intervals driven by disequilibrium dis oxygen isotopic fractionation. These findings demonstrate that effective moisture was likely lower during past warm periods in comparison to some colder periods, consistent with other stalagmite calcite-based paleoclimate records from the southwestern United States.

Analysis and precision of the Terrestrial Surface Temperature using Landsat 8 and Sentinel 3 images: Study applied to the city of Granada (Spain)

The use of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 3 satellite images to calculate the land surface temperature (LST) has become one of the most common methods in urban areas. Knowing its precision and seasonal variability will affect future studies of urban climate alteration, such as Urban Heat Island (UHI) that allow sustainable decisions that increase the resilience of cities. In this research, the LST of a medium-sized city, Granada (Spain), was determined using six split window (SW) algorithms: three for Landsat 8 and another three for Sentinel 3A and 3B. Data were validated by measurements in situ at different parts of the city, chosen to represent the different land covers established in the Corine Land Cover inventory (2020). This city has a unique geographical situation, substantial pollution and high daily temperature variations, making it very suitable for study. The data validation by means of statistical analysis gave R2 linear fitting coefficients, the mean square error (RMSE), the mean bias error (MBE) and standard deviation. Our results reveal that the methods based on Landsat 8 SW algorithms present higher mean values (8.16 K) than Sentinel 3 (5.07 K) and Sentinel 3B (2.21 K), the differences being even greater during dry periods. Still, the SWs analyzed can be considered effective and reliable for determining the city’s LST. The use of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in improving the quality of satellite images has reported significant improvements in the LST results obtained.

Terrestrial surface temperature through orbital data of the TIRS/Landsat-8 sensor: A case study of the neighborhood Cidade Operária and surroundings

The study of urban climate is an area of knowledge inherent to climatology that benefits from remote sensing, since it is possible to map the thermal behavior of the terrestrial surface through the thermal bands. This study aimed to identify and analyze the behavior of the Superficial Superficial Terrestrial (TST), in the neighborhood of the Operational City and in the surroundings. To obtain the proposals, the following materials and procedures were required: Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) scenes from 07/2018, related to the infrared, red, green and thermal bands; Field recognition with photographic record; Extraction of thermal values and Supervised classification. Through field incursion, reduce the presence of two representative classes of local use and coverage: Vegetation and Urban Area. The maximum and minimum TST values were 19.7 ° c and 27.5 ° c, so in the southeastern neighborhood of the Working City, check to see if there is an extension of the area with higher values, including if you understand the neighbors Janaína and Jardim América. The lowest TST values are related to vegetation cover or thin cloud cover when in densely populated areas, while the highest values are directly related to urban density.

ANÁLISE MULTITEMPORAL DO CLIMA URBANO EM PALMAS, ESTADO DO TOCANTINS –BRASIL

The urban climate changes, caused by intense urban densities, result in loss life quality. Therefore, it becomes increasingly necessary to know the dynamics climatic of a given region in search of strategies to promote socio-environmental quality. The present work aimed to analyze the temporal space variations of the urban climate and the implications of water availability and NDVI in urban heat islands. For this purpose, we adopt as case study the municipality of Palmas - Tocantins. In a first moment, the climatological characterization of the study area through the climatological water balance proposed by Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) was carried out. Then the terrestrial surface temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated by means of multispectral images of the LANDSAT7 and LANDSAT8 satellites and GIS software. From the climatic water balance, it was possible to verify indices characteristic of the tropical climate as well as the climatic dynamics of the region. We observed small surface heat islands diagnosed by means of satellite imagery in the urban environment with a magnitude of up to 15 ° Celsius in relation to the nearby rural areas, especially in the drier periods. We also confirmed the importance of green areas in the mitigation of land temperatures.

Padrão Espacial do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e da Temperatura da Superfície Terrestre (TST) no município de Campo Mourão/PR

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o padrão espacial do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e a Temperatura de Superfície Terrestre (TST) no município de Campo Mourão/PR, através da análise de imagens do satélite Landsat 8. Para a análise foram utilizadas imagens adquiridas no Serviço de Levantamento Geológico Americano (USGS) referentes ao período de 2015 a 2017. O processamento e tratamento dessas imagens foram realizados a partir do software SPRING 5.5.3 em LEGAL e a elaboração de mapas temáticos através do software QGIS 2.18. Verificou-se uma relação proporcionalmente inversa entre os parâmetros analisados. Obteve-se com o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) entre 0 a 0.25 e 0.75 a 1, Temperatura de Superfície Terrestre (TST), respectivamente, por volta de 15 a 22.5 ºC e 30 a 35 ºC. Assim, o padrão espacial do NDVI e da TST no município de Campo Mourão/PR ocorreram de maneira inversamente proporcional.

USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO E SUA ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A TEMPERATURA DA SUPERFÍCIE TERRESTRE NO MUNICÍPIO DE BAIXIO – CE/ Use and occupation of the soil and its association with the terrestrial surface temperature in the municipality of Baixio – CE

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as modificações no uso e ocupação do solo e verificar sua associação com a temperatura da superfície terrestre do município de Baixio — CE no intervalo de 1986 a 2016. Neste estudo foram empregadas as bandas 3, 4 e 5 do sensor TM/Landsat 5 e das bandas 4, 5 e 6 do OLI/Landsat 8 para observar as alterações no uso do solo. Para estimar a temperatura da superfície terrestre (TST) foram utilizadas duas imagens multiespectrais (bandas do infravermelho termal), correspondente 6 e 10, com resolução de 30 m, dos satélites Landsat 5 e 8, por meio dos sensores TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) para os anos de 1986, 1996, 2006 e 2016. Para classificação do uso do solo foi aplicado à técnica da Máxima Verossimilhança (MAXVER). Os resultados indicam que no decorrer do período pesquisado as classes de uso e ocupação do solo, a saber, corpo hídrico e floresta tiveram uma redução entre os anos de 2006 e 2016. Os resultados mostram um crescimento contínuo da classe de área antrópica no período analisado. A temperatura da superfície terrestre no município de Baixio apresentou um aumento significativo. Os anos com as maiores médias registradas foram 2006 e 2016, porém, com maior destaque em 2016, em que a predominância da temperatura ficou entre os intervalos de 36 a 40 °C e 40 e 42 °C.

Warm Terrestrial Subtropics During the Paleocene and Eocene: Carbonate Clumped Isotope (Δ47) Evidence From the Tornillo Basin, Texas (USA)

AbstractRecords of subtropical climate on land from the early Paleogene offer insights into how the Earth system responds to greenhouse climate conditions. Fluvial and floodplain deposits of the Tornillo Basin (Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA) preserve a record of environmental and climatic change of the Paleocene and the early Eocene. We report carbon, oxygen, and clumped isotopic compositions (δ13C, δ18O, and Δ47) of paleosol carbonate nodules from this basin. Mineralogical, geochemical, and thermal modeling evidence suggests that the measured isotopic values preserve primary environmental signals with a summer bias with the exception of data from two nodules reset by local igneous intrusions. The unaltered nodules record Δ47 temperatures of 25 ± 4 and 32 ± 2 °C for the Paleocene and early Eocene nodules, respectively, showing an increase in average summer temperatures of 7 ± 3 °C. Calculations of δ18O of soil water are −2.8 ± 0.7‰ and −0.8 ± 0.4‰ (standard mean ocean water) for the early‐mid‐Paleocene and late Paleocene‐early Eocene, showing an increase of 2.0 ± 0.9‰. The increase in temperature and δ18O values likely relates to a rise in atmospheric pCO2, although we cannot rule out that changes in paleosol texture and regional precipitation patterns also influence the record. Comparison with Δ47 estimates of summer temperature from the Green River and Bighorn Basins (WY) highlights that terrestrial surface temperatures are heterogeneous, and latitudinal temperature gradients on land remain undetermined. Previously published paleoclimate models predict summer temperatures that are 2 to 6 °C higher than our estimate; discrepancies between climate models and proxy data persist at lower latitudes.

Ajuste de un modelo para estimar el contenido de humedad del suelo utilizando TVDI en el Estado de Sinaloa, México

<p>Para la estimación del contenido de humedad en el suelo, existen diversos métodos entre los cuales son directos e indirectos. En percepción remota o teledetección, se puede utilizar el TVDI (Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index), que utiliza de parámetros de entrada las temperaturas superficiales terrestres e índices de vegetación. La propuesta de este trabajo, es presentar una manera rápida de reajustar aquellos valores donde los cuerpos de agua presentan algún grado de sequedad en el suelo para toda un área de estudio. Se seleccionaron 4 años (20003, 2006, 2009 y 2012), se estimó el TVDI con insumos de productos MODIS. Se propuso un valor de ajuste basado en la diferencia de la media y desviación estándar de los cuerpos de agua, se aplica este valor en el producto generado dando como resultado que los cuerpos de agua presentan ahora si una saturación de humedad en sus suelos. Los valores de ajustes son diferentes para cada año de estudio. El contenido de humedad es consistente a la variabilidad esperada acorde a los diferentes usos de suelo y vegetación. Los resultados están acorde a los reportes de sequía reportadas para el Estado de Sinaloa.</p><p> </p>

The amplification of Arctic terrestrial surface temperatures by reduced sea-ice extent during the Pliocene

Many past warm periods exhibited greatly reduced latitudinal temperature gradients as a result of amplified Arctic surface temperatures as well as more seasonably equable temperatures. The Pliocene is a period of particular interest because CO2 forcing was comparable to today and yet Arctic temperatures were significantly warmer than today. Here we describe an atmospheric general circulation model experiment assessing the response of terrestrial temperatures in the mid-Pliocene (3.02 to 3.26Ma) to an ice-free Arctic, and we compare the simulation with a compilation of proxy-based Pliocene paleotemperature reconstructions. Our experiments indicate that the amplification of Arctic surface temperatures is much more sensitive to the extent of sea ice than continental ice. The removal of Arctic sea ice results in simulated mean annual surface temperatures that better match terrestrial proxy data (RMSE=2.9°C) than experimental conditions that included seasonal sea ice (RMSE=4.5°C). Our simulations also show a decrease in the seasonal amplitude of temperatures in the absence of sea-ice, which is consistent with theory predicting more equable climates in the Arctic during warmer intervals in Earth's history. Our results demonstrate that once sea-ice is removed, latent heat is lost from the ocean to the atmosphere as water vapor that can be circulated by the atmosphere, which results in warming of continental interiors. Although our sensitivity experiment does not help to identify the full array of feedback mechanisms responsible for the amplification of Arctic surface temperatures during the Pliocene, it does demonstrate that Arctic terrestrial surface temperatures are extremely sensitive to the spatial and seasonal extent of sea-ice.

Quantifying and specifying the solar influence on terrestrial surface temperature

This investigation is a follow-up of a paper in which we showed that both major magnetic components of the solar dynamo, viz. the toroidal and the poloidal ones, are correlated with average terrestrial surface temperatures. Here, we quantify, improve and specify that result and search for their causes. We studied seven recent temperature files. They were smoothed in order to eliminate the Schwabe-type (11 years) variations. While the total temperature gradient over the period of investigation (1610–1970) is 0.087 °C/century; a gradient of 0.077 °C/century is correlated with the equatorial (toroidal) magnetic field component. Half of it is explained by the increase of the Total Solar Irradiance over the period of investigation, while the other half is due to feedback by evaporated water vapour. A yet unexplained gradient of −0.040 °C/century is correlated with the polar (poloidal) magnetic field. The residual temperature increase over that period, not correlated with solar variability, is 0.051 °C/century. It is ascribed to climatologic forcings and internal modes of variation. We used these results to study present terrestrial surface warming. By subtracting the above-mentioned components from the observed temperatures we found a residual excess of 0.31° in 1999, this being the triangularly weighted residual over the period 1990–2008. We show that solar forcing of the ground temperature associated with significant feedback is a regularly occurring feature, by describing some well observed events during the Holocene.

Modelling the effect of an assumed cosmic ray-modulated global cloud cover on the terrestrial surface temperature

We have used the thermodynamic model of the climate to estimate the effect of variations in the oceanic cloud cover on the surface temperature of the Earth in the North Hemisphere (NH) during the period 1984–1990. We assume that the variations in the cloud cover are proportional to the variation of the cosmic ray flux measured during the same period. The results indicate that the effect in the temperature is slightly noticeable when we consider the surface hemispheric temperature on July 1987, finding an average temperature anomaly between −0.06°C and −0.14°C, along a latitudinal band between 20° and 40°. The surface temperature averaged globally in the NH presents a decrease of ∼0.01°C in average, which is almost the same for continents and oceans. However, these values are not significant when compared to the overall variability of the time series with and without forcing.

Low Skill in Dynamical Prediction of Boreal Summer Climate: Grounds for Looking beyond Sea Surface Temperature

Abstract Ensemble integrations of three general circulation models (Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies, NCAR, and NCEP) have been performed over five different boreal summer seasons (June through September of 1986–88 and 1993–94) with prescribed observed sea surface temperature to assess the predictability of seasonal climate during the boreal summer. Beyond some inconsistent initialization of soil wetness among the models, there is no land surface contribution to predictability that can be assessed. The models show a rapid degradation of skill in global terrestrial surface temperature after the first month, and no skill in precipitation over land. Potential predictability is assessed by examining in tandem the models' skill as measured by their anomaly correlation coefficients, and the models' signal-to-noise ratio (essentially interannual versus intraensemble variance) as a measure of confidence in the results. Collocation of skill in anomaly simulation and a robust signal is a strong indicator of...

Inference of Solar Irradiance Variability from Terrestrial Temperature Changes, 1880–1993: An Astrophysical Application of the Sun‐Climate Connection

Information can be inferred on the timing and amplitude of solar total irradiance changes over 1880- 1993 by simulating the global terrestrial surface temperature changes produced by these irradiance changes and comparing them with observed temperatures. The profiles of solar irradiance variations used in the climate simulations are adopted from several different proxies: (1) the length of the sunspot cycle, (2) the mean sunspot number, and (3) a composite proxy that includes the two previous indicators plus the equatorial solar rotation rate, the fraction of penumbral spot coverage, and the rate of decay of the sunspot cycle. We use a seasonal energy-conservation climate/upwelling-diffusion ocean model, forced by the assumed profiles of solar total irradiance variations, combined with variations in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Optimized cases imply total irradiance changes during 1880-1993 in the range 0.18%-0.77%.If the solar irradiance profiles found from the climate simulations are required to be consistent with recent satellite observations, then the composite solar profile reconstructed by Hoyt & Schatten, combined with the anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, explains the highest fraction of the variance of observed global mean temperatures. In this case, the solar and greenhouse combination accounts for 92% of the observed long-term temperature variance during 1880-1993. The simulation implies that the solar part of the forcing alone would account for 71% of the global mean temperature variance, compared to 51% for the greenhouse gases' part alone. It also suggests a solar total irradiance variation of 0.5% during the interval 1880-1993. Such an amplitude of solar total irradiance change is consistent with astrophysical limits of brightness changes on timescales of decades to centuries independently derived from observations of solar-type stars (including the Sun).

On the Early History of the Earth

Research Article| March 01, 1965 On the Early History of the Earth WILLIAM L DONN; WILLIAM L DONN Lamont Geological Observatory, Palisades, N. Y., and The City College of New York, New York, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar BERTRAM D DONN; BERTRAM D DONN Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Md. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar WILBUR G VALENTINE WILBUR G VALENTINE Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information WILLIAM L DONN Lamont Geological Observatory, Palisades, N. Y., and The City College of New York, New York, N. Y. BERTRAM D DONN Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Md. WILBUR G VALENTINE Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, N. Y. Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 30 Jul 1964 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1965, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1965) 76 (3): 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[287:OTEHOT]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 30 Jul 1964 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation WILLIAM L DONN, BERTRAM D DONN, WILBUR G VALENTINE; On the Early History of the Earth. GSA Bulletin 1965;; 76 (3): 287–306. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[287:OTEHOT]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract According to current astrophysical models of the sun, solar luminosity has increased with time at a rate depending on the nature of the model and the “zero-age” of the sun. The determination of the earliest occurrence of running water on the earth's surface may establish a calibration point on the luminosity curve. Our investigation of the nature and age of the oldest rocks suggests that erosion by running water occurred at least 4 billion years (b.y.) ago. Calculation of the evolution of terrestrial surface temperatures based on the most favorable solar model and current estimates of the composition of the early atmosphere indicate that either some revision of the model is necessary or that the earth and sun must be older than 4.5 and 5 b.y., respectively.The rate of weathering of bedrock and resulting erosion vary directly with temperature, atmospheric moisture content, and organic acids from vegetation. Since these all increased with geologic time, it is suggested that the rate of bedrock erosion, which would have been slow initially, must also have accelerated. If the presumption of an interaction between sedimentary load and geologic activity is correct, the duration of geosynclinal cycles should have decreased with time.The oldest rocks dated so far (about 3.5 b.y.) are pegmatites, granites, and granite gneiss complexes, all of which represent terminal processes in respective geologic cycles, the beginnings of which are inferred at about 4 b.y. ago. The presence of a substantial sialic crust at this time is indicated by the compositions of both igneous rocks and meta-sedimentary rocks.The origin of the continents is examined in the light of these geologic data and inferences, and on the assumption of an accumulation of the earth by accretion from cold, solid objects, probably in the form of whiskerlike crystals. Theories of origin of continents by segregation from the mantle cannot be reconciled with the time scale provided by calculations from the thermal history of the earth and the currently accepted age of 4.5 b.y. An alternative hypothesis according to which the continents originated by impact of extra-terrestrial material with subsequent modification by geological processes and mantle admixture is reconsidered. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.