Terpene Group Research Articles

Physical and Chemical Changes of Seven Selected Herbs Used as Herbal Bath Affected by Different Drying Methods

The effect of oven drying (OD) at 50±5°C, sun drying (SD), and fresh leaves (control) of seven selected herbs used in herbal preparation as herbal baths were evaluated. Herbal baths (HB) involve mixing herbs into water and boiling them or simply immersing them in the mixture during a regular bath. The herbs selected were leaves of torch ginger, greater galangal, pandan, citronella grass, henna, betel leaves, and kaffir lime leaves and fruits. The herbs were planted in a plot at the Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. Physical changes such as HB herbs’ colour, aroma, and chemical composition were evaluated. The hydro distillation method was used for the extraction process of HB herbs, where it produced essential oils (EO), essential water (EW), and boiling water (BW), and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a result, the OD herbs possessed brighter and more attractive colours compared to the SD method, which was dull and pale. The colour of EO was yellow, colourless for EW, and reddish for BW. Additionally, OD herbs possessed 80% and only 50% of the scent strength of the SD herbs from extracting fresh herbs. The fresh and dried HB herbs contained chemical constituents mostly from the terpene group. Herbal preparation developed using all treatments retained an appreciable amount of chemical composition studied, thus having the potential for commercial purposes.

Biplot analysis of monthly variations in essential oil concentration and chemical composition of Pittosporum tobira leaves in Mediterranean conditions

Pittosporum tobira L. (P. tobira) leaves were tested for essential oil and chemical composition monthly for 12 months. Leaves had 0.12–0.25% essential oil depending on the month. January, December, and February leaves had the most essential oil (0.25–0.23%). Low temperatures increased volatile oil content, while high temperatures decreased it. P. tobira leaf volatile oil had 45 components. Sesquiterpenes were the most abundant terpene group (34.93%), with the highest concentrations in May (38.75%) and the lowest in January (30.50%). Alkanes followed (22.1%). This group's highest values (23.81%) were again found in May. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes had the highest September values (21.32%). When analyzed separately, viridiflorol (13.34%), nonane (11.48%), undecane (9.99%), α-pinene (6.59%), and α-cubebene (6.02%) were the main components. The volatile oil of P. tobira leaves had the highest viridiflorol (18.64%) in October and the highest nonane (13.79%) in February and December. June had the highest α-pinene (8.68%) and α-cubebene (7.88%) ratios. Thus, Mediterranean-grown P. tobira leaves had different volatile oil and volatile components each month. This plant's leaves should be studied in months with the highest volatile components.

Comparison of Novel and Conventional Techniques for Tarhana Production

The new method of direct fermentation was applied to tarhana production. Chemical and sensory differences in tarhana samples between conventional and direct fermentation techniques were determined. A total of 72 volatile compounds in tarhana mixes were detected by headspace analysis during fermentation. Fifteen of these compounds were from aldehyde group, 13 from ketone group, 10 from alcohol group, 7 from alkane group, 5 from acid group, 5 from ester group, 4 from terpene group and 13 from others. The bilateral interactions between techniques or sampling times were significant for 64 compounds and insignificant for 8 compounds according to the analysis of variance (p

Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Air in Nemoral Scots Pine Forests and Submountainous Beech Forests: The Potential Region for the Introduction of Forest Therapy

Studies show that forests are one of the main recreational destinations. This can be explained by their beneficial effects on the health of their visitors, which can be attributed to compounds from the terpene group. The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition of air in the interiors of Nemoral Scots pine forests and submountainous beech forests, with the determination of compounds of the terpene group. Samples of organic compounds present in the air were collected with the use of Tenax TA sorbent tubes. The process of separation, identification, and determination of the extracted organic compounds was carried out with the use of the gas chromatography technique integrated with a flame ionization detector. Additional identification of the extracted compounds was carried out with the use of GC coupled with mass spectrometry. The most abundant group of compounds was the aliphatic hydrocarbons, both saturated (linear and branched) and unsaturated (terpenes). Carbonyl compounds were also found in the collected samples, but they constituted no more than 10% of all compounds present on the chromatograms. The concentrations of terpenes and terpenoids in the forest atmosphere varied from 10 to 74 µg·m-3, representing on average 33% of the total volatile organic compounds.

Antihypertension Activity Test oOf Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Var. Rubrum Roscoe) Ethanol Extract by In Silico Method

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition when there is an increase in blood pressure above the normal threshold (> 140/90 mmHg). The bioactive compounds in red ginger are dominated by the terpene group which has the ability to inhibit the action of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE-inhibitor). The interaction between ACE-inhibitory peptides can be predicted by the in silico method. The in silico method was used to predict the interaction and binding energy between bioactive compounds in red ginger ethanol extract (ligand) and ACE protein (receptor) which acts as an antihypertensive. The results of GC-MS obtained as many as 5 compounds (zingiberene, farnesene, ß -sesquiphellandrene, alpha-curcumene and trans-beta-farnesene. The docking results showed the lowest binding energy values ​​for each compound sequentially for ACE-trans beta farnesene, ACE-alpha curcumene, ACE-zingiberene, ACE-farnesene, ACE-beta sesquiphellandrene are -5.14 kcal/mol, -5.61 kcal/mol , -6.20 kcal/mol, -5.66 kcal/mol, and -6.55 kcal/mol. Based on these results, the lowest bond energy among the 5 compounds was -6.55 kcal/mol at ACE-beta sesquiphellandrene docking, so the red ginger ethanol extract can be proposed and tested further as a clinical candidate for antihypertensive drugs.

Linalool bioactive properties and potential applicability in drug delivery systems.

The medicinal properties of essential oils from aromatic plants are known since antiquity. Currently, the technological innovation enabled the reinvention of the ancient plant knowledge leading to the identification and extraction of organic compounds present in essential oils. These organic compounds belong mainly to the terpene group and are accountable for the wide range of bioactive properties attributed to essential oils. Linalool (C10H18O), so-called 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, is a monoterpene alcohol broadly present as a major constituent of plant essential oils, particularly lavender and coriander. Linalool per se is non-toxic and, according to recent in vitro and in vivo scientific studies, it has demonstrated to have a comprehensive range of bioactive properties, which can be exploited for pharmaceutic and cosmetic applications. The present review focuses on the anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antinoceptive, analgesic, anxiolytic, antidepressive and neuroprotective properties of linalool. The advantages of the loading in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, with the purpose of enhancing its bioactive properties are also discussed.

Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and diametrical tensile strength of an interim cement modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles and terpenes: An in vitro study

Statement of problemInterim restorations are occasionally left in the mouth for extended periods and are susceptible to bacterial infiltration. Thus, dental interim cements with antibacterial properties are required. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to determine in vitro antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and to compare the diametrical tensile strength (DTSs) of dental interim cement modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with that of cement modified with terpenes. Material and methodsAntibacterial properties of ZnO-NPs, terpenes, and dental interim cement modified with ZnO-NPs and cement modified with terpenes against S mutans were tested according to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and direct contact inhibition (DCI). Tensile strength levels were evaluated using DTS. Results were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, and Tamhane tests (α=.05). ResultsThe MICs of ZnO-NPs and terpenes against S mutans were 61.94 μg/g and 0.25% v/v, respectively. The DCI assay under the cylinders of cement (area of contact with the agar surface) revealed significant bacterial growth inhibition on Temp-Bond NE specimens with ZnO-NPs at MIC of 495.2 μg/g (8× MIC) and with terpenes at MIC 0.999% v/v (4× MIC) (P<.05). The Temp-Bond NE cement cylinder (control group) showed the lowest DTS (1.05 ±0.27 MPa) of all other test groups. In the Zn-NPs group, the greatest increase occurred in the NP8 (8× MIC; 495.2 μg/g) group with a value of 1.50 ±0.23 MPa, a significant increase in DTS compared with the control and terpene groups (P<.05). In the terpene group, the highest increase corresponded to group T2 (2× MIC; 0.4995% v/v) with a value of 1.29 ±0.18 MPa. ConclusionsThe addition of terpenes and ZnO-NPs to interim cement showed antibacterial activity when in contact with S. mutans ATCC 25175. Both terpenes and ZnO-NPs antimicrobial agents increased diametral tensile strength.

Temporal effects of prescribed burning on terpene production in Mediterranean pines.

Prescribed burning is used to reduce fuel hazard but underburning can damage standing trees. The effect of burning on needle terpene storage, a proxy for secondary metabolism, in fire-damaged pines is poorly understood despite the protection terpenes confer against biotic and abiotic stressors. We investigated variation in needle terpene storage after burning in three Mediterranean pine species featuring different adaptations to fire regimes. In two pure-stands of Pinus halepensis Mill. and two mixed-stands of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus nigra ssp. salzmanni (Dunal) Franco, we compared 24 h and 1 year post-burning concentrations with pre-burning concentrations in 20 trees per species, and evaluated the relative contribution of tree fire severity and physiological condition (δ13C and N concentration) on temporal terpene dynamics (for mono- sesqui- and diterpenes). Twenty-four hours post-burning, monoterpene concentrations were slightly higher in P. halepensis than at pre-burning, while values were similar in P. sylvestris. Differently, in the more fire-resistant P. nigra monoterpene concentrations were lower at 24 h, compared with pre-burning. One year post-burning, concentrations were always lower compared with pre- or 24 h post-burning, regardless of the terpene group. Mono- and sesquiterpene variations were negatively related to pre-burning δ13C, while diterpene variations were associated with fire-induced changes in needle δ13C and N concentration. At both post-burning times, mono- and diterpene concentrations increased significantly with crown scorch volume in all species. Differences in post-burning terpene contents as a function of the pine species' sensitivity to fire suggest that terpenic metabolites could have adaptive importance in fire-prone ecosystems in terms of flammability or defence against biotic agents post-burning. One year post-burning, our results suggest that in a context of fire-induced resource availability, pines likely prioritize primary rather than secondary metabolism. Overall, this study contributes to the assessment of the direct and indirect effects of fire on pine terpene storage, providing valuable information about their vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stressors throughout time.

Nature's Selection of Geranyl Group as a tRNA Modification: The Effects of Chain Length on Base-Pairing Specificity.

The recently discovered geranyl modification on the 2-thio position of wobble U34 residues in tRNAGlu, tRNALys, and tRNAGln in several bacteria has been found to enhance the U:G pairing specificity and reduce the frameshifting error during translation. It is a fundamentally interesting question why nature chose a C10 terpene group in tRNA systems. In this study, we explore the significance of the terpene length on base-paring stability and specificity using a series of 2-thiouridine analogues containing different lengths of carbon chains, namely, methyl- (C1), dimethylallyl- (C5), and farnesyl-modified (C15) 2-thiothymidines in a DNA duplex. Our thermal denaturation studies indicate that the relatively long chain length of ≥ C10 is required to maintain the base-pairing discrimination of thymidine between G and A. The results from our molecular dynamics simulations show that in the T:G-pair-containing duplex, the geranyl and farnesyl groups fit into the minor groove and stabilize the overall duplex stability. This effect cannot be achieved by the shorter carbon chains such as methyl and dimethylallyl groups. For a duplex containing a T:A pair, the terpene groups disrupt both hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions by pushing the opposite A out of the helical structure. Overall, as the terpene chain length increases, the xT:G pair stabilizes the duplex, whereas the xT:A pair causes destabilization, indicating the evolutionary significance of the long terpene group on base-pairing specificity and codon recognition.

Unique Case with Seizures after Prolonged Use of Camphor Crème in Elderly Patient

Camphor is a pleasant smelling cyclic ketone of the hydro aromatic terpene group. The mechanism by which camphor produces toxicity is unknown. Within a period of 5 to 15 minutes, patients commonly complain of mucus membrane irritation, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions are often the first sign of significant toxicity and can occur soon after ingestion. Central nervous system depression is commonly seen, such as headache, dizziness, confusion, agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, myoclonus, and hyperreflexia.

Synthesis and characterization of a platinum(II) complex of camphenylphosphonic acid

Camphenylphosphonic acid RPO3H2, prepared by the literature reaction of PCl5 with camphene, has been characterized by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes with a double chain structure formed by connected eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings. Reaction of RPO3H2 with cis-[PtCl2(PPh3)2] and excess silver(I) oxide in refluxing dichloromethane gives the platinum(II) phosphonate complex [Pt{O3PR}(PPh3)2]. 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopic characterization of [Pt{O3PR}(PPh3)2] shows that the two PPh3 ligands are inequivalent due to asymmetry of the camphenyl group. An X-ray diffraction study on the platinum complex shows that the PC–H bond is directed toward the four-membered ring, resulting in the terpene group pointing away from the ring, in contrast to the previously reported structure of the saturated camphanylphosphonate complex. The differences are discussed in terms of steric interactions involving the phosphonate ligands.

Underestimation of Terpene Exposure in the Nordic Wood Industry

This study determined that emission of sesquiterpenes from processed wood warrants attention in the work environment. Currently, only the monoterpenes in the terpene group are monitored in occupational hygiene studies. Terpene emissions are a work environment issue for industries that process wood, as they are known to cause respiratory difficulties and mucous membrane irritation. Fresh sawdust of the most common boreal conifers, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), was subjected to processing (drying), and the emissions were analyzed with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The data indicate that workers are exposed to significant amounts of sesquiterpenes, an observation that has not been recorded previously at wood processing plants. On average, the proportion of sesquiterpenes to monoterpenes was 21 ± 5% (STD, n = 11) for spruce and 15 ± 5% (STD, n = 13) for pine. The composition of terpenes emitted in air from spruce wood differs from the composition in resin. The sum of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes can exceed the occupational exposure limit for turpentine for processes where monoterpene concentrations are already close to the occupational exposure limit, and for processes involving the processing of bark. Findings suggest that future studies of health effects from terpenes in air should measure monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to assess whether the current OELs are appropriate.

Syntheses and reactions of terpene β-hydroxyselenides and β-hydroxydiselenides

A convenient method for the synthesis of optically active trans-hydroxyselenides and trans-hydroxydiselenides from the bicyclic terpene group based on the reactions of sodium selenide or sodium diselenide with cis- and trans-(+)-3-carane, trans-(+)-2-carane and (−)-β-pinane epoxides is described. The corresponding cis-hydroxy and cis-methoxydiselenides were obtained in the reaction of sodium diselenide with β-hydroxy- and β-methoxytosylates. The influence of a hydroxy group at the β-position on the diastereomeric ratio of the products of the asymmetric methoxyselenenylation of styrene has been established by composition of the products, crystal structure analyses, and theoretical calculations using a DFT method on the B3LYP level (6-311G(d)).

LVIII.—The catalytic action of copper at 300° on some alcohols of the terpene group

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