Ternary Particles Research Articles

Preparation, Characterization and Application of Silver Chloride-Eosin Y Inclusion Material

Abstract From the adsorptive precipitation of Cl–, eosin Y (EY) and Ag+, we developed in-situ inclusion of EY into growing silver chloride particles to form ternary electronegative micro-conductors. The composition of the particles was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ion chromatography (IC) and spectrophotometry and the size and pattern of the particles characterized by the particle size analysis, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the in-situ inclusion of EY into AgCl crystal particles in layer-by-layer and the supermolecular complex {[(AgCl)50EY]n}2n– was formed in cubic and globe-like shape. The ternary inclusion particles adsorbed cationic dyes selectively, rapidly and with high efficiency. A representative cationic dye, victoria blue B (VBB), was used to investigate the performance of the ternary particles as adsorbents and the mechanism involved. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the ternary particles is 353 mg/g VBB, over 10 times higher than absorption to the silver chloride–only particles and over 3 times to activated carbon. Moreover, the adsorption approached the equilibrium in 10 min, which is much less than that with activated carbon in about 2 h. This work advanced a sample method for preparation of the supramolecular inclusion materials as dye adsorbent and it provided a simple, efficient and practical approach for the recovery or removal of organic substances from aqueous.

Rotation of the compound nucleus 236U∗ in the fission reaction 235U([formula omitted]) induced by cold polarised neutrons

Surprisingly, for one of the best investigated nuclear reactions a new phenomenon was discovered. In an experiment performed at the High Flux Reactor of the Institut Laue Langevin in Grenoble, France, the reaction 235U(n,f) was studied. Fission was induced by cold polarised neutrons. Besides the two main fragments also ternary light charged particles were measured. The centres or the detector assemblies for fragments and light particles were positioned at right angles relative to each other in a plane perpendicular to the neutron beam. It is well known that the majority of ternary particles are emitted closely perpendicular to the fission axis. With the neutron spin pointing parallel or anti-parallel to the neutron beam it was observed that, upon flipping periodically the neutron spin, the distributions of angles between fragments and light particles are wobbling back and forth. The phenomenon is traced to the rotation of the scissioning nucleus while the light particles are ejected. This interpretation is corroborated by trajectory calculations for ternary α-particles being accelerated in a rotating Coulomb field provided by the two main fragments. The angle through which the fission axis and the trajectories of α-particles rotate is very small and barely exceeds 0.2°. This so far unreported feature of nuclear fission has been called the “ROT-effect”.

Experimental studies of nuclear fission dynamics near the scission point

Conditions for formation of angular and energy distributions of light particles emitted in ternary fission of 233, 235U, 239Pu, and 245Cm nuclei induced by cold polarized neutrons have been studied in the course of investigating T-odd asymmetry in emission of these particles with respect to the plane formed by the fission axis and the polarization axis of the fissioning nucleus. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that in ternary fission charged particles are emitted by the fissioning nuclear system rotating around the polarization direction.

Fabrication of Alloy FeCoPt Particles by IBICVD and Their Characterization

Ion beam induced chemical vapor deposition (IBICVD) has been for the first time successfully applied for direct patterned deposition of ternary alloy FeCoPt particles. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) studies revealed existence of the magnetic ring domain structure in annealed particles. Fabricated FeCoPt particles exhibit soft ferromagnetic properties. It was found that coercivity of the annealed particles increases almost twice that may suggest the improvement of their ordering. The successful fabrication of ternary alloy particles may lead to the potential application of IBICVD for novel composite nanoparticles

Energy degrader technique for light-charged particle spectroscopy at LOHENGRIN

The recoil mass-separator LOHENGRIN at Institute Laue-Langevin was originally designed for the spectrometry of binary fission fragments. Nevertheless, it was also used in the past for measuring light-charged particles from ternary fission. However, due to the electric field settings the energy distribution of the lightest particles was not completely accessible, which made the determination of mean kinetic energies, widths and, hence, emission yields difficult. In this paper we present an energy degrader technique that allows for the measurement of the entire energy spectrum of even the lightest ternary particles with LOHENGRIN.

Fuzzy Ternary Particle Systems by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Layer-by-Layer Colloidal Core−Shell Macroinitiator Particles

We report the synthesis of ternary polymer particle material systems composed of (a) a spherical colloidal particle core, coated with (b) a polyelectrolyte intermediate shell, and followed by (c) a grafted polymer brush prepared by surface-initiated polymerization as the outer shell. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition process was utilized to create a functional intermediate shell of poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayers on the colloid template with the final layer containing an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiator polyelectrolyte. The intermediate core-shell architecture was analyzed with FT-IR, electrophoretic mobililty (zeta-potential) measurements, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The particles were then utilized as macroinitiators for the surface-initiated ATRP grafting process for poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer brush. The polymer grafting was confirmed with thermo gravimetric analysis, FT-IR, and TEM. The polymer brush formed the outermost shell for a ternary colloidal particle system. By combining the LbL and surface-initiated ATRP methods to produce controllable multidomain core-shell architectures, interesting functional properties should be obtainable based on independent polyelectrolyte and polymer brush behavior.

Janus and Ternary Particles Generated by Microfluidic Synthesis: Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly

This paper reports a microfluidic method for fast continuous synthesis of Janus particles and three-phase particles with narrow size distribution. Synthesis of particles included emulsification of monomer liquids and in-situ photoinitiated polymerization of multiphase droplets. We show the strategy for precise control over the structure of Janus particles and their structure-dependent assembly in clusters. We demonstrate an asymmetric chemical modification of the surface of JPs by conjugating them with protein molecules. The Janus and ternary particles were synthesized from largely immiscible liquids and had a sharp interface between the constituent phases.

Small-Scale Synergy

CHEMISTRY In metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, the material properties can be tuned simply by changing the particle size. Shi et al. have explored the additional dimension of varying nanoparticle composition to incorporate multiple kinds of materials—specifically magnetic-metallic, magnetic-semiconducting, and semiconducting-metallic hybrids, as well as ternary combinations. The synthetic strategy involved spontaneous epitaxial nucleation and growth of the second and third components onto seed particles in high-temperature organic solutions. For the magnetic-metallic particles (Fe3O4 grown on gold), solvent choice influenced the particle morphology, with good electron donors leading to core-shell geometries and poor electron donors yielding peanut-shaped fused particles. For Au-PbS particles, which combine a metal and a semiconductor, the choice of solvent did not influence the particle morphology, but the concentration of gold seed particles was critical. Finally, heating strategy and seed particle dimensions were the key variables for setting the ternary particle morphologies. The optical and magnetic properties of the particles were influenced by the hybrid interface. For example, the Au plasmon resonances were red-shifted in the hybrid particles; at the same time, the magnetization saturation field of the Fe3O4-Au particles was an order of magnitude greater than that of pure magnetite. — MSL Nano Lett. 6 , 10.1021/nl0600833 (2006).

The heterogeneous reaction of particle-phase methyl esters and ozone elucidated by photoelectron resonance capture ionization: Direct products of ozonolysis and secondary reactions leading to the formation of ketones

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (PERCI-AMS) facilitates the measurement of heterogeneous particle-gas phase reactions of relevance to atmospheric chemistry. This methodology, which has been demonstrated to have analytical merit for single component particles, such as oleic acid, has been extended to heterogeneous reactions of binary and ternary particle systems. Herein is described the direct measurement of unambiguous products formed by the reaction between multicomponent particles composed of fatty acids and corresponding methyl esters and ozone. Reaction products measured include unfragmented acids and aldehydes from ozonolysis, in addition to molecular ions of the substrates. The minimal fragmentation afforded by the low energy and tunable photoelectrons unique to the PERCI methodology allows for the straight-forward analysis presented herein. For example, in a reacted three-component particle consisting of methyl oleate/methyl linolenate/methyl linoleate, 25 of the predicted 36 ozonolysis products are measured directly as their molecular ions. Furthermore, a secondary reaction between in situ-generated Criegee intermediates and unsaturated fatty acids and methyl esters is described leading to the proposed formation of novel ketones. Evidence that this reaction occurs at the carbon–carbon double bond is also presented and a mechanism is proposed. Oxygenation reactions of atmospherically relevant aerosols are of significance in that they may affect particulate properties such as hygroscopicity and ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei.

Galactosylated ternary DNA/polyphosphoramidate nanoparticles mediate high gene transfection efficiency in hepatocytes

Galactosylated polyphosphoramidates (Gal-PPAs) with different ligand substitution degrees (6.5%, 12.5% and 21.8%, respectively) were synthesized and evaluated as hepatocyte-targeted gene carriers. The in vitro cytotoxicity of Gal-PPA decreased significantly with an increase in galactose substitution degree. The affinity of Gal-PPA/DNA nanoparticles to galactose-recognizing lectin increased with galactose substitution degree. However, decreased transfection efficiency was observed for these galactosylated PPAs in HepG2 cells. Based on the results of gel retardation and polyanion competition assays, we hypothesized that the reduced transfection efficiency of Gal-PPA/DNA nanoparticles was due to their decreased DNA-binding capacity and decreased particle stability. We therefore prepared nanoparticles by precondensing DNA with PPA at a charge ratio of 0.5, yielding nanoparticles with negative surface charge, followed by coating with Gal-PPA, resulting in a Gal-PPA/ DNA/PPA ternary complex. Such a ternary nanoparticle formulation led to significant size reduction in comparison with binary nanoparticles, particularly at low N/P ratios (2 to 5). In HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes, and at low N/P ratios (2 to 5), transfection efficiency mediated by ternary nanoparticles prepared with 6.5% Gal-PPA was 6–7200 times higher than PPA-DPA/DNA nanoparticles. Transgene expression increased slightly at higher N/P ratios in HepG2 cells and reached a plateau at N/P ratios between 5 and 10 for primary rat hepatocytes. Such an enhancement effect was not observed in HeLa cells that lack of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Nevertheless, transfection efficiency of ternary particles decreased dramatically, presumably due to the decreased DNA binding capacity and particle stability, as PPA galactosylation degree increased. This highlights the importance of optimizing ligand conjugation degree for PPA gene carrier.

Ternary and quaternary fission

In a systematic survey of ternary fission induced by thermal neutrons at the Lohengrin spectrometer of the ILL/Grenoble, the target nucleus 249Cf has recently been added to the list of actinides under study. Special emphasis was put on the search for the heaviest ternary particles. At the limit of detection (some 10 −9 per fission), the heaviest isotopes observed for 249Cf(n th ,f) are 37Si and 37S. Another rare process in low energy fission is quaternary fission. Here two light charged particles accompany the main fragments. The reaction 233 U(n,f) has been studied at a cold neutron beam of the ILL. Two processess have to be disentangled: simultaneous and sequential quaternary fission. In the simultaneous decay the most probable combination of particles is (α + α) with a yield of ∼10 −7/fission.

Arrays of Binary and Ternary Particles Fabricated by Use of Patterned Microchannels

Arrays of Binary and Ternary Particles Fabricated by Use of Patterned Microchannels

Arrays of Binary and Ternary Particles and Their Replica Pores on Patterned Microchannels

A novel method was developed for the assembly of patterned binary and ternary particle arrays and their inverted pore structures onto V-shaped microchannels that were fabricated by soft lithography. For the ternary particle arrays and their inverted pore structures, a dip-coating of binary particle mixture with a controlled size ratio and subsequent O2 RIE were used.

Sorption‐Desorption of Lead (II) and Mercury (II) by Model Associations of Soil Colloids

Sorption by soil colloids largely determines the bioavailability of heavy metals and their movement in soil and aquatic environments. Due to soil constituents' interactions, the sorption behavior of natural soil colloids may not correspond to the simple sum of their individual constituents. In this work, sorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions by binary and ternary model particles containing Wyoming montmorillonite (SW), poorly crystallized ferrihydrite (Ferrih), and soil humic acid (HA) was investigated and the results obtained were compared with the sorption behavior of the individual constituents. For single sorbents, Pb(II) sorption was high on HA, moderate on SW and zero on Ferrih, whereas Hg(II) sorption decreased in the order: HA ≫ Ferrih > SW. Ferrihydrite coatings on SW had little effect on Pb(II) and Hg(II) sorption by the clay. Humic acid coatings on SW significantly enhanced sorption of both heavy metals, whereas, unexpectedly, HA coatings on Ferrih did not enhance heavy metal sorption. This last result was attributed to blockage of the functional groups of HA responsible for heavy metal sorption (such as carboxylic groups) as a result of their interaction with the Ferrih surface. A similar behavior was observed for Pb(II) in ternary particles containing HA. Sorption by the model associations was highly reversible. The results of this study confirmed that the sorptive behavior of colloidal particles for heavy metals is not the simple sum of the contributions of the single constituents, indicating the usefulness of considering polyphasic model sorbents to achieve a more realistic interpretation of the sorption process in soil.

Ternary particle yields in249Cf(nth,f)

An experiment measuring ternary particle yields in ${}^{249}\mathrm{Cf}{(n}_{\mathrm{th}},f)$ was carried out at the high flux reactor of the Institut Laue-Langevin using the Lohengrin recoil mass separator. Parameters of energy distributions were determined for 27 ternary particles up to ${}^{30}\mathrm{Mg}$ and their yields were calculated. The yields of 17 further ternary particles were estimated on the basis of the systematics developed. The heaviest particles observed in the experiment are ${}^{37}\mathrm{Si}$ and ${}^{37}\mathrm{S};$ their possible origin is discussed.

Correlations in Ternary Fission

An experiment investigating correlations in ternary fission of233U induced by cold polarized neutrons was performed at the high flux reactor of the ILL in Grenoble (France). With the experimental setup, Left—Right and time reversal symmetry violating and conserving correlations between neutron spin $$\hat \sigma $$ , neutron momentum $$\hat p_n $$ , momenta of fission fragments $$\hat p_f $$ and ternary particles $$\hat p_t $$ could be investigated.

Microstructure And Ternary Phases In Al-rich Al-Y-Ni Alloys.

ABSTRACTThe results of a transmission electron microscopy study on the crystal structures and morphologies exhibited by each of the phases in a set of four Al-rich Al-Y-Ni alloys which contain 1.7–4.5 at. % Y and 3.5–10.1 at. % Ni are presented. It is shown that each alloy contains fcc-Al, a binary Al3Ni or Al3Y phase (depending on alloy composition), and a ternary phase. The same ternary phase was found in each alloy and this was found to correspond to a new phase Al19Ni5Y3 (Cmcm, a=0.4025 nm, b=0.799 nm and c= 2.689 nm, Al19Ni5Gd3 structure type). In many cases, the ternary particles also contain embedded slabs of the equilibrium Al23Ni6Y4 phase. This phase mixture did not decompose even after extended annealing.

Modelling of ternary particle system to determine critical size ratio

Modelling of ternary particle system to determine critical size ratio

Angular correlations in ternary fission induced by polarized neutrons

Ternary fission induced by cold polarized neutrons was studied for the two isotopes 233U and 235U at the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble, France. In particular two types of angular correlations between the spin of the incoming neutrons and the emission directions of both, the fission fragments (FF) and the ternary particles (TP), were investigated. For FF and TP detectors facing the target at right angles to the neutron beam, first, for longitudinally polarized neutrons a triple correlation between spin and the emission of outgoing particles was explored and, second, for transversally polarized neutrons parity violating asymmetries in the emission of FFs and TPs were analyzed. Nonzero expectation values for the triple correlation were oberserved in the present experiments for the first time.

On the 34Si emission of 242Cm

A 34Si-decay of 242Cm has been reported by Oglobin et al. But an interpretation of this 34Si emission as a ternary high-energy particle emission accompanying the fission of 242Cm can be proposed as well.