Ternary Mixtures Of Ethanol Research Articles

Study of Mesalazine Solubility in Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, Propylene Glycol, and Water at Various Temperatures

Mesalazine is a low-permeable and low-soluble drug, which makes it a class IV drug in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Hence, its solubilization can be helpful for various stages of formulation development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the solubilization manner and thermodynamics of mesalazine in ternary solvent combinations of {ethanol (1) + propylene glycol (2) + water (3)} using the shake-flask technique at (298.2–313.2) K. In the following, the mathematical representation of the acquired solubility data using some popular models was evaluated. The accuracies of the applied models were described by percentages of mean relative deviation (MRD%). Based on obtained results (MRD% < 10.0), it can be concluded that the trained models can adequately predict the solubility of mesalazine in the investigated ternary solvent combinations. The findings also revealed that the solution composition and temperatures greatly influence the solubility of mesalazine. In addition, the thermodynamic characteristics of the mesalazine dissolution process indicate that the mesalazine dissolution process is endothermic and entropy-driven. The generating data in the current work also expands the available solubility database for mesalazine in the solvent mixtures.

A Greener HPTLC Approach for the Determination of β-Carotene in Traditional and Ultrasound-Based Extracts of Different Fractions of Daucus carota (L.), Ipomea batatas (L.), and Commercial Formulation

Various analytical approaches for determining β-carotene in vegetable crops and commercial dosage forms have been documented. However, neither the qualitative nor quantitative environmental safety and greener aspects of the literature analytical methodologies of β-carotene analysis have been assessed. As a result, the goal of this research is to develop and validate a reversed-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” approach for determining β-carotene in traditional (TE) and ultrasound-assisted (UBE) extracts of different fractions of Daucus carota (L.), Ipomea batatas (L.), and commercial formulation. The greener mobile phase for β-carotene analysis was a ternary mixture of ethanol, cyclohexane, and ammonia (95:2.5:2.5, v v v−1). The detection of β-carotene was done at a wavelength of 459 nm. In the 25–1000 ng band−1 range, the greener reversed-phase HPTLC approach was linear. Other validation factors for β-carotene analysis, including as accuracy, precision, robustness, and sensitivity, were likewise dependable. The contents of β-carotene were found to be maximum in hexane: acetone (50:50%) fractions of TE and UBE of D. carota and I. batatas compared to their acetone and hexane fractions. The amount of β-carotene in hexane: acetone (50:50%) portions of TE of D. carota, I. batatas and commercial formulation A was estimated to be 10.32, 3.73, and 6.73 percent w w−1, respectively. However, the amount of β-carotene in hexane: acetone (50:50%) portions of UBE of D. carota, I. batatas and commercial formulation A was estimated to be 11.03, 4.43, and 6.89 percent w w−1, respectively. The greenness scale for the proposed HPTLC strategy was calculated as 0.81 using the “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” method, indicating that the proposed HPTLC methodology has good greenness. The UBE approach for extracting β-carotene outperformed the TE procedure. These results indicated that the greener reversed-phase HPTLC approach can be utilized for the determination of β-carotene in different vegetable crops, plant-based phytopharmaceuticals, and commercial products. In addition, this approach is also safe and sustainable due to the utilization of a greener mobile phase compared to the toxic mobile phases utilized in literature analytical approaches of β-carotene estimation.

“The Good, the Bad, and the Slippery”: A Tale of Three Solvents in Polymer Film Dewetting

We investigated the dynamics and morphology of dewetting of bilayers of thin polymer films, made of a top poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) film on a polystyrene film on silicon substrates, upon exposure to vapors of binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, acetone, and water, respectively a good solvent, a poor solvent, and a nonsolvent for P4VP. The composition of the vapor mixtures affected dramatically dewetting rate, dewetting dynamics and the morphology of the dewetted features, with vapor mixtures leading always to much higher dewetting rates than both pure solvent vapors and thermal annealing. We identified the role that each of the solvent vapors plays in the mixture, and concluded that water and acetone induce a transition of the polymer chains to a globule conformation reducing viscosity and modify the interfacial energies, two effects that strongly drive the dewetting. In an acetone environment, dewetting further speeds up, under the effect of a lubricated flow.

Solubility of Phenothiazine in Water, Ethanol, and Propylene Glycol at (298.2 to 338.2) K and Their Binary and Ternary Mixtures at 298.2 K

The solubilities of phenothiazine in water, ethanol, and propylene glycol were measured at (298.2 to 338.2) K. Also, thesolubilityofphenothiazineinbinarymixturesofethanol þwater,propyleneglycol þwater,andethanol þpropyleneglycol,and the ternary mixture of ethanol þ propylene glycol þ water was investigated. The van't Hoff equation was used to correlate the solubility of phenothiazine in monosolvents at different temperatures. The solubility values of phenothiazine in binary and ternary mixtures of solvents were calculated using the JouybanAcree model (Jouyban, A.; Acree, W. E., Jr. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2009, 54, 1168� 1170). The mean deviation was used as an error criterion. The overall mean deviation of correlated solubility data in monosolvents at different temperatures and in mixed solvents at 298.2 K were 2.8 % and 14.2 %, respectively.

Solubility of Phenanthrene in Ternary Mixtures of C1−C4 Alcohols at 298.2 K

Solubility of phenanthrene in ternary mixtures of ethanol +1-propanol + methanol, ethanol + 1-propanol + 2-propanol, 1-butanol + methanol + 2-propanol, 1-butanol + ethanol + 1-propanol, and 1-butanol + 1-propanol + methanol are reported. Five numerical methods were used to predict solubility of phenanthrene in studied ternary mixtures, and the mean relative deviation (MRD) was used as a criterion of error. The MRD values for studied mixtures of alcohols were 3.7%, 18.0%, 12.0%, 99.7%, and 12.7%, respectively, for methods I−V.

Physico-chemical Properties of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethyl Acetate + Ethanol + 1-Butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide at 298.15 K and Atmospheric Pressure

Densities, viscosities and refractive indices have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure for binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [C4mim][NTF2]. From these experimental properties, the corresponding excess properties have been calculated and adequately fitted with the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The adjustable parameters and standard deviations between experimental and calculated values are reported. Interest of this mixture is due to the possibility of using [C4mim][NTF2] as an entrainer in the extractive distillation of ethanol + ethyl acetate. These results are compared with previously determined experimental data for mixtures of ethyl acetate and/or ethanol with the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C8mim][NTF2].

Isobaric Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol and 2-Propanol with 2-Butanone and Butyl Propionate at 101.3 kPa

This paper presents vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.3 kPa for the ternary systems ethanol + 2-butanone + butyl propionate and 2-propanol + 2-butanone + butyl propionate and some of their constituent binary systems: ethanol + butyl propionate and 2-butanone + butyl propionate. The ethanol + butyl propionate system exhibits positive deviation from Raoult’s law and 2-butanone + butyl propionate does not present appreciable deviation from ideal behavior. The activity coefficients of the solutions were correlated as a function of mole fraction by the Wilson, nonrandom two-liquid, and universal quasichemical models. The binary VLE data measured in the present study passed the thermodynamic consistency test of Fredeslund et al. The ternary systems were very well-predicted from binary interaction parameters and passed the McDermott−Ellis consistency test. Butyl propionate can be considered an effective agent for the separation of the azeotropic mixtures ethanol + 2-butanone and 2-propanol + 2-butanone by extractive distillation.

Physical Properties of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol, and 1-Octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide at 298.15 K

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices for binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide have been determined at ...

Vapor–liquid equilibria for binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol, 2-butanone, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at 101.3 kPa

Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) at 101.3 kPa have been determined for the ternary system ethanol + 2-butanone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane) and its constituent binary systems: ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, ethanol + 2-butanone, and 2-butanone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Minimum boiling azeotropes were observed for all these binary systems. No azeotropic behavior was found for the ternary system. Thermodynamic consistency tests were performed for all VLE data. The activity coefficients of the binary mixtures were satisfactorily correlated with the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models. The models with their best-fitted binary parameters were used to predict the ternary vapor–liquid equilibrium.

Fluid phase topology of ethanol+benzene+cyclohexane at 101.3 kPa

In this article, isobaric vapor–liquid equilibria for the ternary mixture of ethanol + benzene + cyclohexane was experimentally investigated at atmospheric pressure. Vapor–liquid equilibria data for ethanol + benzene + cyclohexane at 101.3 kPa were obtained with a Othmer-type ebulliometer. Data were tested and considered thermodynamically consistent. The experimental results showed that this ternary mixture is completely miscible and exhibits three binary homogeneous azeotropes and a ternary minimum azeotrope at the studied conditions. Satisfactory results were obtained for correlation of equilibrium compositions with UNIQUAC activity coefficients model and also for prediction with UNIFAC method. In both cases, low root mean square deviations of vapor mole fraction and temperature were calculated. The capability of ethanol as modified distillation agent at atmospheric condition is discussed in terms of the thermodynamic topological analysis. However, owing to the complex topology of the ternary mixture it leads to a distillation scheme with three columns and difficult operation and thus, ethanol is not recommended as a separating agent for benzene + cyclohexane azeotrope.

Densities, Viscosities, and Refractive Indices for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, 2-Methylpropan-2-ol, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Densities, viscosities, and refractive indices of the ternary system ethanol + 2-methylpropan-2-ol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at T = 298.15 K and the binary systems ethanol + 2-methylpropan-2-ol, eth...

Densities and Viscosities of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, 2-Butanone, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

Densities and viscosities of the ternary mixture ethanol + 2-butanone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and the binary mixtures ethanol + 2-butanone, ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and 2-butanone + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane were measured at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. Densities were determined using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Viscosities were measured with an automatic Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. Excess molar volumes VE and deviations in viscosity Δη for the mixtures were derived from experimental data. The binary data were correlated with liquid composition by using the Redlich−Kister equation. For the ternary data, several polynomial equations have been tested to minimize the set of parameters for adequate correlation.

Isobaric Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, Methylcyclohexane, and p-Xylene

Consistent vapor−liquid equilibria (VLE) were determined for the ternary system ethanol + methylcyclohexane + p-xylene and the three binary subsystems at 101.3 kPa at temperatures in the range from 345 to 408 K. The binary systems exhibit positive deviation from ideal behavior, and the system ethanol + methylcyclohexane presents a minimum-boiling-point azeotrope. The VLE data have been correlated by the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC equations. The ternary system does not present an azeotrope and is well predicted from binary interaction parameters.

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for binary and ternary mixtures of ethanol+2-methyl-2-propanol and 2-methylpentane+ethanol+2-methyl-2-propanol

Consistent vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary and ternary systems ethanol+2-methyl-2-propanol (TBA) and 2-methylpentane+ethanol+TBA are reported at 101.3 kPa. In the binary system, the results indicate a negative deviation from ideality and no azeotrope is present. The ternary system shows negative and positive deviations from ideality, does not present azeotrope, and is well predicted from binary data. The activity coefficients and boiling points of the solutions were correlated with its composition by Wilson, UNIQUAC and NRTL equations.

Modeling Of Multicomponent Drying Of A Shrinking Gel Cylinder Containing Dcca

ABSTRACT Inorganic chemical gels obtained by hydrolysis/condensation of organic precursors (alcoxides) contain alcohol and water mixture which fills pores of the gel. This mixture is either removed in supercritical conditions or by convective drying. During convective drying gels significantly shrink producing porous glass-like xerogels. Adding a third component called DCCA (Drying Control Chemical Additive) to sol crates a diffusional barrier which lowers the drying rate and also reduces cracking. This Paper presents formulation and solution of a rigorous model of multicomponent diffusion both in liquid and gas phase in the case of convective drying of a gel cylinder containing a ternary mixture of ethanol. water and formamide as DCCA. Details of the numerical technique and methods used for prediction of physico-chemical property data involved in the solution of the model are presented. A short discussion of the obtained results follow. The model can provide a basis for a more complex process description incorporating drying stresses and predicting conditions at which cracking occurs.

Dielectric Relaxation in Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Ethanol, Water, and Benzene or n-Hexane

The complex permittivity of the partially miscible systems ethanol-water-benzene and ethanol-water- n-hexane has been measured in the frequency range from 20 MHz to 36 GHz at 20 °C. The results are described as superposition of Debye-terms, which are considered as physically significant and are ascribed to (i) higher, ill-defined, fluctuating self- and hetero-associates (main term), (ii) associates of lower order, relaxing by rotational tumbling, (iii) free molecules. The demultimerization by benzene appears to be more effective than by hexane.

A pictorial representation of endogenous brain ATP by a bioluminescent method

The layering of a luciferin-luciferase solution on brain slices makes endogenous ATP visible. Rat brains, frozen in situ and sliced at 16 μm thickness at a temperature of —15°C, were fixed by a ternary mixture of ethanol, formalin and dioxane at —20 °C for 15 min, and dried at 40°C for 12 h. Luciferin, luciferase and a small quantity of magnesium sulfate were dissolved into an arsenate buffer solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 2% gelatin and 1% glycerol. The solution was then frozen into a column, sliced at 40 μm thickness at —15°C and placed on the precooled brain slice. A luminiferous luciferin-ATP reaction begins when the brain slice reaches room temperature and persists for more than 10 min. This technique therefore makes possible the optical and/or photographic determination of the endogenous concentration of brain ATP. Capability of the technique is also demonstrated.

Graphical assay of ternary mixtures of ethanol, methanol and water on the basis of dipping refractometer readings and the relative density of the mixture

A rapid and reasonably precise method of assaying ternary mixtures of ethanol, methanol and water by use of the Zeiss dipping refractometer and measurement of the relative density of the mixture is described. Evidence for the presence of hydrates of ethanol and methanol is also presented.