Ternary Mixture Systems Research Articles

Combined toxicity and adverse outcome pathways of common pesticides on Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Pesticides due to their extensive use have entered the soil and water environment through various pathways, causing great harm to the environment. Herbicides and insecticides are common pesticides with long-term biological toxicity and bioaccumulation, which can harm the human body. The concept of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) involves systematically analyzing the response levels of chemical mixtures to health-related indicators at the molecular and cellular levels. The AOP correlates the structures of chemical pollutants, toxic molecular initiation events and adverse outcomes of biological toxicity, providing a new model for toxicity testing, prediction, and evaluation of pollutants. Therefore, typical pesticides including diquat (DIQ), cyanazine (CYA), dipterex (DIP), propoxur (PRO), and oxamyl (OXA) were selected as research objects to explore the combined toxicity of typical pesticides on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) and their adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). The mixture systems of pesticides were designed by the direct equipartition ray (EquRay) method and uniform design ray (UD-Ray) method. The toxic effects of single pesticides and their mixtures were systematically investigated by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis (t-MTA) method. The interactions of their mixtures were analyzed by the concentration addition model (CA) and the deviation from the CA model (dCA). The toxicity data showed a good concentration-effect relationship; the toxicities of five pesticides were different and the order was CYA > DIQ > OXA > PRO > DIP. Binary, ternary and quaternary mixture systems exhibited antagonism, while quinary mixture systems exhibited an additive effect. The AOP of pesticides showed that an excessive accumulation of peroxide in green algae cells led to a decline in stress resistance, inhibition of the synthesis of chlorophyll and protein in algal cells, destruction of the cellular structure, and eventually led to algal cell death.

Development of a depot formulation with an in situ non-lamellar liquid crystal-forming system with phospholipids

Non-lamellar liquid crystal (NLLC) structures have gained increasing attention for the controlled release of entrapped drugs. In the present study, an in situ NLLC structure-forming depot formulation through contact with water was developed using a ternary mixture system of soya phosphatidyl choline (SPC), 1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol sodium salt (DOPG), and sorbitan trioleate (Span 85), and the long-term release of an entrapped model drug, leuprolide acetate (LA), was investigated using evaluation of in vitro release and in vivo blood concentration–time profiles. Polarized images and small angle X-ray scattering analysis were used to confirm the presence of NLLC structures by contacting the prepared formulation with water. In addition, LA release and blood concentration–time profiles were investigated using in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. In situ NLLC constructed formulations by contacting water were achieved using a ternary mixture of SPC, DOPG, and Span 85. In particular, negative curvature was increased with an increase in the amount of Span 85 in the formulation, and an Fd3m structure was obtained with a sustained release of LA. A maintained blood concentration of LA over 21 days was confirmed by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of the formulation. No retained administered formulation at the injection site was confirmed 28 days after administration without any signs of irritation, inflammation, or other apparent toxicity confirmed by visual observation. This result may be helpful for the development of a lipid-based formulation of peptides and proteins with sustained drug release.

Rheological characteristics of concentrated ternary gum mixtures with xanthan gum, guar gum, and carboxymethyl cellulose: Effect of NaCl, sucrose, pH, and temperature

Our goal was to investigate the effects of various conditions of media (NaCl, sucrose, pH, and temperature) on the steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of a concentrated ternary gum mixture system (1.0 wt%) containing xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Regardless of the media conditions, all gum mixtures exhibited a high shear-thinning behavior with a low flow behavior index (<0.30). NaCl addition resulted in a decrease in the consistency index (K, 32.8–16.1 Pa·sn) and apparent viscosity at 50 s−1 (ηa,50, 1.00–0.75 Pa·s), as well as the elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) due to the charge screening effect. Similar result was observed with an increase in acidity of media. The presence of sucrose also induced the decrease in the ηa,50, K, G′, and G″ values of the ternary gum, but tan δ (G″/G′) decreased, indicative of higher weak gel-like properties. No effect of NaCl or sucrose addition on the temperature dependence of G′ values was observed, whereas pH adjustment was impacted. These results demonstrated that the presence of co-solute, the acidity of media, and temperature influenced the rheological properties of ternary gum, and in particular acid condition gave a great impact.

Experimental Determination and Thermodynamic Modeling of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Ternary Mixture System: Water + 3-Pentanone + Different Solvents at 308.2 K under 101.3 kPa

Experimental Determination and Thermodynamic Modeling of Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Ternary Mixture System: Water + 3-Pentanone + Different Solvents at 308.2 K under 101.3 kPa

The Microstructure, Rheological Characteristics, and Digestibility Properties of Binary or Ternary Mixture Systems of Gelatinized Potato Starch/Milk Protein/Soybean Oil during the In Vitro Digestion Process.

The in vitro digestibility of potato starch-based foods interacting with milk protein and soybean oil was investigated. Microstructures and rheological changes upon digestion were determined. The results showed that the addition of milk proteins (casein and whey protein) promoted gelatinized potato starch digestion, while soybean oil slowed down gelatinized potato starch digestion. A mixture of soybean oil and milk protein promoted the digestion of milk protein, while a mixture of gelatinized potato starch and milk protein inhibited the digestion of milk protein. The mixture of milk protein and/or gelatinized potato starch with soybean oil promoted the release of free fatty acids in soybean oil. The highest release rate of free fatty acids was attained by a mix of milk protein and soybean oil. The mixed samples were digested and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The viscosity of the digestates was determined by a rheometer. Overall, the results demonstrated that the addition of milk protein and soybean oil had an effect on the in vitro digestibility of gelatinized potato starch and its microstructure.

On evaporation dynamics of an acoustically levitated multicomponent droplet: Evaporation-triggered phase transition and freezing

HypothesisMulti-component droplet evaporation has received significant attention in recent years due to the broad range of applications such as material science, environmental monitoring, and pharmaceuticals. The selective evaporation induced by the different physicochemical properties of components is expected to influence the concentration distributions and the separation of mixtures, thereby leading to rich interfacial phenomena and phase interactions. ExperimentsA ternary mixture system containing hexadecane, ethanol, and diethyl ether is investigated in this study. The diethyl ether exhibits both surfactant-like and co-solvent properties. Systematic experiments were performed using acoustic levitation technique to achieve a contact-less evaporation condition. The evaporation dynamics and temperature information are acquired in the experiments, using high-speed photography and infrared thermography technologies. FindingsThree distinct stages, namely, ‘Ouzo state’, ‘Janus state’, and ‘Encapsulating state’, are identified for the evaporating ternary droplet in acoustic levitation. A self-sustaining periodic freezing & melting evaporation mode is reported. A theoretical model is developed to characterize the multi-stage evaporating behaviors. We demonstrate the capability to tune the evaporating behaviors by varying the initial droplet composition. This work provides a deeper understanding of the interfacial dynamics and phase transitions involved in multi-component droplets and proposes novel strategies for the design and control of droplet-based systems.

Up to 100% Replacement of Natural Materials from Residues: Recycling Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash as Self-Leveling Cementitious Building Materials.

The objective of this research is to study the use in the construction industry of recycled slag (SL) and fly ash (FA) using from 0.1 to 5% calcium sulfate (wCS¯). These wastes have been used to make ternary mixture systems and evaluated in terms of technological properties as cementitious materials for building applications. Studying their micro-structure as hydration products, setting times and mechanical properties shows a way to develop new mixtures from high proportion of waste, which are alternatives to the traditional nature ternary systems: Portland cement (PC), calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and calcium sulphate (CS¯). Based on previous work with natural products, the selected SL/FA ratios were 9 and 2.3 and the sulphate contents were 0, 1 and 5%. The water/binder ratio used for these cementitious mixes was 0.4. The specimens prepared for strength determination were prisms of 10 × 10 × 60 mm. The pastes were prepared and cured at 20 °C and 98% relative humidity for 1 day and then either stored at 20 °C at 98% humidity (dry) or immersed in distilled water (wet) for 14 and 28 days. The results showed that both FA and SL mixed with CS¯ produce ettringite after 28 days of setting, and this phase was the main crystalline hydrated product in all mixes. Calcium sulphate stimulates the hydration reactions of the mixes and the strength increases when the CS¯ content is higher due to ettringite formation, while the setting time decreases, as happened in the systems prepared with natural materials.

SAHmap: Synergistic-antagonistic heatmap to evaluate the combined synergistic effect of mixtures of three pesticides on multiple endpoints of Caenorhabditis elegans

The environmental pollution caused by toxic chemicals such as pesticides has become a global problem. The mixture of dichlorvos (DIC), dimethoate (DIM), aldicarb (ALD) poses potential risks to the environment and human health. To fully explore the interaction of complex mixtures on Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral toxicity endpoint. This study created a synergistic-antagonistic heatmap (SAHmap) based on the combination index to systematically describe the toxicological interaction prospect of the mixture system. It was shown that the three pesticides and their binary as well as ternary mixture rays have significant concentration-response relationship on three behavioral endpoints of nematodes, From the perspective of synergistic-antagonistic heatmaps, all the mixture rays in the DIC-DIM mixture system showed strong synergism on the three behavioral and lethal endpoints. In the ternary mixture system, the five mixture rays showed different interaction between the behavioral endpoint and the lethal endpoint, and showed slight synergism to two behavioral endpoints as a whole. The emergence of synergism should arouse our attention to these hazardous chemicals. In addition, the use of SAHmap and the significant linear correlation among three behavioral endpoints further improved the efficiency of the study on the behavioral toxicity of pesticide mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans.

Introduction of Flavor Chemical Eugenol Attenuating the Synergistic Toxicological Interactions of Flavor Mixtures.

The flavor chemicals benzyl alcohol (BEA), phenylethanol (PHA), and cinnamaldehyde (CID) and their binary mixtures have high toxicity sensitivity to the lethal endpoint of Caenorhabditis elegans. Some binary flavor mixtures even have synergistic toxicological interactions. Eugenol (EUG) is closely related to human life and has many special nonlethal effects on organisms. The effect of its introduction on the combined toxicities of flavor mixtures is worth studying. We introduced EUG into three binary (BEA-PHA, BEA-CID, and PHA-CID) and one ternary (BEA-PHA-CID) flavor mixture systems. Five representative mixture rays were selected from each of the four mixture systems using the uniform design ray (UD-Ray) method. The lethal toxicity of each mixture ray to C. elegans was measured at three different exposure volumes (100, 200, and 400 μL), and a dose–effect model was established. The new parameter iSPAN was used to quantitatively characterize the toxicity sensitivity of each chemical and mixture ray. The toxicological interaction of each mixture was evaluated by the toxicological interaction heatmap based on the combination index (CI). It can be seen that all flavor chemicals and their ternary and quaternary mixture rays have high iSPANs, and the highest value is 16.160 (BEA-PHA-CID-EUG-R1 at 400 μL). According to the heatmap and CI, the introduction of EUG attenuates the synergistic toxicological interactions of flavor mixtures, leading to the transformation ofsynergistic interactions in flavor mixtures into additive action and even antagonistic interaction, and the CI value of the antagonistic interaction is up to 1.8494 (BEA-CID-EUG-R4 at 400 μL).

Identification of adulterants (sunflower oil and soybean oil) in grapeseed oil (Vitis vinifera L.) and chia oil (Salvia hispanica L.) by FT-MIR spectroscopy and chemometric

Grapeseed and chia oils are important for their fatty acids profile. Both oils are considered gourmet and due their high retail prices they are susceptible to adulteration. FT-MIR was used with chemometric analysis to identify and quantify the adulterants (sunflower and soybean oils) in grapeseed and chia oils. A ternary mixture system was designed for each oil using as adulterants sunflower and soybean oils (2-50%, w/w). Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) discriminated adulterated samples and pure samples (100% of recognition and rejection). Partial least squares (PLS) showed the best calibration result (R2c: ≥ 0.95; SEC: 2.22-2.87) and validation (R2v: ≥ 0.99; SEP: 2.25-3.13). The models could be applied to identify and quantify two adulterants: sunflower and soybean oils in grapeseed and chia oils

Quantitative characterization of toxicity interaction within antibiotic-heavy metal mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa by a novel area-concentration ratio method

Toxicity interaction, synergism and antagonism, may occur when multiple pollutants are exposed to the environment simultaneously, which limits the utility of some standard models to assess toxicity hazards and risks. The development and application of models which can provide an insight into the combined toxicity of pollutants becomes necessary. Therefore, a novel model, area-concentration ratio (ACR) method, was developed to characterize the toxicity interaction within mixtures of three aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs), kanamycin sulfate (KAN), paromomycin sulfate (PAR), tobramycin (TOB) and one heavy metal copper (Cu) in this study. The inhibition toxicity of single contaminants and mixtures designed by direct equilibration ray method and uniform design ray method to Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) was determined by the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA). The results showed that the novel method ACR could be used for quantitative characterization of combined toxicity. According to the ACR, all the binary AG antibiotic mixture systems display obvious synergism and weak antagonism. The addition of the heavy metal Cu into binary AG antibiotic mixtures can obviously change toxicity interaction, but toxicity interaction changing trend varies greatly in different ternary mixture systems. Toxicity interaction in the six mixture systems has component concentration-ratio dependence. ACR can be suggested as an effective novel method to quantitatively characterize toxicity interaction when assessing the hazards and risks of the combined pollution.

Mathematical modeling of a temperature‐sensitive and tissue‐mimicking gel matrix: Solving the Flory–Huggins equation for an elastic ternary mixture system

Programmed to retain active responsivity to environmental stimuli, diverse types of synthetic gels have been attracting interests regarding various applications, such as elastomer biodevices. In a different approach, when the gels are made of tissue‐derived biopolymers, they can act as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) for use as soft implants in medicine. To explore the physical properties of hydrogels in terms of statistical thermodynamics, the mean‐field Flory–Huggins–Rehner theory has long been used with various analytical and numerical modifications. Here, we suggest a novel mathematical model on the phase transition of a biological hybrid gel that is sensitive to ambient temperature. To mimic acellular soft tissues, the ECM‐like hydrogel is modeled as a network of biopolymers, such as type I collagen and gelatin, which are covalently crosslinked and swollen in aqueous solvents. Within the network, thermoresponsive synthetic polymer chains are doped by chemical conjugation. Based on the Flory–Huggins–Rehner framework, our analytical model phenomenologically illustrates a well‐characterized volume phase behavior of engineered tissue mimics as a function of temperature by formulating the ternary mixing free energy of the polymer–solvent system and by generalizing the elastic free energy term. With this formalism, the decoupling of the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter between the thermoresponsive polymer and ECM biopolymer enables deriving a simple steady‐state formula for the volume phase transition as a function of the structural and compositional parameters. We show that the doping ratio of thermoresponsive polymers and the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter between biopolymer and water affect the phase transition temperature of the ECM‐like gels.

Analysis of sunflower oil in ternary mixture with grapeseed oil and candlenut oil in the ternary mixture system using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics

Candlenut oil (CDNO) has a high price in the market so that it can be adulterated with one or more oils, therefore, the authentication of CDNO is very important. This study was aimed to develop a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to analyze sunflower oil (SFO) in ternary mixture with grapeseed oil (GPO) and CDNO. SFO, GPO, CDNO and its ternary mixture were prepared and scanned randomly using FTIR spectrophotometer in the mid-infrared region of 4000-650 cm-1 , 8 cm-1 resolution and thirty-two scans. SFO quantification was performed using two multivariate calibrations of principle component regression (PCR) and partial least square (PLS). PLS using the second derivative FTIR–ATR spectra at wavenumbers regions of 3100-2750 cm-1 was used for quantitative analysis of SFO in ternary mixtures with GPO and CDNO, with correlation coefficient (R) values obtained for the relationship between actual values and FTIR predicted values of SFO of 0.9999 and 0.8744 in calibration and validation models, respectively. The errors in calibration and prediction models, expressed by the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), were low, i.e. 0.233% and 7.90%, respectively. The use of FTIR spectroscopy method combined with multivariate calibration techniques is an appropriate method for detecting the adulteration of candlenut oil from GPO and SFO.

Optimization of a Heterogeneous Ternary Li3PO4–Li3BO3–Li2SO4 Mixture for Li-Ion Conductivity by Machine Learning

Mixing heterogeneous Li-ion conductive materials is one of potential ways to enhance the Li-ion conductivity more than that of the parent materials. However, the development of the mixtures had not exhibited significant progress because it is a formidable task to cover the vast possible composition of the parent materials using traditional ways. Here, we introduce a fashion based on machine learning to optimize the composition ratio of ternary Li3PO4-Li3BO3-Li2SO4 mixture for its Li-ion conductivity. According to our results, the optimum composition of the ternary mixture system is 25:14:61 (Li3PO4: Li3BO3: Li2SO4 in mol%), whose Li-ion conductivity is measured as 4.9 x 10E-4 S/cm at 300 {\deg}C. Our X-ray structure analysis indicates that Li-ion conductivity in the mixing systems is enhanced by virtue of the coexistence of two or more phases. Although the mechanism enhancing Li-ion conductivity is not simple, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning for the development of materials.

Ergosterol-Induced Ordered Phase in Ternary Lipid Mixture Systems of Unsaturated and Saturated Phospholipid Membranes.

The sterol ergosterol (Erg) is ubiquitous in the membranes of lower eukaryotes such as fungi. To investigate the interactions between Erg and phosphocholine (PC) molecules, we studied ternary lipid mixture systems composed of unsaturated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), saturated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (DPPC), and Erg. Bilayer membrane fluidity and polarity were systematically analyzed using fluorescent probes. The presence of ≥30 mol % of Erg exhibited a significant ordering effect and stabilized membrane properties when temperatures increased, suggesting that Erg has a similar function to cholesterol (Chol) in comparable lipid systems that form a liquid-ordered phase. Erg was also observed to have a significant condensing effect at the monolayer level in saturated PC-enriched systems. The phase behavior of Erg in bilayer systems was compared with that of Chol, with the data suggesting that Erg behaves in a similar manner to Chol in membranes enriched with saturated lipids.

A ternary system oleophilic–hydrophobic membrane prepared by electrospinning for efficient gravity-driven oil–water separation

The preparation of composite nanofibers often can make up for the shortage of single materials in the field of oil–water separation, including separation efficiency, mechanical properties and fine flexibility. The film materials prepared by doping inorganic nanoparticles have defects of poor stability and uneven dispersion of the fiber surface. In this paper, we prepared a novel polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) -polystyrene (PS) -cellulose acetate (CA) ternary mixture system membrane by electrospinning. Nanosized polystyrene in the spinning process uniformly gathers on the fiber surface by interlacing PVDF and CA to manipulate the microstructure of the fiber surface. PVDF is added to increase mechanical properties. Degradable CA is selected to promote pore formation and compatibility between the other two polymers. The composite membrane has high separation efficiency, high oil flux and superior mechanical properties as demonstrated by oil/water separation test and stress–strain test. The optimized oil flux reaches 1935.67 L h−1 m−2 only driven by gravity of 0.73 kPa. Due to low energy consumption, excellent separation and more flexible regulation, this membrane may have great application value in industrial oil–water separation in the future.

Sensor array for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions and metal oxyanion based on colorimetric and chemometric methods

Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric sensor is sensitive for the detection of metal ions and metal oxyanion in aqueous solution. However, this method is usually not suitable for multi-objective analysis in complex mixture systems because it is suffering from interference of co-existents. In the present paper, we proposed a sensitive, flexible, low-cost, and multi-units sensor method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions and metal oxyanion based on the global ultraviolet and visible (UV–Vis) spectra of amino acid-gold nanoparticles (amino acid-AuNPs) sensors in the range of 230–800 nm. Different amino acids (L-Histidine, L-Lysine, L-Methionine, D-Penicillium) which can prevent the aggregation of the AuNPs in NaCl solution, were investigated to build sensor arrays responding to different ions induced AuNPs aggregation. The UV–Vis spectra that Cd2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Cr2O72-, Sn4+, Pb2+ induce amino acid-AuNPs displayed different characteristics and the ions were classified correctly by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Taking the advantage of the multivariate analysis and sensor arrays, we simultaneously quantified the ions in binary and ternary mixture systems (Cr3+/Cr2O72-, Fe3+/Cd2+, Fe3+/Cr3+/Cr2O72-). Data fusion methods further improved the prediction accuracy of the chemometric models built on multi-amino acids-AuNPs sensors. The proposed method has a potential for analyzing metal ions and metal oxyanion in much more complex mixture systems.

Toxicological interaction of multi-component mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 induced by at least three components

It has been stated by researchers that the antibiotic polymyxin B sulfate (POL) is a key component inducing time-dependent antagonism in freshwater luminescent bacteria, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67, exposed in the ternary mixture system of the ionic liquids, pesticide and antibiotics. However, the previous statement is limited to ternary and quaternary mixtures without considering situations such as the binary system. In order to prove the direct inducing of antagonism by POL in a more complete and systematic way, two categories of experiments (adding POL in non-antagonistic ternary system and decomposing antagonistic ternary system with POL into the binary system) have been conducted in this paper. The results showed that quaternary mixture systems (adding POL to non-antagonism ternary mixture, up verification) exhibit antagonistic action in a majority of rays, at some point in the experiment. However, by decomposing the antagonistic ternary mixtures with POL into binary mixtures (down verification), the combined toxicities of binary mixtures at all time points in the experiment are additive. Obviously, the POL has a significant contribution to antagonism only in the ternary and quaternary mixtures, but not in the binary mixtures. We can draw a new conclusion that the antagonism of the multi-component mixtures is induced by at least three components (including POL), with complex chemical interactions. Therefore, considering POL's influence of antagonism as an example, future environmental protection practitioners and academic researchers should construct more scenarios of mixtures when assessing the influences and reactions of certain chemicals causing pollutions.

Polymorphism and Mixing Phase Behavior in Ternary Mixture Systems of SOS–SSO–OSO: Formation of Molecular Compound Crystals

AbstractThis paper reports the phase behavior of ternary mixtures of saturated and cis‐monounsaturated mixed‐acid triacylglycerols (TAG) of SOS (1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol), SSO (1,2‐distearoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol), and OSO (1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐stearoyl‐glycerol) examined with X‐ray diffractometry and a differential scanning calorimeter. The ternary mixtures were crystallized by cooling from melt (60 °C) to 5 °C, and the crystals were then stabilized by storing the mixture samples at 28 °C for 10 days. The following results were obtained. (1) Molecular compound (MC) crystals of stable β polymorph having a double‐chain‐length structure (β‐2) were formed in mixtures of SOS/SSO/OSO in which the concentration of SOS was 50% with varying concentrations of SSO/OSO. This is in contrast to the fact that the stable polymorphic forms of the component TAG are β‐3 for SOS and OSO and β′‐3 for SSO. (2) When the concentration of SOS deviated from 50%, immiscible mixtures of β‐2 MC made of SOS/SSO/OSO and the component TAG (β‐3 of SOS and OSO and β′‐3 of SSO) were formed. Therefore, ternary mixtures of SOS/(SSO + OSO) = 50/50 with different concentrations of SSO and OSO are miscible mixtures of β‐2 of SOS/SSO and SOS/OSO.

Optimization of Organosolv Based Fractionation Process for Separation of High Purity Lignin from Bagasse

Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source for sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials with the advantages on its carbon-neutral nature. Fractionation of lignocellulosic materials is a pre-requisite in the biorefinery process in order to convert the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin to valuable products with maximized economics prospective. In this work, a modified clean fractionation (CF) process using ternary mixture system of ethyl acetate/methanol/water was studied with the use of acid promoters. H2SO4 was found to be the efficient promoter due to low cost compare to other acid promoters. The optimal fractionation conditions operated in the solvent mixture containing 0.025 M H2SO4 at 160°C for 50 min led to 63.72% recovery of the cellulose in the solid pulp while 90% and 59.94% of hemicellulose-derived products and lignin were recovered in the aqueous-alcohol and organic fractions, respectively. The enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose-enriched pulp was increased, resulting increasing glucose yield from 38.32% of the native biomass to 70.04% using the hydrolysis reaction with Cellic Ctech2® at 15 FPU/g. The work demonstrated the applicability of the modified CF process for fractionation of lignocellulose components for integrated biorefinery process.