Ternary Mixtures Of Water Research Articles

Role of Oxygenated Oils in n-Alkyl β-d-Monoglucoside Microemulsion Phase Behavior

The phase behavior of mixtures of water, alkyl ethylene glycol ethers (CkOC2OCk) and n-alkyl β-d-glucopyranosides (CmG1) is systematically reported as a function of temperature and composition. Previous work has shown that CmG1 are nearly insoluble in alkanes, and ternary mixtures of water−alkane−CmG1 produce stable emulsions. Replacing alkanes with more hydrophilic alkyl ethylene glycol ethers increases the solubility of CmG1 in the oil. The well-known 2−3−2̄ phase sequence is observed in water−CkOC2OCk−CmG1 mixtures with increasing temperature, indicating that CmG1's partition into the oil at higher temperatures. This microemulsion phase behavior closely resembles that of mixtures made with water, oil, and other nonionic surfactants, e.g., n-alkyl polyglycol ethers (CiEj), and both tricritical phenomena and general patterns of phase behavior are observed.

Thermodynamic properties of water + normal alcohols and vapor-liquid equilibria for binary systems of methanol or 2-propanol with water

Experiments have been carried out to determine densities and refractive indices of binary and ternary mixtures of water with normal alcohols (methanol and n-butanol) at 293.15 K. Also, vapor-liquid equilibrium data have been measured for binary systems of methanol-water and 2-propanol-water at atmospheric pressure, from which the excess Gibbs free energy was computed for both systems. The experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data have been compared with those predicted by the Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations. Agreement has been found to be very satisfactory.

Composition of critical clusters in ternary nucleation of water–n-nonane–n-butanol

In previous papers the determination of the molecular contents of critical clusters has been performed. Both unary and binary vapor mixtures have been examined. This paper describes the first study of a ternary system. Using a nucleation pulse chamber accurate measurements of homogeneous nucleation rates (105<J/cm−3 s−1<109) of mixed droplets in supersaturated, ternary mixtures of water, n-nonane and n-butanol vapor have been performed. The examined gas phase activities, a1, a2, and a3, respectively, covered the whole ternary composition space at T=240 K. The observed variations of the cluster compositions with vapor phase composition differ substantially from that of ideal mixtures. The experiments seem to indicate phase separation within the critical clusters. The arrangement of the molecules in the cluster remains to be clarified.

Effect of viscosity on retention time and hydrodynamic lift forces in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation

Particles entrained in fluid flow between parallel bounding walls tend to be driven by hydrodynamic forces, acting perpendicular to the direction of flow, towards certain equilibrium positions between the walls. Sedimentation field-flow fractionation is a technique that is well suited to the measurement of these forces, particularly in the regions close to the walls. Forces much stronger than those due to fluid inertial effects are commonly observed in the near-wall regions. A study is presented here of the influence of carrier fluid viscosity on these hydrodynamic lift forces. The carrier viscosity is varied via two different methods: (1) various ternary mixtures of water, glycerol, and ethanol were used that varied in viscosity while being of constant density and (2) the temperature of the FFF system was raised, changing the carrier viscosity while not significantly altering its density. The near-wall lift forces are shown to be dependent on fluid viscosity. An empirical equation describing the apparent dependence is presented.

Prediction of multiphase equilibria in associating fluids by a contact-site quasichemical equation of state

A contact-site quasichemical equation of state has been used Tor the modeling of different kinds of fluid phase equilibria (between a gas phase and one or more liquids) over a wide range of conditions. Among the systems of interest are the ternary mixtures water + alkanols + hydrocarbons (alkanes or alkynes), water + alkanols (or acetone)+ CO2, water + polyoxyethyleneglycol ethers + heavy alkanes. The model has been applied to describing the thermodynamic properties of the binary subsystems and to predict the phase behavior of the ternary systems. For longer-chain alkanols and hydrocarbons a group-contribution approach is implemented, which allows the modeling when no experimental data are available. The model gives reasonable predictions of phase behavior and the correct trends in the calculated phase diagrams in most cases. The concentrations of associates in liquid and gas phases are estimated by the model and compared with some experimental and computer simulation data. The predictive abilities of the model, its limitations, and possible ways of its improvement are discussed.

LLE data for the systems water + (methanol or ethanol) + n-amyl acetate

We report new experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary mixtures water + methanol + n-amyl acetate and water + ethanol + n-amyl acetate at 25, 35 and 45 °C, together with the results of fitting the data with UNIQUAC equations. The activity coefficients of water and the alcohol in water + (methanol or ethanol) mixtures were calculated using UNIQUAC parameters obtained from experimental data for each of a number of ternary mixtures including water and the alcohol in question.

Solubility and Diffusivity of Nitrous Oxide in Ternary Mixtures of Water, Monoethanolamine and N-Methyldiethanolamine and Solution Densities and Viscosities

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolubility and Diffusivity of Nitrous Oxide in Ternary Mixtures of Water, Monoethanolamine and N-Methyldiethanolamine and Solution Densities and ViscositiesDaniel P. Hagewiesche, Sami S. Ashour, and Orville C. SandallCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1995, 40, 3, 627–629Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/je00019a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views429Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (263 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary Mixtures Water + Propanoic Acid + Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Water + Propanoic Acid + Methyl Propyl Ketone

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary Mixtures Water + Propanoic Acid + Methyl Ethyl Ketone and Water + Propanoic Acid + Methyl Propyl KetoneAlberto Arce, Antonio Blanco, Pilar Souza, and Isabel VidalCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1995, 40, 1, 225–229Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/je00017a047RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (464 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Phase equilibria in systems containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water and hydrocarbons

Vapor-liquid (VLE) and Vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE) data have been measured for the ternary mixtures water + n-hexadecane + carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), benzene + n-hexadecane + CO 2 and benzene + n-hexadecane + hydrogen and for the binary mixture CO 2 + n-hexadecane at pressures between 10.1 to 30.1 MPa and at temperatures between 473.15 and 573.15 K. The applied experimental procedure is based on the static-analytical method. For equilibration, an autoclave (volume: 1000 cm 3 ) with an electromechanically driven stirrer was used. Samples could be withdrawn from the autoclave through thermostated capillaries. For the analysis of the samples, the use of an on-line gaschromatograph was successful only for light components up to n-heptane. Therefore a conventional technique using cold traps to separate the samples into a liquid and a gaseous part including a subsequent analysis was applied. The experimental results could be correlated with simple equations of state (e.g. Peng-Robinson or Dohm-Prausnitz) using van der Waals mixing rules with one interaction parameter k ij for each binary pair. For the determination of the k ij values, a robust optimization routine was developed. It works on the operating-system level of the computer (e.g. by using shell scripts on UNIX machines) and can handle program stops automatically.

The Relative Permittivity of the Ternary 1,2-Ethanediol + 2-Methoxyethanol + Water Solvent System

Abstract For many multicomponent cosolvent systems which can be important in electrochemical studies as far as in practical applications, the relative permittivity (ε) is a continuous but nonlinear function of the solvent composition. Rational functions were applied to the 1,2-ethanediol (1) + 2–methoxyethanol (2) + water (3) ternary mixtures data at various temperatures (50 ≤ t/°C ≤ 80) instead of the more conventional polynomial regressions for ε = ε(Xi). These rational functions seem to be more adequate than the other polynomials, being reduced the number of required adjustable coefficients; in fact only a first power dependence on mole fraction (Xi) is necessary, and a computational simplicity in reproducing reliable ε values over the total mole fraction 0 ≤ X1/X2/X3 ≤ 1 range is achieved. Furthermore, the calculated excess function (εe) is always negative, confirming the existence of rather strong interaction between components, probably via hydrogen bonding networks. Changes with temperature in εe for these ternary mixtures seem to be very useful in order to depict and differentiate the experimental trend in three well distincted regions (namely MI,MII,MIII) which are likely characterized by different specific interactions between like and/or unlike species. Nevertheless, no evidence for a three component adduct was obtained.

Optimization of UNIQUAC structural parameters for individual mixtures; application to new experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for aqueous solutions of methanol and ethanol with isoamyl acetate

Arce, A., Blanco, A., Martinez-Ageitos, J. and Vidai, I., 1994. Optimization of UNIQUAC structural parameters for individual mixtures; application to new experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for aqueous solutions of methanol and ethanol with isoamyl acetate. Fluid Phase Equilibria 93; 285-295. Experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the ternary mixtures water + methanol + isoamyl acetate and water + ethanol + isoamyl acetate at various temperatures are reported, together with the results of correlation by the original UNIQUAC equation using both structural parameters q and r from the literature and q's and r's optimized for each mixture as part of the overall correlation procedure. The improved fit obtained with the optimized parameters (which differed from the “universal” values only for the smaller molecules) may be viewed as being due to the active surface area and volume of a molecule being dependent upon its environment.

Coupling phenomena in the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons by means of pervaporation

In some pervaporation systems, coupling effects may play an important role. This occurs e.g. in the pervaporation of a multicomponent mixture of chlorinated hydrocarbons (Cl-HCs) in water through organophilic membranes. Several mixtures of Cl-HCs were pervaporated through organophilic PDMS membranes. The membranes were composite membranes: a dense top layer consisting of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), filled with hydrophobic zeolite on a layer consisting of porous PAN (polyacrylonitrile) on polyester fabric. The pervaporation experiments were carried out with ternary mixtures of water, chloroform and a second Cl-HC, as well as with acetone and isopropanol. The concentration of chloroform was kept constant during all experiments. The concentration of the other organic component was varied. In all experiments a decrease of the flux of the organic components was noticed for the ternary mixtures with respect to the binary mixtures. To investigate whether the coupling occurred due to the zeolite, additional pervaporation experiments were performed with PDMS membranes without zeolite, with binary mixtures as well as with ternary mixtures of all components. With these membranes, almost no coupling phenomena could be observed.

Excess volumes of binary and ternary mixtures of water, methanol, and ethylene glycol

This paper reports on the excess molar volumes of mixtures of water + methanol, water + ethylene glycol, methanol + ethylene glycol, and water + methanol + ethylene glycol measured at 283.15, 293.15, and 303.15 K by using a vibrating tube densimeter. The excess volumes are all negative over the entire composition range.

Liquid—liquid equilibria of the system water + acetic acid + methyl ethyl ketone at several temperatures

This article reports the solubilities and equilibrium data of the ternary mixture water + acetic acid + methyl ethyl ketone at 25, 35 and 45°C, and the equilibrium data of the binary system water + methyl ethyl ketone over the range 20–55°C. NRTL and UNIQUAC equations have been fitted to the experimental data for the ternary system, which are also compared with the values predicted by the UNIFAC method.

Selektive und sensitive Bestimmung von Nicergolin und Metaboliten in biologischen Medien durch HPLC zur Erforschung seines humanpharmakologischen Verhaltens / Selective and Sensitive Quantification of Nicergoline and Metabolites in Biologie Fluids by HPLC and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Research in Human

A high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to study the pharmacokinetics of nicergoline and its two main m etabolites in humans. The analytes are extracted from blood, plasma and urine into a mixture of chloroform and ether, which is optimised in terms of recovery and absence of interferences. The analytes are separated on a small bore column filled with octadecylsilica. the mobile phase was a ternary mixture of water, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofurane with diisopropylamine for pH adjustment. To maintain the chromatographic stability. the mobile phase is circulated and a saturator column inserted between pump and sampler. Nicergoline is very unstable in blood, it could not be determined in human body fluids after a single dose of 10 mg nicergoline. Metabolite 1 reaches plasma concentrations of about 2 ng/ml after 40 min. metabolite 2 gains to about 8 ng/ml after 4 h. 67% of the dosed nicergoline are excreted in urine as free metabolite 2. free metabolite 1 occurred only in trace concentrations. 18.5% of the dosed drug were excreted as conjugated metabolite 2. 1.1% as conjugated metabolite 1.

Multicomponent CO2/Water/Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior Modeling: A Comparative Study

Summary Phase behavior predictions of the Peng-Robinson (PR) equation and the Kleintjens-Koningsveld (KK) equation, a lattice-gas model, are compared for pure CO2, water, methane, n-butane, n-octane, n-decane, and several binary and ternary mixtures of these components. The KK equation is more accurate than the PR equation for predicting the saturated liquid densities of pure fluids. The two equations are comparable in predictions of binary pressure/composition phase diagrams and ternary-composition phase diagrams. Thus for these properties, the PR equation is preferred because it is a simpler equation, has fewer adjustable parameters, and has parameters available for more systems than the KK equation.

Quasistationary evaporation of a droplet into a multicomponent gaseous mixture

Quasistationary evaporation of a droplet into a multicomponent gaseous mixture is analysed on the basis of numerical solution of generalized Maxwell-Stefan equations. Evaporation of a water droplet into ternary mixtures of water vapour-air-tetrachlormethane and water vapour-air-sulfur dioxide are considered as the model systems. Results with tetrachlormethane confirm that with increasing concentration of the heavier component the evaporation rate decreases. Numerical examples demonstrate also the possibility of condensation of the heavier component on the surface of the evaporating droplet. In the case of SO 2 simultaneous absorption into the evaporating droplet is examined. The instantaneous concentration of SO 2 in the droplet can be described by the relation between diffusive and convective transfer of SO 2 in the system. In both examples, the influence of coupling effects heat and mass transfer was studied.

Hydrothermal Solutions

AbstractA survey is given of recent results on the properties of pure water and binary and ternary mixtures at high temperatures and high pressures with emphasis on the geochemically important systems H2O‐CO2, H2O‐NaCl, and H2O‐CO2‐NaCl. Among the properties discussed are phase diagrams,PVTxdata, thermodynamic and transport properties, dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and ionic equilibria. Concepts for predictive calculations of thermodynamic properties are briefly described.

Etude comparée des spectres d'absorption dans le proche infrarouge des complexes 1–1 entre l'eau et les bases, en mélanges ternaires'

The spectra of the complexes involving a water molecule and a proton acceptor molecule are obtained by using ternary mixtures water – base – carbon tetrachloride. The vibrational assignment of these spectra is performed through a prior calculation and by examining the shape of the absorptions and their frequencies according to the base. With the complexes HOH … B, it is observed that the bands related to the v(011) combinations, which involve the free OH group, are narrower than v(110) and have always a larger extinction coefficient. In the 7000–7300 cm−1 region, the most intense absorption is the v(101) combination with the weak bases, but the &([a-z]+);(002) overtone with the strong ones.

A Water‐Amine‐Complexing Agent System for Etching Silicon

Ternary mixtures of water, amine, and complexing agent have been found to etch silicon. The silicon etch rate has been investigated.as a function of variations in both solution and material parameters. A parallel investigation has been concerned with the etching characteristics of silicon samples coated with silicon dioxide films. Applications of this etching system to semiconductor device technology has provided a tool for the chemical shaping of silicon as well as the evaluation of protective surface films on silicon substrates.