Ternary Materials Research Articles

Synergistic Enhancement Effect of Polytetrafluoroethylene and WSe2 on the Tribological Performance of Polyetherimide Composites

To address the issue of high wear of polymer composites during friction, WSe2 nanofillers were incorporated into the polymer matrix as a reinforcing phase to enhance heat transfer and improve the composites’ wear resistance. Tannic acid (TA) was grafted onto the surface of WSe2 through high-energy ball milling, which facilitated the exfoliation of the nanofillers and improved their interfacial compatibility with the matrix material. Tribological experiments revealed that adding 5 wt% TA-WSe2 reduced the friction coefficient and volumetric wear rate to 0.0065 and 8.7 × 10−4 μm3/N·m, respectively, representing reductions of 98% and 94% compared to pure PEI. The TA-WSe2 not only served as a reinforcing phase to enhance heat transfer but also facilitated the timely dissipation of heat generated during friction. Additionally, it formed strong interfacial bonds with both PEI and PTFE, allowing the applied load to be efficiently distributed throughout the composite material. This study offers a practical approach for the functionalization of WSe2 and the development of ternary composite materials for tribological applications.

Study on Design, Synthesis and Performance Control of New Electrode Materials for High Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries

In view of the limitations of traditional electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, such as LiCoO2, LiMn2O4 and LiFePO4, Li[NiₓMn₁-x-yCoₙ]O₂, a lithium-rich manganese-based ternary composite, was explored in this paper, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced for surface modification to improve the electrochemical performance of the materials. The composite was synthesized by coprecipitation method and calcined at 800-900℃ for 4-6 hours to form the final material. Performance control includes surface modification, doping modification and coating treatment to optimize conductivity, structural stability and cycle stability. The analysis through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the synthesized material exhibits a well-defined crystalline structure and favorable micro-morphological characteristics. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrate that this material possesses a significant specific capacity, alongside robust cycling stability and superior rate capability. Discussions on the underlying mechanisms highlight how adjusting elemental ratios, incorporating dopants, and applying surface modifications can enhance material performance. This research successfully fabricated lithium-rich manganese-based ternary composite materials with outstanding electrochemical attributes, thereby offering both theoretical insights and technical foundations for advancing high energy density lithium-ion batteries.

Preparation of NCM622 cathode material by complex combustion method and its energy storage performance

With the increasing demand for high-capacity and high-rate lithium batteries, ternary cathode materials with high-capacity and high-rate performance became more and more important. In order to obtain ternary cathode material with high performance, a combustion method was developed in this paper. Specifically, nickel, cobalt and manganese metal ions were fully complexed with organic matter (citric acid), assisted with the surfactant (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), and then a ternary cathode material (NCM622) precursor with nano-meter structure was prepared. After being performed with suitable calcination operations, the NCM622 cathode material was prepared. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, particle size analysis and electrochemical performance tests. The results showed that the material obtained at 850 ℃ for 10h exhibited good dimensional uniformity, good layered structure and low lithium nickel mixing degree. Moreover, it had excellent electrochemical performance: its discharge specific capacity with general charge and discharge voltage range (2.8-4.3V) was up to 209.1 mAh.g-1 (0.2C), and its capacity decay rate was about 101.1% after 100 cycles at 0.5C in half-battery conditions. Even at 10C, it still had a discharge capacity of 116.4 mAh.g-1, showing excellent capacity and rate performance.

Non-sintered artificial aggregates made of ternary alkali-activated materials with natural carbonated MSWI fly ash incorporations

Non-sintered artificial aggregates made of ternary alkali-activated materials with natural carbonated MSWI fly ash incorporations

Dual-function reusable SERS substrate based on Ag/Ag3PO4/MXene heterojunction: Efficient detection and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

A flexible cotton-based Ag/Ag3PO4/MXene (APMX) ternary composite material was successfully synthesized, serving as a dual-function and reusable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for both sensitive detection and efficient organic dye degradation. The remarkable SERS properties of the composite can be attributed to the combined effects of electromagnetic enhancement by Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs), charge transfer enhancement from Ag3PO4, and the chemical enhancement mechanisms associated with MXene. When employed for the detection of crystal violet (CV), the material exhibits outstanding sensitivity, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 3.82×10-11M. Moreover, the synergistic effects between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ag NPs and the high electrical conductivity of MXene significantly improve charge transfer on the Ag3PO4 surface, thereby enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. Under visible light irradiation, the composite achieves an 83.64% degradation rate of CV within 90min. By integrating the composite material onto cotton, its flexibility and practical applicability are enhanced, allowing for in-situ SERS detection and effective analysis on irregular surfaces. Additionally, the photocatalytic degradation function imparts a self-cleaning property, greatly improving its reusability and sustainability. As a high-performance, dual-function material, the APMX cotton shows great potential in environmental monitoring and pollution control by providing sensitive SERS detection and efficient wastewater pollutant degradation.

Computational exploration of M-sites with chemical order and disorder in M′2M′′B2 and M′4M′′B3 compounds

High-throughput computational screening identifies novel stable ternary boron-based materials using detailed stability and bonding analyses.

An effective universal ternary complex hole transport material enabled by intermolecular interactions for polymer solar cells

An effective universal ternary complex hole transport material enabled by intermolecular interactions for polymer solar cells

Controllable preparation and surface engineering design of Mn-rich Ni/Mn/Fe ternary cathode material: Structural evolution, sodium-storage properties, and air stability

Controllable preparation and surface engineering design of Mn-rich Ni/Mn/Fe ternary cathode material: Structural evolution, sodium-storage properties, and air stability

An Energy-Efficient Sintering Temperature Multimode Control and Optimization for High-Quality Ternary Cathode Materials

An Energy-Efficient Sintering Temperature Multimode Control and Optimization for High-Quality Ternary Cathode Materials

Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Ternary Cu3PS4 Nanowires for Polarization‐Sensitive Photodetection

AbstractLow‐dimensional ternary materials with low‐symmetry structure have emerged as promising candidates for constructing polarization‐sensitive photodetectors. However, the photodetection applications of ternary materials remain challenging due to the limited varieties and the uncontrollable preparation. Herein, ternary Cu3PS4 nanowires with tunable thickness are successfully synthesized via chemical vapor deposition method. The grown Cu3PS4 nanowires present excellent structural anisotropy and strong in‐plane second‐order nonlinear optical anisotropy, as evidenced by angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectra and second harmonic generation measurements. Impressively, Cu3PS4‐based photodetector demonstrates a responsivity of 8.8 mAW−1, detectivity of 5.01 × 109 Jones, and photoresponse speeds with rise (decay) time of 1.5 (3.5) ms. Interestingly, the photodetector achieves polarization‐sensitivity photoresponse with an anisotropic ratio of 1.3 at 520 nm based on its inherent structural anisotropy and geometrical shapes. This work broadens the scope of synthesis strategy for various low‐dimensional ternary metal chalcohalide semiconductors and provides great opportunities for designing high‐performance and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.

Advanced Ternary Cathode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

The global shift from fuel-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is accelerating, driven by the need to achieve zero emissions. As a cornerstone of this transformation, the development of advanced battery technology is crucial. Among the various components, ternary cathode materials are emerging as a dominant force in powering next-generation EVs. This paper explores the factors negatively impacting the cycling stability and electrochemical performance of nickel-rich ternary cathode materials. In response, it proposes several modification strategies, including ion doping, single-crystal structuring, and surface coating. By exploring these individual approaches, the paper highlights the need for future research to focus on integrating multiple modification techniques. The primary objective is to create batteries with high energy density, superior cycling performance, excellent electrochemical characteristics, and enhanced safety—paving the way for breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field.

Robust Ferroelectricity in Nonstoichiometric 2D AgCr1-xS2 via Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) materials at room temperature has attracted significant interest due to their substantial potential for applications in non-volatile memory, nanoelectronics, and optoelectronics. The intrinsic tendency of 2D materials toward nonstoichiometry results in atomic configurations that differ from those of their stoichiometric counterparts, thereby giving rise to potential ferroelectric polarization properties. However, reports on the emergence of room temperature ferroelectric effects in nonstoichiometric 2D materials remain limited. This study reports the observation of room temperature ferroelectricity in nonstoichiometric AgCr1-xS2 ternary 2D transition metal dichalcogenides synthesized via chemical vapor deposition. The noncentrosymmetric crystal structure and switchable ferroelectric polarization are confirmed through second harmonic generation (SHG) and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) measurements. It is determined that the primary cause of ferroelectric polarization is the interlayer movement of ordered asymmetric Ag atoms under the influence of numerous chromium (Cr) vacancies along with interlayer atom displacement. Furthermore, two types of electrical devices based on in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OOP) polarization are demonstrated. This work offers a new perspective for fabricating ternary ultrathin 2D transition metal dichalcogenides ferroelectric materials and presents a potential pathway for creating exceptional multifunctional materials.

Fast and highly selective lithium leaching and regeneration of spent ternary cathode materials

Fast and highly selective lithium leaching and regeneration of spent ternary cathode materials

High-temperature (800 °C) performance of spodumene slag-based ternary sulphate composite phase change materials with improved mechanical property

The large deployment of electric vehicles leads to decarbonised road transport. However, the mining and smelting of lithium resources will continue to increase, which generates lithium slag and urgently needs to be recycled. The integration of spodumene slag with ternary sulphate presents a green and promising approach to achieve resource recycling and high-performance composite phase change material (CPCM). Herein, toughened and strengthened CPCMs are prepared by the hybrid sintering method with mechanical properties better than reinterned glass, even after high-temperature thermal cycling. After the cold compression and hot sintering process, the production of colloidal sodium silicate bonds the ternary sulphate with the spodumene slag skeleton, which greatly enhances the strength of the CPCM for efficient and durable thermal energy storage (TES). The Hydroxyl polar group of sodium silicate interacts with the skeleton and leads to a record-breaking compressive strength of 155.23 MPa, and the CPCM can support its stacking of 23.6 m and 15 kg loading test at 700 °C. A negligible mass loss of 0.26 wt% was observed after 50 thermal cycles at 800 °C. Moreover, the CPCMs exhibit a high TES density of up to 873.0 J/g in the temperature range of 100–800 °C. High charging and round-trip efficiency in the heat recovery process from spodumene roasting is also achieved, as it is 5 % and 19 % higher than the common magnesium bricks, respectively. The CPCM achieves high thermal efficiency TES, and it is the effective resource recycling of lithium slag with simple material preparation, which, from two angles at once, attacks the carbon emission from the life cycle of the lithium-ion battery.

A cellular automata modelling approach for grain growth topological evolution process of ternary cathode materials combined with deep neural networks

Ternary cathode materials are pivotal in high-performance battery technologies, with grain size influencing their electrochemical performance. However, the absence of real-time grain size inspection during material preparation poses challenges in maintaining the consistent quality of ternary cathode materials. To address this, this paper proposes a novel method employing cell automata to model the topological evolution of grain growth in these materials, integrated with deep neural networks (DNN). The grain growth process is divided into two stages: heating and constant temperature. In the heating stage, varying heating rates and plateau temperatures serve as DNN inputs, yielding the primary grain distribution for the cell automata model in the constant temperature stage. Based on cell automata, the grain growth model links the grain growth rate to the grain size distribution in the constant temperature stage. A surface energy constraint rule, based on local curvature and grain boundary surface tension, governs growth rates. The grain boundary growth ratio is also used to create a grain ID transition variable, dictating grain ID conversion in the model. This approach accurately simulates the dynamic evolution of polycrystalline grain size and morphology. Simulation results show that this method effectively models grain growth in ternary cathode materials, offering insights for optimising the sintering process and improving material quality.

Quality Characteristics of Sustainable High-Performance Concrete Formulated from Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Supplementary Cementitious Materials Under Various Curing Conditions.

The formulation of binary, ternary, and quaternary supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) on an optimized silica fume amount using fly ash, ultrafine (MQ), and limestone powders (LS) is the most sustainable approach to recycling these types of solid wastes for durable concrete. The optimum replacement level of 10% silica fume was blended with different replacement levels of 5, 8, 10, and 15% MQ to formulate different ternary mixes to evaluate the filling effect of MQ. Different ternary mixes containing 10% silica fume and 5, 10, and 15% LS were also produced to examine the effectiveness of both ternary mixtures with either MQ or LS. The quaternary mixtures with 10% silica fume optimized with 20% fly ash and 10% MQ or 10% LS were evaluated for compressive strength, chloride permeability, and porosity. The MQ showed the best filling effect compared to LS. The hot curing conditions significantly enhanced the performance of ternary and quaternary mixtures. Two effects of fillers were observed: the diluting effect brought on by replacement levels and the enhanced filling effect. At early curing, the strength loss resulting from the high replacement level was around 39%; however, this drop could be minimized to approximately 7% under hot curing conditions. It has been demonstrated that the binary, ternary, and quaternary systems offer the best solution to the environmental and durability issues caused by cement. The economic analysis highlights that optimized HPC mixtures with SCMs and fillers, particularly the quaternary mix, achieve superior cost-efficiency and mechanical performance, demonstrating their potential for sustainable and high-performance engineering applications.

Preparation of MWCNT/Fe3O4/Si3N4 ternary composite material and microwave absorption properties

MWCNT/Fe3O4/Si3N4 composite was synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis. The morphology and structure of MWCNT/Fe3O4/Si3N4 were investigated by means of SEM, XPS, XRD, and FT-IR. Their electromagnetic parameters were measured by a vector network analyzer. The microwave attenuation properties of as-synthesized composite could be modulated by regulating the feed ratio of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and Si3N4. According to the different amounts of modified nano Fe3O4 added, they are labelled as S1-S3. When the feed ratio is 3:15:20, the maximum reflection loss value of the sample is −23.3 dB at 14.4 GHz, the corresponding thickness is 2.5 mm, and the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth is 5.36 GHz. Moreover, the test results of the thermogravimetric analyzer show that the composite material has excellent heat resistance. Our research results provide a reference value for the development of excellent heat resistance and high-performance MWCNT-based microwave absorption composite materials.

Electronic, thermoelectric and magnetic properties of ternary telluride KAlTe2 and KInTe2 from theoretical perspective

First principles study has been applied to the anisotropic ternary KAlTe2 and KInTe2 materials. The energy of each material is optimized to the ground level through WIEN2k code and results are compared with the available theoretical and experimental findings. It is obtained from our results that materials have direct band gap and the calculated band gaps for KAlTe2 and KInTe2 are 1.68 eV and 0.931 eV, respectively. The direct band semiconductors are important for thermoelectric and optical devices. Theoretically the material KAlTe2 is investigated paramagnetic while KInTe2 is diamagnetic after applying GGA. The calculated numerical values of magnetic behavior are small, which suggests the materials exhibit weak magnetism. The semi-classical Boltzmann technique implemented in the BoltzTraP package was used to determine thermoelectric properties including the seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and figure of merit (ZT). The seebeck Coefficient value for KInTe2 in N-types region is –11.99 µV/K, the chemical potential range have taken between 0.00 eV to –0.02 eV for the P-type calculated value is material 11.96–8.08 µV/K. The maximum seebeck Coefficient values for the materials KAlTe2 in the N-type region is –0.35 and 0.57 µV/K and P-type region is 5.5–6.7 µV/K, respectively. Calculated numeric values of ZT for both materials are high and materials suited for N-type doping and keeping excellent thermoelectric materials for newly developed semiconductor devices.

Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/CNT ternary nanocomposite solar energy material for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution and N2 fixation to ammonia

The rational design of the photocatalytic system consisting of solar energy material semiconductors to convert solar energy into good chemicals or renewable fuels is an attractive strategy to achieve sustainable development. Here, hydrogen fuel is produced by using Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/CNT ternary nanocomposite solar energy material in aqueous medium and using simulated sunlight. Also, the mentioned nanocomposite shows a promising ability to produce ammonia in the water environment and the presence of nitrogen gas under ambient conditions. The presence of CNT in the nanocomposite not only increases the efficient usage of incident photons, but also effectively separates charge carriers and facilitates the transfer of electrons and their use in nitrogen fixing to ammonia. The optimized nanocomposite (Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/CNT) had significantly high photocatalytic activity, exhibiting the highest production of H2 and NH3 relative to Bi2MoO6 and g-C3N4. Finally, a logical charge transfer mechanism was proposed for H2 evolution and NH3 production.

Construction of g-C3N4/Ti3C2/α-Fe2O3 ternary composite: Synergistic enhancement of photocatalytic performance by Schottky junction/Z-scheme heterojunction-structure and wide light absorption range

Semiconductor materials for photocatalysis have been extensively researched in recent years due to their commendable stability and non-toxicity. However, the practical applications of these materials are constrained by their inherent characteristics, such as the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers and the limited range of light absorption. In this paper, a simple method combining calcination and solvothermal was used to prepare a novel ternary composite material of g-C3N4/Ti3C2/α-Fe2O3. A series of photoelectrochemical tests showed that the ternary composite had excellent photogenerated carrier transfer, separation ability, and a wide range of light absorption. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated using the organic pollutant Methylene blue, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as experimental targets. The results indicated that it degraded 50.69 % of the Methylene blue and killed 99.22 % of Staphylococcus aureus and 98.05 % of Escherichia coli within the specified time, demonstrating effective photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial properties. The superior photocatalytic performance is attributed to the effective combination of the highly conductive Ti3C2 material, the semiconductor α-Fe2O3 with a wide light absorption range, and g-C3N4, coupled with the well-matched Z-type heterojunction and Schottky junction within the composite. This research can offer insights for the future development and application of environmentally friendly photocatalytic semiconductor materials.