Ternary Fuels Research Articles

Combustion Chemistry of Ternary Fuel Mixtures of Hydrogen and C1-C4 Hydrocarbons at Atmospheric Pressure

Combustion Chemistry of Ternary Fuel Mixtures of Hydrogen and C1-C4 Hydrocarbons at Atmospheric Pressure

Investigation of Performance and Combustion Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ternary Fuel Blend at Different Injection Pressure

The depletion of fossil diesel fuels, global warming concerns and strict limits on regulated pollutant emissions are encouraging the use of renewable fuels. Biodiesel is the most used renewable fuel in compression ignition (CI) engine. The majority of literature agrees that the particulate matter (PM), unburnt total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon dioxide (CO) emission from biodiesel are lower than from conventional diesel fuel. One of the most important reasons for this is the oxygen content of the biodiesel. This induces a more complete and cleaner combustion process. In addition to this the absence of aromatic compounds in biodiesel leads to particulate matter reduction with respect to diesel fuel. The potential emission benefits induced by the presence of oxygen in fuel molecules has increased the interest in using the bio-alcohols fuel blends in CI engines such as ethanol. Although alcohols are more suitable for blending with diesel fuel, properties like lubricity, viscosity, stability, heating value and cetane number of diesel-alcohol (Diesohol) still require improvement. One of the techniques is addition of biodiesel which can improve all of these properties forming diesel-biodiesel-alcohol (ternary) blends. The blends of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol can be used in the existing CI engines without any major modifications and most significant result of using this blend is the lower emission with almost the same performance as of diesel fuel alone. The present study focused on investigation of performance and combustion characteristics of ternary fuel blend in DI diesel engine operating at different injection opening pressure (IOP). The different injection opening pressures are: 180 bar, 200 bar and 220 bar.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporation of Levitated Binary and Ternary Liquid Fuel Droplets under Normal Gravity

The present study presents a thermodynamic model for predicting the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary hydrocarbon fuel droplets under atmospheric pressure and normal gravity conditions. The model employs activity coefficients based on UNIFAC group contribution method and evaluates the vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary and ternary droplets. The gas-phase properties have been evaluated as a function of temperature and mixture molecular weight. The model has been validated against the experimental data available in literature. The validated model is used to predict the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary fuel droplets at atmospheric pressure under normal gravity. Results show multiple slopes in the droplet surface regression indicating preferential vaporization of fuel components based on their boiling point and volatility. The average evaporation rate is dictated by the ambient temperature and also by composition of the mixture.

Pyrolysis and Combustion Behavior of Ternary Fuel Blends in Air and Oxy-Fuel Conditions by Using TGA-FTIR

Pyrolysis and combustion tests of imported coal, an indigenous lignite, petcoke, and their 60/30/10 wt.% ternary blends were carried out in air and oxy-fuel conditions by using thermogravimetry analysis–Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR). Pyrolysis results of the blend and its parent fuels show that weight loss profiles display similar trends up to 700 °C in both nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres. However, at higher temperatures, further weight loss is observed due to char-CO2 gasification reaction in CO2 atmosphere. Combustion experiments were carried out in air, oxygen-enriched air (30% O2/70% N2), oxy-fuel (21% O2/79% CO2), and oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel environments (30% O2/70% CO2). Overall comparison of the combustion profiles indicates that the effect of oxygen concentration on combustion characteristics is more significant than that of diluting gas in the combustion environment. Deviations in experimental curves from expected behavior indicate synergy between imported coal, petcoke, and lignite during both pyrolysis and combustion of the ternary blend.

Co-firing of Single, Binary, and Ternary Fuel Blends: Comparing Synergies within Trace Element Partitioning Arrived at by Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling and Experimental Measurements

The suitability of thermodynamic equilibrium modeling as a predictive tool in assessing the partitioning of trace elements in co-fired fuel blends and the synergistic effects involved in these processes were evaluated. The relationships between modeled results and experimental data obtained by the combustion of three separate fuels (Polish coal, sewage sludge, and straw) as well as their binary and ternary blends in a laboratory-scale suspension-firing reactor have been examined. The percentage of trace elements retained in the combustion ash as a proportion contained in the initial fuel was calculated, as well as the partitioning of each trace element between the bottom and sinter ash. Synergistic influences during the co-firing of fuel blends in both the modeled and empirical data were appraised for 13 trace elements, considered to be of primary toxicological importance, viz. As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn. Elements that are thermodynamically predicted to form solid oxides (Be, V,...

Irradiation Testing (Pulse Conditions) of the Ternary Fuel System for the Power Burst Facility

The Power Burst Facility (PBF) is a flexible, pulse‐type nuclear reactor constructed to provide high thermal neutron fluxes during short period power excursions. The PBF reactor core is composed of a fuel in the system UO2‐ZrO2CaO. The performance requirements imposed on this fuel necessitated a testing program to establish out‐of‐pile and in‐pile characteristics of the fuel. This paper presents some of the in‐pile test results obtained under pulse conditions, and out‐of‐pile results on selected fuel compositions to verify phase and volume stability of the ternary fuel. Compositions of 16 and 35 mol% urania were investigated from 2000° to 2700°C in‐pile.