Ternary Concrete Research Articles

Performance of concrete modified with SCBA and GGBFS subjected to elevated temperature

This research paper presents the outcomes in terms of mechanical and microstructural characteristics of binary and ternary concrete when exposed to elevated temperature. Three parameter were taken into account, (a) elevated temperature (i.e., 200, 400, 600 and 800°C) (b) binary concrete with cementitious material sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) and (c) ternary concrete with cementitious material SCBA and GGBFS replacement percentage (i.e., 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30%). A total of 285 standard cube specimens (150 mm × 150 mm ×; 150 mm) containing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), SCBA, and GGBFS were made. These specimens then exposed to several elevated temperatures for 2 h, afterword is allowed to cool at room temperature. The following basic physical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics were then determined and discussed. (a) mass loss ratio, (b) ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) (c) physical behavior, (d) compressive strength, and (e) field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). It was found that compressive strength increases up to 400°C; beyond this temperature, it decreases. UPV value and mass loss decrease with increase in temperature as well as the change in color and crack were observed at a higher temperature.

Effect of Glass Waste Powder on the Compressive Strength and Permeation Properties of Concrete Containing Portland Cement and Sawdust Ash

The paper investigated the effect of Glass Waste Powder (GWP), as a ternary cement component on the compressive strength and permeation resistance of Portland cement (PC) and sawdust ash (SDA) blended cement concrete. Compressive strengths up to 28 days and void content and initial surface absorption after 10 minutes (ISAT-10) up to 90 days at the total replacement levels of up to 30% were determined and compared with the values obtained for conventional concrete. Seven concrete mix combinations were examined at the water/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.65 and at 28-day strengths of 35-40 N/mm 2 . At the same w/c ratios, compressive strength decreased and void content and ISAT-10 increased with increasing content of SDA and GWP. A unit replacement of PC with SDA reduced strength by 1.06% while a unit replacement of SDA with GWP, as a ternary cement component, increased strength by 1.64%. Similarly, a unit of SDA increased void content and ISAT-10 by 0.95 and 1.01% respectively while a unit of GWP as a ternary cement component reduced void content and ISAT-10 by 0.84 and 0.94% respectively. At same strengths, all the binary and ternary cement concretes possess higher resistance to permeation than the 100% PC concrete. At equal performance level, the ternary cement concretes possess higher permeation resistance than the binary cement concretes. The paper concluded that GWP, as a ternary cement component, improved the strength and permeation resistance of SDA binary cement concrete. Keywords: absorption, compressive strength, concrete, glass waste powder, permeation, sawdust powder DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-4-05 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fuel ash on rheology of concrete

The rheology of concrete containing Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been scarcely studied and reported, despite their increase application as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) that drives improvement of sustainability of the construction industry. This work studied the effect of these SCMs and Superplasticizer proportions on rheological properties of concrete using rate controlled concrete rheometer. Two groups of mixes containing replacement or addition on mass basis using either PFA or GGBS or their combinations were derived from the control mix. The dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity and 28 day compressive strength of the control mix are 1258 Pa, 6 PaS, and 40.5 MPa respectively. The results of the rheology tests of the various binary mixes (PFA and Portland cement) and ternary mixes (Portland cement, PFA and GGBS) structural concrete shows wide disparity in the measured rheological parameters. The results show that the decrease in dynamic yield stress of the ternary mix containing 20% GGBS is 4.1%, whereas the decrease in dynamic stress of the ternary mix containing 20% PFA is 35.9% compared to the control ternary mix. The high volume Portland cement replaced ternary concrete can therefore be effectively characterized as a workable and pumpable concrete.
 Keywords: Rheology, PFA, GGBS, superplasticizer, concrete.

Characterizing the Performance of Ternary Concrete Mixtures Involving Slag and Metakaolin

Ternary blends of cementitious materials are investigated. A cement replacement level of 45% is used for all ternary mixtures consisting of 15% metakaolin and 30% slag replacements. Three metakaolin and two blast furnace slag, referred to as ‘slag’ for short, products commercially available are used to compare performance in ternary blends. A mixture with a 45% fly ash replacement is included to serve as a benchmark for performance. The control mixture contains 422 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete, and a water-to-cementitious material ratio of 0.43 is used for all mixtures with varying dosages of superplasticizer to retain workability. Mixtures are tested for mechanical properties, durability, and volumetric stability. Mechanical properties include compression, split-cylinder tension, modulus of rupture, and dynamic Young’s modulus. Durability measures are comprised of rapid chloride-ion penetrability, sulfate resistance, and alkali–silica reactivity. Finally, the measure of dimensional stability is assessed by conducting drying shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion tests. Results indicate that ternary mixtures including metakaolin perform similarly to the control with respect to mechanical strength. It is concluded that ternary blends perform significantly better than both control and fly ash benchmark in tests measuring durability. Furthermore, shrinkage is reduced while the coefficients of thermal expansion are slightly higher than control and the benchmark.

Experimental studies on mechanical properties and impact characteristics of ternary concrete with steel fiber

The paper presents the laboratory investigation on mechanical properties and impact strength characteristics of conventional concrete (CC), ternary concrete (TC) and steel fiber reinforced ternary concrete with w/b = 0.55 at 28, 90, 365 days. Crimped steel fibers of 30 mm length and an aspect ratio of 60, with four volume fractions of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% were used as the reinforcing material. In the ternary mixture, pre-determined quantities of micro silica (MS) 10% and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) 30%, was used to replace the cement. The experimental results shows that the ternary concrete improves the strength characteristics and the addition of steel fiber further enhanced the split tensile and flexural strength. A significant improvement was observed in impact resistance and impact energy of fibrous ternary concretes over conventional and ternary concrete.

Effect on mechanical performance, early age shrinkage and electrical resistivity of ternary blended concrete containing blast furnace slag and steel slag

The humongous amount of solid waste generated from the steel industry is a challenge in itself for its proper disposal to maintain environmental sustainability. The use of industrial waste as supplementary cementitious materials provides a way to reduce the carbon footprint as well as to increase the utilization percentage of industrial byproducts which are otherwise a burden to the environment. This study investigated the compressive strength, split tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), behavior of early age shrinkage and electrical resistivity of concrete mixes made with the addition of byproducts of steel industries namely blast furnace slag and steel slag respectively. The replacement ratio of the combined admixture was 20%, 30% and 40% respectively and the effects were studied by comparing the results with control mix made with 100% Portland cement. The results reveal that the 7 day compressive strength of ternary concrete was lesser than the reference mix, however, at the later ages the strength was found to be comparable. The split tensile strength showed significant loss when the replacement ratio of either of BOF slag or GGBS was higher than 20% in the combined admixture. All the ternary mixes showed UPV values higher than 4.5 km/sec indicating excellent concrete quality. The early age shrinkage of ternary blended concrete decreased as the replacement ratio of combined admixture increased. The electrical resistivity of concrete showed no significant loss even at higher replacement ratios. This study showed that combined admixture gives satisfactory results and thus provides an efficient way to curtail the cost of construction in an environmental friendly way.

Sound Absorption Characteristics of Ternary Concrete using SCBA and Silica Fume as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

The ambient noise from transportation and in metro politan areas due to tremendous inhabiting density, it promotes infelicitous noise threats, which originates severe health problems to humans and other living organisms. The present study focus on the employment of industrial and agricultural misuse can be adopted in concrete as partly replacement of cement to reduce the cost, also improves the concrete properties and reduce environmental pollution. The main objective is to assess sound absorption of TBASF concrete by partly replace with cement with SCBA (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and additionally 10% Silica Fume. Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength tests were conducted for 7days, 28days, and 56days and sound absorption test was conducted for 7days and 28days. The optimum strength obtained for the mix TBASF15 at all the ages. Further, the results of the sound absorption coefficient (α) of SCBA Silica Fume concrete compared with the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) (α) of parent concrete is carried out by using the impedance tube.

Sorptivity and Durability Assessment of Dolomite Impregnated Ternary Concrete

Traditional testing methods such as absorption test and permeability test are normally not providing accurate results of nature of concrete and there is a need for another type of test to predict the durability of concrete. In this work, industrial by-product like dolomite, marble dust and fly ash are utilized as fraction of cement replacing with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% dolomite, 10% fly ash and 10% marble dust by the weight of cement. The study is conducted on mix designed concrete of M30 grade and compared with conventional concrete. The specimens are casted and tested to examine various properties of concrete like compressive strength, split tensile strength, durability and sorptivity. Durability test is done by hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) on dolomite powder, promising results were obtained in the sorptivity test which shows the dense nature of concrete by the usage of dolomite powder.

Impact Resistance of Ternary Concrete using SCBA and Silica Fume as Partial Substitute of Cement in Concrete

Concrete structures inevitably encounter dynamic loads throughout the planning lifetime of structure. Impact resistance is necessary factor for evaluate the dynamic concert of concrete. To fulfill the necessities of strength and toughness properties of concrete we have a tendency to use the industrial by-products likecoal bottom ash, silica fume, metakaolin, etc., as supplementary building material. During this research work the experimental investigation was investigation to gauge the Impact resistance of TBASF concrete mixby cement is partially substitute with silica fume 10% and also the SCBA 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The Impact resistance of TBASF concrete mix is additionally compared with normal concrete. This study is additionally conducting elaborated investigation of TBASF concrete for mineralogical properties by using Optical microscope and XRD keeping Impact resistance in view. The maximumpercentage of SCBA is obtained at 15% replacement of cement.

Effect of GGBS and Nano Silica on the Mechanical Properties of Ternary Concrete

This paper presents the effect of mechanical behavior of high strength concrete, prepared using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Nano Silica (Average particle size-15nm). Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) was replaced up to 50% and Nano silica was replaced 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by weight of cement. Compression Testing, Pull Out Testing, Split Tensile Testing and Flexural Testing were carried out to characterize the mechanical behavior of high strength concretes at 7, 28, 56 and 90 days and results obtained were compared with the corresponding values obtained for controlled concrete (100% OPC). The entire specimen were prepared, cured and tested as per the Indian standard code of practice. The results showed that compressive strength significantly improved at early age with the increasing content of Nano silica. Compressive, tensile and flexure strength of the concrete with GGBS and NS was found better than that of the controlled concrete. Utilization of this type of material into the public sphere through civil infrastructure can be done by its usage in Dams and High rise buildings where dense concrete is required.

Chloride-induced reinforcing steel corrosion in ternary concretes containing fly ash and untreated sugarcane bagasse ash

The corrosion of reinforced ternary concretes containing fly ash (FA) and untreated sugarcane bagasse ash (UtSCBA) was evaluated. Chloride-ion diffusion at 28 and 90 days, as well as microstructural properties, percentage of voids, and compressive strength (CS) in cylinders were evaluated at 2500 days of age. Moreover, corrosion was monitored in prismatic specimens exposed to a NaCl solution by corrosion potentials and linear polarization resistance techniques. Results show that the combination of FA plus UtSCBA decreased the chloride-ion diffusion and did not affect the compressive strength (CS) of the concrete. For the studied concretes, the combination of FA plus UtSCBA appears a suitable option against chloride-induced corrosion.

Initial Surface Absorption of Cement Combination Concrete

This paper investigated the initial surface absorption (ISAT) of concrete using Portland cement (PC) and some binary and ternary cement combinations containing fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as partial replacements for PC at equal water/ cement ratios and strengths. At equal water/cement ratios, the cement combination concretes have higher ISAT values than PC concrete at 28 days and the disparity reduced with increasing curing age due to improved pozzolanic reactivity of the supplementary cementitious materials. SF and MK as binary and ternary cement components performed better than FA due to their higher fineness, improved particle packing and higher pozzolanic reactivity. At equal strengths, FA binary cement concretes have the lowest ISAT values and these reduced with increasing content of FA. At total replacement levels more than 20%, all the ternary cement concretes have lower ISAT values than PC concrete and the values reduced with increasing total replacement level due to the beneficial effect of FA.

Corrosion Behavior of AISI 316 Stainless Steel As Reinforcement in Ternary Sustainable Concrete Based on Scba-SF Exposed in Seawater

In the present research the corrosion behavior of AISI 316 Stainless Steel was analyzed, as reinforcement in Ternary Concretes made with partial substitutions of the Composite Portland Cement (CPC) by combinations of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Silica Fume (SF) in different percentages, compared to AISI 1018 steel. Four concrete mixtures were made, all with a ratio w / c = 0.65, the percentages of substitution were 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The specimens were exposed in seawater as an aggressive medium, corrosion was evaluated by monitoring the corrosion potential Ecorr (ASTM C-876-15) and corrosion rate Icorr (ASTM G59). The results of Ecorr and Icorr after 150 days of exposure show a better performance of AISI 316 steel, with a 10% of probability corrosion and a negligible level of corrosion respectively, the Ternary Concrete with 20% partial replacement of the CPC by the combination of SCBA-SF presented the best protection against corrosion.

Performance of 25-year-old silica fume and fly ash lightweight concrete blocks in a harsh marine environment

This paper presents the long-term durability performance of semi-lightweight concrete containing various levels of supplementary cementing materials (SCM) and steel fibers when exposed to a harsh marine environment for up to 25 years. Concrete specimens (305 × 305 × 915 mm [1 × 1 × 3 ft.]) were casting using W/CM in the range of 0.26 to 0.60.The depth of chloride penetration was greater than 90 mm (3.5 in.) for all the control specimens (without fly ash and silica fume). However, mixes containing both silica fume and fly ash (with W/CM ranging from 0.40 to 0.60) performed very well resulting in chloride penetration of approximately 40 mm (1.6 in.) during the same period. The results from the chloride permeability testing also indicate significant increases in the resistance to chloride-ion penetration for ternary concrete containing fly ash and silica fume.

Performance of Corncob Ash and Anthill Soil in Ternary Concrete Mixes

Research & Development in Material Science Performance of Corncob Ash and Anthill Soil in Ternary Concrete Mixes John Kamau1, Ash Ahmed1* and Joseph Kangwa2 1Civil Engineering Group, Leeds Beckett University, UK 2School of the Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, UK *Corresponding author: Ash Ahmed, Civil Engineering Group, Leeds Beckett University, UK Submission: December 12, 2017; Published: March 23, 2018 DOI: 10.31031/RDMS.2018.04.000595 Volume 4 Issue 4 March 2018

Modeling of Hydration, Strength Development, and Optimum Combinations of Cement-Slag-Limestone Ternary Concrete

Slag can increase late age strength of concrete, but impairs the concrete early-age strength due to low reactivity. Limestone powder can increase early-age strength, but impairs late-age strength due to dilution effect. The combination of slag and limestone powder can produce a composite concrete with adequate strength at both early ages and late ages. This study shows an integrated hydration-strength-optimization model for cement-slag-limestone ternary blends. First, a blended hydration model is put forward for simulating the hydration of composite binder containing slag and limestone powder. Reaction degrees of individual component of binders are calculated using this hydration model. Second, the gel-space ratio of ternary blended concrete is determined based on reaction degrees of composite binder and mixing proportions. Moreover concrete compressive strength is calculated using gel-space ratio. Third, based on parameters analysis, the isoresponse curves regarding strength of concrete are calculated. The optimum combinations of cement, slag, and limestone powder at different ages are calculated. The proposed numerical procedure is valuable for optimum strength design of cement-slag-limestone ternary concrete.

Corrosion protection of galvanized rebars in ternary binder concrete exposed to chloride penetration

Galvanized reinforcement in concrete with 100% OPC and ternary cement (64% OPC+30% Blast Furnace Slag+6% Limestone filler) interacting with chloride penetration has been considered as a measure for increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures. Results provide evidence for the retardation of chloride penetration in ternary concrete, with higher corrosion rates for lower chlorides at the rebar level. In the presence of chlorides, galvanized coating corrodes locally. Chloride contents of 11.0±0.8% and 6.6±1.4% in OPC and ternary concrete respectively with no corrosion on the steel base provide evidence for the extension of protection with galvanized reinforcement.

Characterization and use of an untreated Mexican sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary material for the preparation of ternary concretes

The effects of the addition of a Mexican sugarcane bagasse ash to binary concrete prepared with blended Portland cement (CPC) and fly ash (FA) were studied. The sugarcane bagasse ash was used practically as received (UtSCBA), with the only post-treatment application sieving through a No. 75µm (ASTM) mesh for four minutes. The characterization of the materials used for the concrete preparation was carried out using RXFE, XRD and SEM/EDS, and the BET methods. Besides the control mixture, three ternary concrete mixtures were prepared: the control mixture (C) with 100% CPC; a mixture with 80% CPC, 20% FA and 0% UtSCBA (T0); a mixture with 70% CPC, 20% FA and 10% UtSCBA (T1); and a mixture with 60% CPC, 20% FA and 20% UtSCBA (T2). The properties of the concretes in fresh and hardened states were studied. In the fresh state, slump, volumetric weight, air content and temperature were estimated, while in the hardened state microstructure, mineral phases, compressive strength, moduli of elasticity and Poisson ratios were investigated. The results indicate that UtSCBA can be considered as a pozzolan even though the LOI content is higher than the maximum allowed in the Standard. UtSCBA particles are heterogeneous (in shape and size) with a specific surface area similar to that of the CPC. Because it has a larger volume of total pores, the use of UtSCBA leads to a reduction of workability and volumetric weight; however, the air content and the temperature in the fresh state are not affected. The results of XRD and SEM/EDS suggest that at early ages both a physical effect of dilution of the CPC and the high carbon content in the SCBA negatively affect the compressive strength of the concretes. However, the pozzolanic reaction of the SCBA is beneficial at later ages. The combination of 10% UtSCBA plus 20% FA did not affect either the development of the strength of the concrete or its modulus of elasticity. On the other hand, the addition of 20% UtSCBA decreased the strength of the concrete at early ages, but after 90days it was similar to the strength of the control mixture.

Performance of Ternary Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Sulfate Solutions

Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist deterioration after it has been exposed to the environment of its intended use. This work examined the performance of combined (ternary) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete in sulfate solutions of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and mixed Na2SO4 and MgSO4, as well as its performance in water absorption. Investigations were carried out on replacements that were found to have achieved the highest compressive strengths as well as on 30% replacements from a previous study. From the results obtained, it was also found that at highest compressive strengths, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in MgSO4 environments, whereas at a higher replacement, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over individual binary specimens in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments. For visual observations, it was concluded that the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments, whereas for strength deterioration, the results showed that the ternary specimens could be used with an advantage over individual binary concretes in both the MgSO4 and the mixed sulfate solutions. Generally, the ternary specimens showed some complimentary effect from the two materials.

Performance of Ternary Class F Pulverised Fuel Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Concrete in Sulfate Solutions

Durability of concrete is defined as its ability to resist deterioration after it has been exposed to the environment of its intended use. This work examined the performance of combined (ternary) Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) concrete in sulfate solutions of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and mixed Na2SO4 and MgSO4, as well as its performance in water absorption. Investigations were carried out on replacements that were found to have achieved the highest compressive strengths as well as on 30% replacements from a previous study. From the results obtained, it was also found that at highest compressive strengths, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in MgSO4 environments, whereas at a higher replacement, the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over individual binary specimens in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments. For visual observations, it was concluded that the ternary concrete could be used with an advantage over the individual binary concretes in Na2SO4 and MgSO4 environments, whereas for strength deterioration, the results showed that the ternary specimens could be used with an advantage over individual binary concretes in both the MgSO4 and the mixed sulfate solutions. Generally, the ternary specimens showed some complimentary effect from the two materials.