Ternary Component Research Articles

Multi-components matching manipulation of MXene/PPy@β2-SiW11Co/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for enhancing electromagnetic wave absorption performance

Two-dimensional layered metal carbides (MXene) have a broad application prospect in electromagnetic absorption, but suffer from poor impedance matching, which limits the absorbing performance. Herein, an efficient nanocomposite absorber was successfully prepared via loading Co-substituted β2-keggin-type polyoxometalate doped with polypyrrole and Fe3O4 on the surface of MXene. Polyoxometalate and HCl as a proton acid doped polypyrrole, with anions attached to the main chain, could adjust the electromagnetic parameters, making the nanocomposites material easily achieve the best conductivity and impedance matching; Fe3O4 introduced magnetic loss, and the freedom of movement of Fe2+ and Fe3+ caused multiple polarization; dipole polarization was induced by defects, dipoles and dangling bonds in nanocomposites; the charge accumulated at the three phase interface and led to interfacial polarization. We had conducted research on the absorbing properties of nanocomposites with different as-prepared unitary to ternary products, loading rates and component proportion. When the filling level was 45 wt%, an optimal reflection loss value of MXene/PPy@β2-SiW11Co/Fe3O4 nanocomposites at only 1.7 mm reached up to −62.6 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth of 9 GHz could be obtained at the low thickness range of 1.5–2.9 mm. These results demonstrated that the prepared nanocomposites wereexpected to be a promising electromagnetic wave absorber with thin thickness and high absorption intensity.

Self-powered Aptasensors Made with the In2O3-In2S3-Ti3C2 Composite for Dual-mode Detection of Microcystin-LR.

A dual-mode self-powered aptasensing platform of photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photofuel cell (PFC) was constructed for Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) detection. Specifically, the In2O3-In2S3-Ti3C2 (IO-IS-TC) composite was facilely assembled on the base of MOF-derived In2O3 hollow tubulars, and the integrated mechanism and photoconversion efficiency are proposed and discussed in detail. Herein, a promising dual-mode sensing platform was constructed using the IO-IS-TC composite as a photoanode matrix with higher output power and obvious photocurrent response. Moreover, the dual-mode sensing platform did not require external bias and the addition of sacrificial agents under visible light irradiation. The enhanced PEC properties can be attributed to the matched energy level of ternary components and the improved separation of photogenerated carriers. Moreover, aptamer-based recognition was adopted to catch MC-LR molecules, which realized the highly sensitive and selective detection. The PFC aptasensor was exhibited at 50-5 × 105 pmol/L with a detection limit of 17.4 pmol/L, and the PEC aptasensor was realized from 0.5 to 4 × 105 pmol/L with a detection limit of 0.169 pmol/L. The proposed aptasensing platform showed good specificity, reproducibility, and stability, which paved the way for the construction of a fast and ultrasensitive PEC sensing methodology for environmental analysis.

Heat transfer in binary and ternary bulk heterojunction solar cells

Ternary strategy is one of the most commonly used methods to boost the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) from a binary blend of donor and acceptor. Fullerene derivatives are popular choices for the ternary component as they could benefit the electrical property. However, the ternary component could also affect other physical properties of the bulk-heterojunction (BHJ). Among these properties, heat transfer has rarely been reported, despite its relevance for thermal durability of OSCs. Here, we employ scanning photothermal deflection technique to study thermal diffusion properties of binary PM6:Y7 and ternary PM6:Y7:X BHJs, where X = PC71BM, ICBA, and N2200. It is found that fullerene derivatives deteriorate the thermal diffusivity (D) of blend films and the device thermal durability, despite enhancing the electrical and device performance. In contrast, when an n-type conjugated polymer N2200 is used as the ternary component, both the electrical and thermal properties are enhanced, with improved power conversion efficiency and prolonged device thermal durability. These results offer a perspective on how to choose a favorable third component. Fullerene derivatives are not necessarily the optimal choice for ternary component for BHJ cells because of the inferior thermal properties.

Mini Review on Synthesis and Characterization Methods for Ternary Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Drugs

Drug dependence and tolerance has become a major issue related to human health and significantly affects people living in the world today. Cyclodextrins (CDs), a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, have been widely used in the field of pharmaceutical sciences to formulate host-guest inclusion complexes with desired pharmaceutical drugs in order to improve their bioavailability and absorption by the human body. To further enhance the properties of CD-drug binary inclusion complexes, the formulation of ternary CD-drug inclusion complexes with an additive (for example polymers, organic acids, amino acids, and co-solvents) as the ternary component have been vastly explored by researchers worldwide. This review article offers a brief but comprehensive overview on various applicable synthesis and characterization methods employed by researchers for the formulation of ternary inclusion complexes of cyclodextrins with pharmaceutical drugs.

Reliability assessment of phased mission systems with ternary components

Phased mission systems (PMSs) appear in many areas of science and technology. A PMS accomplishes its mission in multiple non-overlapping consecutive phases. The system may perform different tasks in the phases under different success criteria, configurations, and environmental situations. In this article, we consider a PMS with components having three states: complete performance, partial performance, and complete failure. The reliability of the system is explored under two different scenarios. The first case is about the PMS with similar components in the phases and the latter one is on the PMS which may have multiple types of components in the phases. To this, in each case, a new version of survival signature is defined for the system which depends only on the system structure and is free of the random mechanism of components failure. Then, under these circumstances, some compact expressions are given for the PMS reliability in which the structure of PMS is separated from the reliability functions of the components. The results are generalized to the PMSs with multi-state components. Some examples and a real practical system are given to illustrate the proposed models.

Microstructural, functional groups and textural analysis of expanded polyethylene reinforced polystyrene composites with recycled aluminium as ternary component

Abstract The aim of this study is to utilise recycled aluminium, expanded polyethylene (EPE) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) to develop a ternary composite. The study was a preliminary investigation into the microstructural, functional groups and textural properties of the novel material. The material was characterised by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) and Branueur-Emmet-Teller analysis (BET). The shifts in the FTIR peaks for each of the polymer feedstock in comparison with the binary composite indicated chemical interactions between them. For the ternary composites, there were shifting of peaks as the proportion of the aluminium increased in the composites, suggesting the influence of aluminium on the curing process. Beyond 20% Al filler, there were no significant functional group changes in the composite. SEM revealed that an increase in aluminium filler percentage led to better interfacial adhesion and dispersion. BET revealed that the blend of polystyrene and powdered EPE reduces the surface area, while the introduction of the aluminium particles within the range observed increases the surface area of the hybrid composites formed. As the dispersion of aluminium increased, pore volume increased while pore size decreased.

Nanocomposite-Decorated Filter Paper as a Twistable and Water-Tolerant Sensor for Selective Detection of 5 ppb-60 v/v% Ammonia.

Ammonia (NH3) sensors proposed for the simultaneous exhalation diagnosis, environmental pollution monitoring, and industrial leakage alarm require high flexibility, selectivity, stability, humidity tolerance, and wide-concentration-range detection; however, technical challenges still remain. Herein, twistable and water-tolerant paper-based sensors integrated over surgical masks have been developed for NH3 detection at room temperature, via decorating specially designed ternary nanocomposites (ternary-NCs) on the commercial filter paper. The NCs consist of a multiwalled carbon nanotube framework with a polypyrrole nanolayer and are further loaded with Pt nanodots. Benefiting from the synergy effect of ternary components, the ternary-NCs exhibit an ultrasensitive response to 5 ppb-60 v/v% NH3 and present high selectivity confirmed by the theory calculations. Remarkably, the filter-paper-based sensors possess outstanding stability against twisting 0-1080°, along with excellent cuttability and foldability. Critically, such paper-based sensors can be integrated over surgical masks for simulated exhaled diagnosis and display superior water tolerance even being immersed in water for 24 h. Practically, the detecting accuracy of the filter-paper-based sensor toward the simulated exhaled NH3, environmental NH3 pollution, and industrial NH3 leakage is validated using ion chromatography.

Physical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Dissolution Rate from Cefpodoxime Proxetil Loaded Self Solidifying Solid SNEDDS.

Cefpodoxime Proxetil (CPD) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin indicated in respiratory and urinary tract infections. CPD is a BCS class IV drug with pH-dependent solubility and has poor bioavailability. This study investigated the challenges of developing ternary components based on solid SNEDDS of CPD for in vitro dissolution rate enhancement and self-solidifying behaviour. Tween 80, Transcutol and PEG6000 were employed as surfactants, solvents and solidifiers for a base of ternary components to develop self-solidifying solid SNEDDS, respectively. Ternary phase diagrams were used to characterize solidifying behaviour of ternary components in different proportions. S-SNEDDS formulations were drawn on the solidification areas available in the phase diagram and characterized for IR, XRD, DSC and in vitro drug release in various pH media. Ternary components for the preparation of self-solidifying solid SNEDDS were selected based on drug solubility. FTIR and DSC characterization studies ruled out any drug interaction between CPD and components chosen to prepare S-SNEDDS. CPD was transformed from a crystalline into an amorphous state in ternary dispersions as revealed from XRD data. Optimized formulation (S-S 1) demonstrated more than 95% of drug release irrespective of the pH environments of the medium. Calculation of dissolution efficiency and similarity factors indicate that S SNEDDS resulted in a higher drug dissolution rate over binary dispersion (p<0.01). The stability studies showed that the S SNEDDS were stable in performances and CPD assay. The present investigation provides an alternative approach for enhancing the CPD dissolution rate using self-solidifying solid SNEDDS exhibited solidification behaviour at ambient temperature conditions and drug loading, which could be exploited over conventional dosage form.

In-situ partial cation exchange-derived ZnIn2S4 nanoparticles hybridized 1D MIL-68/In2S3 microtubes for highly efficient visible-light induced photocatalytic H2 production

Herein, a ternary hollow heterostructure (MIL-68/In2S3/ZnIn2S4) has been designed and constructed through two-step in-situ growing procedures including the sulfurization of MIL-68(In) to produce MIL-68(In)/In2S3 (MIS) and partly Zn(II)-exchange of In(III) to produce ternary MIL-68/In2S3/ZnIn2S4 (MISZ). The thus fabricated ternary heterostructure inherit the microtube architecture of MIL-68(In) and the produced ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanoparticles were well anchored on MIS microtube. Because of the formation of close adjacent heterojunction, the resulting hierarchical hollow heterostructure MISZ would be beneficial to the visible-light induced photocatalytic hydrogen generation. The relative composition of the ternary components was controlled to find the best photocatalytic activities. Interestingly, being free of cocatalyst and using visible-light irradiation source, the optimized MISZ-15 photocatalyst manifest significant hydrogen evolution rate of 306.0 μmol g−1 h−1, which values are evidently higher than the results by binary MIS and pristine MIL-68(In). By integrating the photo-electrochemical and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses, a plausible enhanced photocatalytic mechanism has been proposed in detail. Finally, the ternary MISZ heterostructure shows excellent stability and reusability, that provides a new route for constructing other MOF-based functional photocatalysts for efficient H2 production under visible light irradiation.

Chalcogen-substituted PCBM derivatives as ternary components in PM6:Y6 solar cells

Chalcogen-substituted PCBM derivatives are a promising approach to enhance power efficiency in ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs).

Fast-Charging Anode Materials and Novel Nanocomposite Design of Rice Husk-Derived SiO2 and Sn Nanoparticles Self-Assembled on TiO2(B) Nanorods for Lithium-Ion Storage Applications.

A novel microstructure of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with ternary components, comprising tin (Sn), rice husk-derived silica (SiO2), and bronze-titanium dioxide (TiO2(B)), has been developed. The goal of this research is to utilize the nanocomposite design of rice husk-derived SiO2 and Sn nanoparticles self-assembled on TiO2(B) nanorods, Sn–SiO2@TiO2(B), through simple chemical route methods. Following that, the microstructure and electrochemical performance of as-prepared products were investigated. The major patterns of the X-ray diffraction technique can be precisely indexed as monoclinic TiO2(B). The patterns of SiO2 and Sn were found to be low in intensity since the particles were amorphous and in the nanoscale range, respectively. Small spherical particles, Sn and SiO2, attached to TiO2(B) nanorods were discovered. Therefore, the influence mechanism of Sn–SiO2@TiO2(B) fabrication was proposed. The Sn–SiO2@TiO2(B) anode material performed exceptionally well in terms of electrochemical and battery performance. The as-prepared electrode demonstrated outstanding stability over 500 cycles, with a high discharge capacity of ∼150 mA h g–1 at a fast-charging current of 5000 mA g–1 and a low internal resistance of around 250.0 Ω. The synthesized Sn–SiO2@TiO2(B) nanocomposites have a distinct structure, the potential for fast charging, safety in use, and good stability, indicating their use as promising and effective anode materials in better power batteries for the next-generation applications.

Evolution of core-shell structure induced by Yttrium in Nd-LaCe-Fe-B multi-main-phase magnets

The effects of Y and LaCe substitution in Nd-Fe-B multi-main-phase (MMP) magnets were investigated by co-mixing with the binary or ternary components. The microstructure and magnetic properties showed some differences after Y and LaCe-substitution. The coercivity was increased for the LaCe-substituted MMP magnets with two-types shell structures due to the stronger magnetic isolation between adjacent grains. Y-substituted MMP magnets with one-type shell structure exhibited a relatively lower coercivity due to the deterioration of anisotropy owing to the La/Ce/Y enrichment in the core-shell structure. The La element preferred to migrate to the grain boundary regions in the LaCe-substituted MMP magnets, while it was trapped in the 2:14:1 shell by the inducement of Y in the Y-substituted MMP magnets. This work provides new insights into the fabrication of La/Ce/Y magnets with high performance.

Using fullerene as the third component to boosting the photovoltaic performances of pyran acceptor

Ternary blend strategy has been proved to be an effective method to improve the photovoltaic performance for organic solar cells (OSCs). In this work, efficient ternary OSCs are fabricated with one donor PBDB-T and two acceptors Ph-DTDP-TIC and PC71BM. Ternary components can form a cascade energy level alignment when PC71BM as the third component to enhance charge transfer between the non-fullerene acceptor Ph-DTDP-TIC and PC71BM, achieving improved charge separation and collection in the ternary OSCs. Meanwhile, it demonstrated that PC71BM as the third component can also improve the morphology of the active layer and form suitable phase separation scale. As a results, two binary devices (PBDB-T:Ph-DTDP-TIC and PBDB-T:PC71BM) exhibit moderate power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.80% and 6.74%, respectively. While, the optimized PBDB-T:Ph-DTDP-TIC:PC71BM ternary device can produce an enhanced PCE of 11.07% through adding 40 wt% PC71BM in acceptors, originating from simultaneously improved Jsc of 17.57 mA/cm2 and FF of 70.90%. Our work demonstrated the ternary strategy with PC71BM as the third component can promote charge transfer and transport to improve photovoltaic performance for OSCs.

Insulin-like growth factor ternary complex components as biomarkers for the diagnosis of short stature.

The diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children is not always straightforward because insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) or GH stimulation tests may not be able to discriminate GHD from constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) or other causes of short stature. Boys and girls (n = 429, 0.7-16 years) who attended our department for short stature participated in this study. They were followed up for an average period of 9 years. At the end of follow-up after reaching the final height, a definitive diagnosis was assigned, and all the components of ternary complex (IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), acid-labile subunit (ALS), and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio) were evaluated as biomarkers for the respective diagnosis. All the components of the ternary complex were tightly correlated with each other and were positively related to age. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio differed significantly between GHD and normal groups. IGF-I and ALS levels were lower in GHD compared to children with familial short stature, while IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio was significantly lower in GHD compared to children with CDGP. IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 receiver operating curve cutoff points were unable to discriminate between GHD and normal groups or between GHD and CDGP groups. Despite the tight correlation among all the components of the ternary complex, each one shows a statistically significant diagnosis-dependent alteration. There is a superiority of IGF-I, ALS, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio in the distinction between GHD and CDGP or between GHD and normal groups but without usable discriminating power, making auxology as the primary criterion for establishing the diagnosis.

Carbon nanotubes loaded N,S-codoped TiO2: Heterojunction assembly for enhanced integrated adsorptive-photocatalytic performance

A visible-light active N,S-codoped TiO2 incorporated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized by a multicomponent heterojunction scheme. The synthesized photocatalysts was examined by several analysis techniques. The conventional TiO2, N-doped TiO2, TiO2/CNT and N,S-codoped TiO2 were also synthesized, characterized, and integrated adsorptive-photocatalytic degradation rates were subsequently compared and assessed, for comparative purposes as reference photocatalysts. The parametric study was also carried out to investigate the effect of various operational factors, such as solution pH, the photocatalyst loading and initial concentration of dye solution, on the adsorptive-photocatalytic performance. The best activity performance was attained with the N,S-TiO2/CNTs nanocomposite due to the synergistic effect of ternary components caused by the incorporation of dopants and CNTs in TiO2 lattice, providing a high number of adsorption sites and facilitating the effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers and minimal recombination rates. N,S-TiO2/CNTs exhibited around three times higher photocatalytic performance than that of the binary composites, i.e., N-TiO2, TiO2/CNTs, N,S-TiO2, and about four times higher than the conventional TiO2. Furthermore, the superior nanocomposites were also investigated for their recyclability for five consecutive cycles.

Differing Impacts of Blended Fullerene Acceptors on the Performance of Ternary Organic Solar Cells

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices offer the ability to tune the electronic and optical properties of the active layer by selection of a wide range of molecules; however, their power conversion efficiencies currently lag other competing photovoltaic technologies. One method to enhance their performance is to add a further active material into the absorber layer, resulting in a ternary OPV. However, selecting appropriate ternary blend components to yield an improvement in performance is challenging due to the multitude of materials properties and physical processes that ternary blends can display. Here, we perform a systematic set of experiments on OPV ternary blends incorporating either of the donor polymers P3HT or PTB7 and the fullerene acceptors PCBM and ICBA. Some combinations of ternary blends are shown to outperform the reference binaries in terms of open-circuit voltage or short-circuit current; however, this was not observed for all combinations. Improvements in internal quantum efficiency of the order of 25% were observed for PTB7-based ternaries compared to the reference binary, which is attributed to a reduction in charge recombination. All blends showed some improvement in open-circuit voltage with addition of ICBA due to alloying of the fullerene components, but to differing degrees which is argued to be due to molecular morphology. These findings demonstrate that the benefits one can obtain using a ternary OPV approach vary depending on the materials system to an extent that depends upon the ternary blend morphology.

Interdomain exchange and the flip-flop of cholesterol in ternary component lipid membranes and their effects on heterogeneous cholesterol diffusion.

Cell membranes are heterogeneous with a variety of lipids, cholesterol, and proteins and are composed of domains of different compositions. Such heterogeneous environments make the transport of cholesterol complicated: cholesterol not only diffuses within a particular domain but also travels between domains. Cholesterol also flip-flops between upper and lower leaflets such that cholesterol may reside both within leaflets and in the central region between two leaflets. How the presence of multiple domains and the interdomain exchange of cholesterol would affect the cholesterol transport, however, remains elusive. In this study, therefore, we perform molecular dynamics simulations up to 100μs for ternary component lipid membranes, which consist of saturated lipids (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, DPPC), unsaturated lipids (dilinoleylphosphatidylcholine, DIPC), and cholesterol. The ternary component membranes in our simulations form two domains readily: DPPC and DIPC domains. We find that the diffusion of cholesterol molecules is much more heterogeneous and non-Gaussian than expected for binary component lipid membranes of lipids and cholesterol. The non-Gaussian parameter of the cholesterol molecules is about four times larger in the ternary component lipid membranes than in the binary component lipid membranes. Such non-Gaussian and heterogeneous transport of cholesterol arises from the interplay among the interdomain kinetics, the different diffusivity of cholesterol in different domains, and the flip-flop of cholesterol. This suggests that in cell membranes that consist of various domains and proteins, the cholesterol transport can be very heterogeneous. We also find that the mechanism of the interdomain exchange differs for different domains: cholesterol tends to exit the DIPC domain along the central region of the membrane for the DIPC-to-DPPC transition, while the cholesterol is likely to exit the DPPC domain within the membrane leaflet for the DPPC-to-DIPC transition. Also, the interdomain exchange kinetics of cholesterol for the DPPC-to-DIPC transition is up to 7.9 times slower than the DIPC-to-DPPC transition.

Enhanced electrochemical performance in microbial fuel cell with carbon nanotube/NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheets as air-cathode

The ternary component NiCoAl-layered double hydroxide (NiCoAl-LDH) and carbon nanotube (CNT) nano-composite (CNT/NiCoAl-LDH) were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The NiCoAl-LDH nanosheets were effectively and uniformly grown on CNTs, forming a cross-linked conductive network structure, and stainless steel (SS) mesh was used as the base to load CNT/NiCoAl-LDH for microbial fuel cell (MFC) cathode. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results presented that the CNT/NiCoAl-LDH hybrid exhibited the (003), (006), (012), (015), (018), (110) and (113) crystal planes of hydrotalcite reflection. The surface functional groups C-O, C=O, C-H, C-N and M-O of the hybrid were confirmed. The cross-linked network structure of the hybrid was observed and the content and proportion of each element of the hybrid were found. CNT/NiCoAl-LDH showed excellent catalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) ability by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear voltammetry (LSV) due to its abundant electrochemical active sites and excellent conductivity. The maximum output voltage of CNT/NiCoAl-LDH catalyst as MFC cathode was 450 mV, the maximum power density was 433.5 ± 14.8 mW/m2, and the maximum voltage stabilization time was 7–8 d. The results indicated that the CNT/NiCoAl-LDH hybrid was full potential as a high-performance, low-cost MFC cathode catalyst in future.

NACK and INTEGRATOR act coordinately to activate Notch-mediated transcription in tumorigenesis

BackgroundNotch signaling drives many aspects of neoplastic phenotype. Here, we report that the Integrator complex (INT) is a new component of the Notch transcriptional supercomplex. Together with Notch Activation Complex Kinase (NACK), INT activates Notch1 target genes by driving RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-dependent transcription, leading to tumorigenesis.MethodsSize exclusion chromatography and CBF-1/RBPJ/Suppressor of Hairless/Lag-1 (CSL)-DNA affinity fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) was used to purify Notch/CSL-dependent complexes for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed to investigate transcriptional regulation of Notch target genes. Transfection of Notch Ternary Complex components into HEK293T cells was used as a recapitulation assay to study Notch-mediated transcriptional mechanisms. Gene knockdown was achieved via RNA interference and the effects of protein depletion on esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) proliferation were determined via a colony formation assay and murine xenografts. Western blotting was used to examine expression of INT subunits in EAC cells and evaluate apoptotic proteins upon INT subunit 11 knockdown (INTS11 KD). Gene KD effects were further explored via flow cytometry.ResultsWe identified the INT complex as part of the Notch transcriptional supercomplex. INT, together with NACK, activates Notch-mediated transcription. While NACK is required for the recruitment of RNAPII to a Notch-dependent promoter, the INT complex is essential for RNAPII phosphorylated at serine 5 (RNAPII-S5P), leading to transcriptional activation. Furthermore, INT subunits are overexpressed in EAC cells and INTS11 KD results in G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cell growth arrest in EAC.ConclusionsThis study identifies the INT complex as a novel co-factor in Notch-mediated transcription that together with NACK activates Notch target genes and leads to cancer cell proliferation.DmMSvvPJYVoBWTrbTitSG7Video abstract

Solution-processed multiple exciplexes via spirofluorene and S-triazine moieties for red thermally activated delayed fluorescence emissive layer OLEDs

A series of novel binary and ternary components of the exciplexes as the cohosts for a red thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) dopant were investigated in the solution-processed OLEDs, where 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl] phenylene (OXD-7) as a conventional acceptor, and 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP) as a conventional donor were respectively mixed with two molecules containing spirofluorene and s-triazine moieties (TDP-TRZ or DTDP-TRZ) with excellent thermal stability and high electron mobility as the second acceptors. Particularly, the power efficiencies of the devices with the exciplexes are generally enhanced via this strategy of host engineering. The designed devices could achieve a percentage increase of 179% in the power efficiency, compared with the reference device with single-component host, mainly owing to the synergistic effects of electron block, balanced injection of charge carriers and efficient exciton harvesting. The working mechanism of energy transfer in binary and ternary components of the exciplexes hosted red TADF OLEDs is studied. This work provides a novel device design philosophy with the multiple exciplexes cohosts for solution-processed TADF OLEDs, which would help to simplify the fabrication processing, lower the cost, and popularize OLED technology. • A novel efficient binary components exciplexes co-host system applied in TADF emitter s-OLEDs. • A novel solution-processed ternary components exciplexes co-host with red TADF dopant luminescent system is successfully fabricated. • The power efficiency of TADF s-OLED binary exciplexes co-host exhibited a percentage increase of 179% compared with the reference device. • The synergistic effects of electron block, balanced injection of charge carriers and efficient exciton harvesting occurred.