Ternary Component Research Articles

Curvature sensing lipid dynamics in a mitochondrial inner membrane model

Membrane curvature is essential for many cellular structures and processes, and factors such as leaflet asymmetry, lipid composition, and proteins all play important roles. Cardiolipin is the signature lipid of mitochondrial membranes and is essential for maintaining the highly curved shapes of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and the spatial arrangement of membrane proteins. In this study, we investigate the partitioning behavior of various lipids present in the IMM using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. This study explores curved bilayer systems containing phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and cardiolipin (CDL) in binary and ternary component mixtures. Curvature properties such as mean and Gaussian curvatures, as well as the distribution of lipids into the various curved regions of the cristae models, are quantified. Overall, this work represents an advance beyond previous studies on lipid curvature sensing by simulating these systems in a geometry that has the morphological features and scales of curvature consistent with regions of the IMM. We find that CDL has a stronger preference for accumulating in regions of negative curvature than PE lipids, in agreement with previous results. Furthermore, we find lipid partitioning propensity is dominated by sensitivity to mean curvature, while there is a weaker correlation with Gaussian curvature.

Synthesizing new Bi-structure energetic coordination compounds using ternary components

[Ag(1-APZ-5-HCA)(ClO4)2]n (ECPs-1) has a dual structure of ionic salt and coordination compounds. It also has the advantages of high ClO4− content and oxygen balance, acceptable mechanical stimulation and excellent explosion performance.

Tailored ternary hetero-interfaces with in situ formed CNTs for effective electromagnetic coupling at low/mid-frequency

A ternary component modulation strategy to achieve strong absorption in low-frequency bands.

Performance analysis of a dual-ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle for ultra-low temperature refrigeration

Auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (ARC) is a cost-effective solution for ultra-low temperature refrigeration. This paper proposes a dual-ejector enhanced two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (ETARC). In ETARC, two ejectors replace the throttle valves at the liquid phase outlet of the two gas–liquid separators in the conventional two-stage auto-cascade refrigeration cycle (CTARC). They are connected in series to recover partial expansion work in the throttling process, aiming to lift the suction pressure of the compressor. The ternary mixture component is selected and R600a/R41/R1150 is supposed to be the working fluid due to the best performance. The mass fraction ratio of the refrigerant mixture components, the quality at the inlet of two separators and the expansion ratio of the throttle valve (EPR) of the two cycles are optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) with respect to the maximum COP. The performances of the two cycles at optimum operating conditions are compared using energetic and exergetic methods, and the effect of the evaporation temperature and the condensation temperature on cycle performances and operating characteristics are discussed in detail. The results show that applying the two ejectors effectively improves the performance of ETARC. Compared with the CTARC at the evaporation temperature of −85℃, and the condensation temperature of 45℃, the ETARC cycle exhibits 16.07% improvement in COP, 29.43% increase in the volumetric refrigeration capacity qv, 17.17% reduction in the total exergy destruction rate. ETARC shows significant performance improvement and has a remarkable energy-saving potential.

Molecular Cooperation of Ion‐Free Ternary Complexes Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

Chemical dopants such as ionic additives are essential in hole‐transport layers (HTLs) to enhance their charge‐transport abilities in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, these ionic components often cause issues of ion migration and phase segregation, which limit the reliability and stability of PSCs. Herein, an effective strategy of cooperative ternary components (CTC) is developed to enhance device efficiency and stability by combining molecular additives and conjugated polymers into the conventional 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis (N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine) 9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro)‐based HTLs. All‐molecule‐based CTC enables negligible phase segregation in the HTL compared to ionic doping. The collaborative roles of small molecules and conducting polymer in the CTC blend facilitate to enhance the interfacial charge extraction and the charge transport in the bulk HTL. Consequently, the CTC strategy contributes to a substantial increase of the device efficiency from 14.97% (the control) to 20.14% (CTC), which is among the highest reported efficiency for the ion‐free spiro‐based PSCs. More encouragingly, the CTC‐based devices demonstrate remarkable environmental stability, maintaining 90% of the initial efficiency after about 2500 h under ambient conditions without any encapsulation. In this work, a novel doping approach is provided for the fabrication of stable and efficient PSCs.

Cytotoxicity and bioavailability assessment from thiamin-phospholipid complexation loaded Ajwain oil based self nanoemulsifying system

Poor bioavailability (<5%) of thiamin hydrochloride (TH) primarily relates to its impaired permeability across gut mucosa. To modulate its permeability, a dual system based approach consisting of phospholipid complexation embedded into a self nanoemulsifying system was investigated. Thiamin-Phospholipid Complex (TPC) was developed and its Ajwain oil (AJO)-based self nanoemulsifying formulations (SNFs) were evaluated. Formation of TPC complexation was resulted from molecular interactions held between free bases of thiamin and phospholipid (PL). FTIR characterization reveals that the amino group (-NH2) in the free base of thiamin was physically interacted to phosphate linkage in PL. Single endothermic event in TPC & TH, reveals complexation between PL & free bases as interpreted from DSC data. Their corresponding melting point was 127 °C and 258 °C, respectively. Heat of fusion (ΔHf) in TPC was higher than TH or PL. TPC exhibits a poor conductive environment over TH when diluted with ethanol/Tween20 (T2) medium. Lipophilic character of TPC was confirmed from partition coefficient (log P). Exact combination where ternary components produced fully dilutable nanoemulsion system, was identified using ternary diagram drawn between AJO (incorporated with TPC) as oil phase, and Tween20/Polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG600) as Surfactant/co-surfactant (Smix) at ratios 1:1; 1:2 & 2:1. Seven TPC-loaded self nanoemulsifying formulations (SNFs) were designed which, upon subjected to aqueous phase dilution yielded nanoemulsion with droplet size range 95–190 nm with zeta potential −1.78 ± 0.10 mV. Conductivity and Refractive index (RI) data of SNFs were in the range of 98 ± 7.0 to 231 ± 27 μS/cm and 1.458 to 1.463 units, respectively. In vitro TH release from SNF was determined in hydrochloric (HCl) buffer at pH 1.2, and in phosphate buffer solution (PB) at pH 6.8, data interpretation reveals that TPC delayed the release pattern compared to TH and could be attributed to lipophilic behavior of TPC. Intestinal permeability of drug was assessed from optimized SNF (F1) vs. TH across intestinal gut sac model (Apical to basolateral A→B) resulted in a significant difference in permeability coefficient (1.09 × 10−5cm/h). Antioxidant potential of SNF was demonstrated in the DPPH method. MTT assay of TPC formulation conducted on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (Breast cancer) cell lines showed the developed system from AJO possessed cytotoxicity effect. Pharmacokinetic assessment showed that optimized SNFs produced more than four-fold enhancement in bioavailability over control (TH solution) in the Wistar rat model. Meanwhile Area under curve (AUC) data obtained from TPC (in coarse emulsion) vs.TH produced a significant difference (p < 0.001). It can be concluded that developed SNFs via phospholipid complexation produced lipophilic transformation of TH and its SNFs modulated permeability as well as bioavailability enhancement of thiamin.

Notch pathway mutants do not equivalently perturb mouse embryonic retinal development.

In the vertebrate eye, Notch ligands, receptors, and ternary complex components determine the destiny of retinal progenitor cells in part by regulating Hes effector gene activity. There are multiple paralogues for nearly every node in this pathway, which results in numerous instances of redundancy and compensation during development. To dissect such complexity at the earliest stages of eye development, we used seven germline or conditional mutant mice and two spatiotemporally distinct Cre drivers. We perturbed the Notch ternary complex and multiple Hes genes to understand if Notch regulates optic stalk/nerve head development; and to test intracellular pathway components for their Notch-dependent versus -independent roles during retinal ganglion cell and cone photoreceptor competence and fate acquisition. We confirmed that disrupting Notch signaling universally blocks progenitor cell growth, but delineated specific pathway components that can act independently, such as sustained Hes1 expression in the optic stalk/nerve head. In retinal progenitor cells, we found that among the genes tested, they do not uniformly suppress retinal ganglion cell or cone differentiation; which is not due differences in developmental timing. We discovered that shifts in the earliest cell fates correlate with expression changes for the early photoreceptor factor Otx2, but not with Atoh7, a factor required for retinal ganglion cell formation. During photoreceptor genesis we also better defined multiple and simultaneous activities for Rbpj and Hes1 and identify redundant activities that occur downstream of Notch. Given its unique roles at the retina-optic stalk boundary and cone photoreceptor genesis, our data suggest Hes1 as a hub where Notch-dependent and -independent inputs converge.

Novel Diffusion‐Regulated Layering Methodology to Improve Blend Miscibility and Thermal Stability of Organic Photovoltaics

AbstractExtensive research on bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) optimization has advanced organic photovoltaics (OPVs). However, the need for research addressing the issue of morphological instability and ensuring long‐term durability remains a priority. Herein, a diffusion‐governed morphological modification methodology via a sequential deposition (SD) process comprising ternary components with low miscibility is demonstrated. Sequential coating of a high glass transition temperature (Tg) material and a host binary blend induces a concentration difference between successively coated layers, allowing for effective blending of immiscible materials during solvent evaporation. The enhanced miscibility of the SD‐processed BHJ layer facilitates molecular interactions between the high Tg material and the host materials, thereby increasing the Tg of the BHJ blend. The SD‐processed OPVs exhibit superior photovoltaic performance and suppressed glass transition under thermal stress compared to reference OPVs fabricated via a conventional method. After 500 h of thermal aging at 85 °C, the SD‐BHJ OPV retains over 80% of its initial efficiency, whereas the reference device shows a drastic drop to below 80% of its initial efficiency after only 80 h. This study provides a step toward efficient, long‐term stable OPVs by overcoming the limitations of blend miscibility and poor thermal durability of conventional BHJ systems via a SD process.

Competitive adsorption of VOCs (benzene, xylene and ethylbenzene) with Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOPHENONE magnetic nanoadsorbents

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, are considered a critical factor for air pollution and cause serious harm to the eco-environment and human health. In this study, Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOFENONE were synthesized as new magnetic nanoadsorbents (MNAs) and used for the first time in the removal of gas-phase benzene, xylene and ethylbenzene. The synthesised MNAs were characterized by SEM-EDS, TEM, FTIR, XRD, VSM, TGA and BET analyses. The characterization results showed that the MNAs have mesoporous structure, type IV physioresorption and type H3 hysteresis loop character. In order to clarify the comparative and competitive adsorption behaviour, the adsorption capacity of Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOFENONE MNA was found to be in the order of xylene > ethylbenzene > benzene in both single, binary and ternary component systems. The adsorption kinetics of benzene, xylene and ethylbenzene with Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOFENONE MNA were found to be governed by multistep mechanisms. Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOFENONE MNA showed reuse efficiencies of 83.07%, 84.35% and 82.99% after 5 cycles for benzene, xylene and ethylbenzene respectively. In the framework of the results, Fe3O4@SiO2-NH@BENZOPHENONE MNA, which has a high potential in terms of both adsorption capacity and reuse efficiency, is proposed as a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of benzene, xylene and ethylbenzene.

Microwave absorption performance of magnetic-dielectric Fe3O4@C@PPy composites with a core-double-shell structure prepared by a low-temperature self-propagation method

Microwave absorbers have been developed to counter electromagnetic pollution, and enhancing their performance remains an ongoing concern. In this paper, carbon-coated Fe3O4 and polypyrrole (PPy) were combined to construct composites with a core-double-shell structure, and the influences of multiple synergistic effects from ternary components, carbon defects, and microstructure on the electromagnetic properties of Fe3O4@C@PPy composites were investigated. The Fe3O4@C@PPy composites were successfully prepared by the low-temperature self-propagation method and in-situ oxidation polymerization process, achieving a −53.67 dB reflection loss at 12.24 GHz when the sample thickness was 2.13 mm, and the effective absorbing (RL < 10 dB) band covered 4.16 GHz (13.84–18 GHz) with a corresponding thickness of only 1.63 mm. The core-double-shell structure perfectly integrated various advantages of each component as well as provided multiple reflections and scatterings. Meanwhile, the polarization loss was notably enhanced by heterogeneous interfaces, and the dielectric-magnetic loss mechanism cooperatively accelerated the dissipation of electromagnetic wave energy.

Atomic ternary-doped MnCoZn-N-C for efficient oxygen electroreduction

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for harnessing the clean energy stored in hydrogen and inexpensive metals, but its practicality has been severely hampered by the lack of high-performance, inexpensive electrocatalysts. Here, a new type of ORR electrocatalyst is developed that reflects the atomic dispersion of ternary Mn, Co, and Zn species in highly N-doped carbon substrate, strong synergies in ternary metallic components have been experimentally demonstrated for the exceptional ORR performance, which is most likely contributed by the densely distributed ternary metal/nitrogen moieties. As a result, the ternary MnCoZn-NC obtained an initial potential of 0.99 V and a half-wave potential of 0.88 V for promoting ORR in alkaline and an open circuit voltage of 1.49 V, a power of 120 mW cm−2 when used as a cathode for the Zn-air battery assembly. Our work successfully attempts the implantation of ternary Mn, Co, and Zn species into porous carbon, which might suggest the controllable synthesis of other types of multi-metal-doped carbon electrocatalysts.

Bimetallic CoCu nanoparticles anchored on COF/SWCNT for electrochemical detection of carbendazim

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widespread fungicide used in crop protection, but the CBZ residues in drinking water, fruits, and vegetables can also cause adverse impacts on public health due to direct exposure. In this paper, a ternary synergistic composite of bimetallic CoCu nanoparticles anchored on covalent organic framework/single-walled carbon nanotube (CoCu/COF/SWCNT) was prepared and further applied as an electrochemical sensing platform for detecting CBZ. The sensor showed a sensitive response performance toward CBZ oxidation, as a result of the enhanced charge transfer ability, large electrochemically active surface area, and high electro-catalytic activity from the rational integration of the ternary components in CoCu/COF/SWCNT. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a detection range of 0.001 to 10 μM and a limit detection of 0.65 nM for CBZ detection. In addition, the sensor displayed practical feasibility for the determination of CBZ in water and pear samples with a recovery of 96.1 % to 102.1 %.

Efficient removal of para arsanilic acid with Ca-Al-Fe composite: Performances and mechanisms

Para arsanilic acid (p-ASA) as the one of the sources of highly toxic and carcinogenic inorganic arsenic is frequently excreted into the aqueous systems, raising serious environmental hazards and human health risks. Thus, it is compelling to develop techniques that can realize high efficiency of p-ASA removal while being cost effective. Here, a ternary composite material Ca-Al-Fe was designed via facile mechanochemistry and low-temperature calcination on the mixture of inexpensive and readily available Ca(OH)2, C6H9AlO6 and FeC2O4. The results showed that the resulting Ca-Al-Fe composite was capable of achieving a preferable p-ASA adsorption from water with high adsorption capacity (41.23 mg/g), fast kinetic (30 min), long-term stability and reusability on account of the interfacial synergetic effect between ternary composite components. Furthermore, the mechanism investigation demonstrated that, in the preparation stage, CO2 was liberated by the decomposition of FeC2O4, leading to a favorable porous structure and the formation of CaCO3. In the adsorption stage, the hydrolysis of generated CaCO3 enabled the continuous release of OH–, which induced in situ formation of high reactive Fe and Al hydroxides by Al3+ and Fe3+ to adsorb p-ASA by hydrogen bond and coordination interactions. The current work provides a new insight and direction for the development of high-performance metal composite materials.

Designing novel perlite-Fe3O4@SiO2@8-HQ-5-SA as a promising magnetic nanoadsorbent for competitive adsorption of multicomponent VOCs

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which emerge as multicomponent pollutants through many industrial processes, pose a serious threat to human health and the eco-environment due to their volatility, toxicity and dispersion. Hence, the study of competitive adsorption of multicomponent VOCs is of practical and scientific importance. Herein, the perlite-supported Fe3O4@SiO2@8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (perlite-Fe3O4@SiO2@8-HQ-5-SA) was designed as a novel magnetic nanoadsorbent by a simple strategy and employed for the competitive adsorption of multicomponent toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in the vapor-phase targeted as VOCs. The successfully prepared perlite-Fe3O4@SiO2@8-HQ-5-SA was characterized by means of SEM, EDX, FT-IR, VSM and BET analyses. Adsorption capacities of 558 mg/g, 680 mg/g and 716 mg/g were achieved for single component toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, respectively. It was concluded that the adsorption capacities for both binary and ternary components were significantly decreased compared to single component adsorption. The competitive adsorption capacity order of the binary and ternary component VOCs was xylene > ethylbenzene > toluene due to their competitive dominance. The rate-limiting kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption rates were determined by both the film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion. The analysis of the error metrics demonstrated that the three-parameter isotherm models better described the adsorption data compared to the two-parameter models. In particular, the Toth model provided the closest fit to the experimental equilibrium data. The thermodynamic analysis indicated the spontaneous nature and probability (ΔG° <0), exothermic (ΔH° <0), physical (ΔH° <20 kJ/mol) and a declination in the degree of randomness (ΔS° <0) of the adsorption processes. The reuse efficiency of perlite-Fe3O4@SiO2@8-HQ-5-SA for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene decreased to only by 88.91%, 88.07% and 87.16% after five recycles. The perlite-Fe3O4@SiO2@8-HQ-5-SA has a significant adsorptive potential compared to other adsorbents reported in the literature, thus it could be recommended as a promising nanoadsorbent for VOCs in industrial processes.

Low cross-linked terpenes-based porous polymers with reduced content of divinylbenzene: synthesis, physicochemical properties and sorption abilities

The low cross-linked porous polymers were prepared using terpene compounds (citral, limonene and pinene) and divinylbenzene with a suspension method. The prepared materials were characterized by: ATR-FTIR, low temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption, TGA, swelling ratio and solid phase extraction (SPE) experiments. ATR-FTIR verified the chemical structures of the polymers. All the materials had developed internal structure with SBET in the range of 45–190 m2/g and high thermal stability. Sorption properties of the terpene-based polymers were tested for phenolic compounds (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) and popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, paracetamol and ibuprofen) and an antibiotic (ampicillin) with a dynamic solid phase extraction (SPE) method. The recoveries of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol remained at a level 80–100% for all new materials even for 10–13 concentration cycles. Very high recoveries (70–100%) were also obtained for ibuprofen and aspirin from the citral- and limonene-based polymers using one-component solutions. However, when using ternary component solutions, the maximum recoveries of ibuprofen reached 70%. Paracetamol recoveries did not exceed 20%, while these for ampicillin ranged from 40 to 80%. The performed studies have proven that the process is affected by both chemical nature of adsorbents and adsorbates. Especially in the case of multicomponent solutions, the acid—base balance of solutes in the solution and on the polymer—solution interface should be taken into account as an important factor determining obtained recoveries.

Multiple interfacial Fe3C/MnO/NC composites towards high-performance microwave absorption

Exploring high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers remains a formidable challenge in the face of severe EMW radiation and interference. The incorporation of manganese oxide into carbon matrix magnetic composites is proposed to enhance the EMW absorption properties in this work. Multiple interfacial ternary-component Fe3C/MnO/Nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) absorbers were synthesized through facile hydrothermal, oxidative polymerization and carbothermal reduction processes. The results indicated that the composites designed exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.88 GHz (13.12–18 GHz) at a mere thickness of 1.5 mm. The outstanding performance of EMW absorption can be attributed to the effective modulation of electromagnetic parameters through a large number of heterogeneous interfaces, defects, and magnetic loss. Meanwhile, adjusting the filling ratios of the composites in the absorber also can significantly adjust the electromagnetic parameters of the samples. This work presents effective approach for the preparation of high-performance EMW absorbers with ternary components, as well as a strategy for developing novel broadband absorbers that are lightweight and have thin thickness.

Digital light processing fabrication of porous cordierite ceramics from polysilxoane-based slurries

Herein, a pohotosentive polysiloxane (PSO)/talc/Al2O3 slurry was prepared for the digital light processing printing. Liquid photosensitive PSO was exploited as a triple-functioned material, acting both as the resin matrix, a high reactive Si source and a pore generator. Through adjusting the raw material components, polysiloxane can be sintered with talc and Al2O3 fillers after being pyrolyzed to 1200 oC while pores with variable diameters can be generated. Ternary component slurry prepared based on the above strategy possesses the characteristics of low viscosity, high reaction activity and good homogeneity. Sintering schedule of the printed thin-walled precursor was investigated to guarantee the morphology of cordierite product was consistent with the printed model. This work aims to provide a new strategy for DLP printing of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary and other polymer derived ceramics.

Improving the Performance of Layer-by-Layer Processed Organic Solar Cells via Introducing a Wide-Bandgap Dopant into the Upper Acceptor Layer.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) are conductive to achieve vertical phase separation, tunable donor-acceptor (D/A) interfaces, and favorable charge-transport pathways. In this work, a wide-bandgap component poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) is added to the upper electron acceptor layer to improve the performance of LbL-processed OSCs. Results show that the PVK component can adjust the film morphology, dope the electron acceptor, increase the electron concentration, and improve charge transport. Such n-type doping is verified by Seebeck coefficient measurement, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance characterization. In addition, the fluorescence intensity and exciton lifetime of the PVK-doped acceptor film are increased, thus being beneficial for exciton diffusion to the D/A interface. Therefore, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of LbL OSCs increases when 2.50 wt.% PVK is employed in the electron acceptor layer of commonly-used high-efficiency system and a maximum value of 19.05% can be achieved. The role of PVK played in the active layer is different from those of additives and ternary components reported previously, so the results provide an alternative way to enhance the device performance of LbL-processed OSCs.

Competitive Stripping of Multi-Organic Pollutants from Contaminated Water in Bubble Column Semi-Batch

Air stripping for removal of Trichloroethylene (TCE), Chloroform (CF) and Dichloromethane (DCM) from water were studied in a bubble column (0.073 m inside dia. and 1.08 m height with several sampling ports). The contaminated water was prepared from deionized water and VOCs. The presence of VOCs in feed solution was single, binary or ternary components. They were diluted to the concentrations ranged between 50 mg/l to 250 mg/l. The experiments were carried out in batch experiments which regard the bubble column as stirred tank and only gas was bubbled through stationary liquid. In this case transient measurements of VOC concentration in the liquid phase and the measured concentration profiles were modeled by bubble aeration model (BAM) to fit the experimental data fairly well. The results from batch experiments show that the removal efficiency of VOCs increases with increasing gas flow rate or gas holdup. It is found a pH=10 give the best removal rate, but all experiments were adjusted at pH=8 which allow to study other operating conditions. TCE is being removed faster than the other two components for all systems and a single component was removed faster than binary or ternary system. The KLa values were evaluated by fitting the BAM to the experimental data. It is found that KLa increased with increasing gas flow rate and TCE exhibits the highest KLa values.

High Mobility IZTO Thin-Film Transistors Based on Spinel Phase Formation at Low Temperature through a Catalytic Chemical Reaction.

In this paper, In0.22 Znδ Sn0.78- δ O1.89- δ (δ = 0.55) films with a single spinel phase are successfully grown at the low temperature of 300 °C through careful cation composition design and a catalytic chemical reaction. Thin-film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous In0 .22 Znδ Sn0.78- δ O1.89- δ (δ = 0.55) channel layers have a reasonable mobility of 41.0 cm2 V-1 s-1 due to the synergic intercalation of In and Sn ions. In contrast, TFTs with polycrystalline spinel In0 .22 Znδ Sn0.78- δ O1.89- δ (δ = 0.55) channel layers, achieved through a metal-induced crystallization at 300 °C, exhibit a remarkably high field-effect mobility of ≈83.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 and excellent stability against external gate bias stress, which is attributed to the uniform formation of the highly ordered spinel phase. The relationships between cation composition, microstructure, and performance for the In2 O3 -ZnO-SnO2 ternary component system are investigated rigorously to attain in-depth understanding of the roles of various crystalline phases, including spinel Zn2- y Sn1- y In2 y O4 (y = 0.45), bixbyite In2-2 x Znx Inx O4 (x = 0.4), rutile SnO2 , and a homologous compound of compound (ZnO)k (In2 O3 ) (k = 5). This work concludes that the cubic spinel phase of Zn2- y Sn1- y In2 y O4 (y = 0.45) film is a strong contender as a substitute for semiconducting polysilicon as a backplane channel ingredient for mobile active-matrix organic light-emitting diode displays.