Ternary Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Modeling competitive biosorption for methylene blue removal on rape straw powders using response surface methodology in a ternary dye aqueous solution

The improvement of biosorption efficiency for selective dye removal in a multi-dye aqueous system has become an increasingly significant research topic. However, the competitive effects of coexisting dyes and the target dye in such systems remain uncertain due to complex interactions between adsorbent and coexisting dyes. Therefore, in this research, response surface methodology (RSM) model was effectively employed to investigate the competitive effects of allura red (AR) and malachite green (MG) on methylene blue (MB) removal in a ternary dye aqueous system using three different parts of rape straw powders. In the current design of RSM, the initial concentrations of AR and MG dyes ranging from 0 mg·L−1 to 500 mg·L−1 were considered as influencing factors, while the removal rates of MB on adsorbents at an initial concentration of 500 mg·L−1 were established as response values. The RSM models exhibited high correlation coefficients with adjusted R 2 values of 0.9908 (pith core), 0.9870 (seedpods), and 0.9902 (shells), respectively, indicating a close fitted between predicted and actual values. The proposed models indicated that the perturbation effects of initial AR and MG concentrations were observed on the removal rates of MB by three types of rape straw powders in a ternary dye aqueous system, resulting in a decrease in MB removal rates, particularly at higher initial AR concentration due to stronger competitive effects compared to initial MG concentration. The structures of rape straw powders, including pith core, seedpods and shell, were analyzed using scanning eletron microscoe (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), N2 physisorption isotherm, frourier transform infared spectroscopy (FTIR), Zeta potential classes and fluorescence spectrum before and after adsorption of MB in various dye aqueous systems. The characteristics of rape straw powders suggested that similar adsorption mechanisms, such as electrostatic attraction, pore diffusion, and group complex formation for MB, AR, and MG, respectively, occurred on the surfaces of adsorbents during their respective adsorption processes. This leads to significant competitive effects on the removal rates of MB in a ternary dye aqueous system, which are particularly influenced by initial AR concentrations as confirmed through fluorescence spectrum analysis.

Application of the multicomponent Gibbs-Duhem equation for the activity coefficient evaluation of a ternary aqueous solution with an electrolyte and a molecular solute from osmotic coefficient data

Starting from the solution of the Gibbs-Duhem equation for multicomponent systems on terms of the osmotic coefficient, a method was developed to evaluate the activity coefficients of the electrolytic and molecular solutes of a ternary aqueous solution. An analytical expression of the osmotic coefficient was proposed for the accurate description of experimental data, which is in agreement with the behaviour of the binary systems at the corresponding limiting concentrations. Then the expressions of the activity coefficients of the two solutes were derived, which satisfy the condition of state function through the equality of the cross partial derivatives. Finally, such expressions were applied to the systems water(1)-NaCl(2)-sucrose(3) and water(1)-tetrabutylammonium bromide(2)-urea(3), verifying the accuracy of the proposed method.

Selective Absorption of Aromatic Compounds by Syndiotactic Polystyrene Aerogels

AbstractExperimental measurements are combined with mathematical modeling in order to investigate the selective absorption of aromatic molecules (benzene, phenol, and toluene) from aqueous solutions by syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) monolithic aerogels. The experimental results with aqueous solutions of a single aromatic compound show high absorption efficiency for the non‐polar compounds (toluene: ≈94%; benzene: ≈77%), whereas phenol (polar compound) is poorly absorbed with an efficiency of about 12%. Furthermore, phenol is no way removed from aqueous phase in presence of NaCl while the water salinity do not affect the absorption efficiency toward toluene and benzene in ternary aqueous solution, evidencing also that toluene is preferentially uptaken by aerogels with a superior kinetic and higher diffusivity constant with respect to benzene. The results obtained in this work underline that sPS aerogels can be interesting materials to selectively recover non‐polar compounds from seawater by means of an absorption process.

Volume properties of the ternary systems (LiCl + LiB5O8 + H2O) and (Li2SO4 + LiB5O8 + H2O) from 283.15 to 363.15 K and 101.325 kPa

In this study, densities of the two ternary aqueous solution systems (LiB5O8 + LiCl + H2O) and (LiB5O8 + Li2SO4 + H2O) were measured using an accurate digital vibrating-tube densimeter from 283.15 to 363.15 K at an interval of 5 K and 101.325 kPa. B5O8- in aqueous solution was in the form of [B5O6(OH)4]-. Therefore, the complex aqueous solution of LiB5O8 is in the form of Li[B5O6(OH)4]. Subsequently, the mean apparent molar volume (VΦθ) and mixing ion-interaction parameters (θa,a′v and Ψc,a,a′v, c = Li+, a = B5O6(OH)4-, a′= Cl- or SO42-) against temperature were obtained using the Pitzer equation for the first time. And then, the temperature-dependence equations for the Pitzer mixing ion-interaction parameters and the relevant temperature correlation coefficients of the equation aj, i.e. [f (ai, T) = a1 + a2ln(T/298.15) + a3(T − 298.15) + a4/(620 − T) + a5/(T − 227)] were also obtained through the least square fitting. These volumetric properties and parameterization Pitzer parameters obtained in this work could hopefully be used for the quantitatively predictive calculation of the physicochemical properties of the mixed electrolytes containing lithium, chloride, and sulfate ions at any temperature.

Measurements and Calculations mean activity coefficients of KI in the KI–KCl–H2O ternary system at 298.15 K

Compared to the current popular methods for measuring the mean activity coefficient of the ternary aqueous solution, electromotive force method has certain advantages of rapidity and sensitivity. Herein, The electromotive force measurements were performed on the cell of the type: K–ISE|KI (m1), KCl (m2)|I–ISE, which consists of a potassium-ion combination ion selective electrode (ISE) and iodide-ion combination ion selective electrode (ISE) without a liquid junction. We chose the total ionic strength I range from 0.0100 to 1.0000 mol·kg−1 for different ionic strength fractions yb of KCl with yb = (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8). The experimental results show that the mean activity coefficients of KI can be calculated well by using the Pitzer models and Nernstian equation. Moreover, the Pitzer ion interaction parameters of θCl,I and ψK,I,Cl were fitted using Pitzer’s equations, and the two parameters were used to calculated the mean activity coefficients of KCl in the KI–KCl–H2O ternary system. Accordingly, the osmotic coefficients, water activities, and excess Gibbs free energies in the mixtures were studied in the KI–KCl–H2O ternary system.

Mutual Comparison Studies of Mono and Di Cations in Binary and Ternary Aqueous Electrolytes Solution at 298.15 K

Densities and viscosities of binary and ternary electrolytes solution have been determined experimentally at 298.15 K. The results obtained from density and viscosity measurement have been used to calculate apparent molar volume φv partial molar volume φov at infinite dilution, relative viscosities hrel, A and B coefficients, and free energies of activation of viscous flow of solvent Δ µ10# and solute Δ µ20. The results are discussed in terms of the dehydration effect of the weak ion-ion and strong ion-solvent interactions. The properties of these systems are discussed in terms of the charge, size, and hydrogen bonding effect.

Fluid state transition mechanism of a ternary component aqueous solution based on dynamic covalent bond

Dynamic covalent bonds are reversible and responsive, the external environment can cause change of molecular configuration of the compound system, leading to changes in the microscopic morphology of the micelles, thereby achieving intelligent control of the fluid state. Therefore, this work used cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (CB) and aniline (NA) to develop a ternary composite fluid state transition system with a molar ratio of 60:40:40 (CTAB/CB/NA). The bottle test method, rheology, 1H NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and Cryo-TEM were used to test and analyze the prepared ternary composite system to explore the effects of different dosages, temperatures and pH values on the rheological behavior of the system. The results show that when the pH increased from 3.13 to 7.25, the CTAB/CB/NA solution changed from a low-viscosity fluid to a transparent gel-like fluid, and the viscosity increased from 1 to 4.6 × 104 mPa·s, and the viscosity recovered when the pH decreased again. Therefore, the reversible changes in the viscoelasticity of the system can be triggered by changing the pH of the CTAB/CB/NA solution. This drastic change in rheological properties is attributable to the pH dependent ionization and formation of dynamic covalent bond CBNA, which is shown microscopically as the morphology of the system micelles changing from spherical micelles to worm-like micelles. The viscosity of the system decreases when the temperature increases, and the viscosity is almost zero when it reaches 50 °C. In addition, by adjusting the pH value, the CTAB/CB/NA solution can obtain more than 3 cycles of morphological changes from spherical micelles to worm-like micelles. This pH-responsive fluid state transition system can meet the viscosity requirements of the oil-displacing agent, and can also reduce the adsorption loss in the formation, and has more valuable research in the field of enhanced oil recovery.

Physicochemical study on molecular interactions of ternary aqueous solution containing ionic liquid 1-octyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide and amino acid/glycyl dipeptide at various temperatures

The conductivity and density of aqueous solution containing ionic liquid (1-octyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide, [C8C1Pyrr]Br) and amino acid/glycyl dipeptide have been measured at various temperatures. Additionally, the spectroscopy studies were also carried out. Electrical conductivity and fluorescence spectroscopy data were utilized to calculate critical micelle concentration, cmc at T = (288.15–308.15) K and aggregation number, Nagg of [C8C1Pyrr]Br, respectively. Based on the obtained cmc values, the thermodynamic quantities i.e. Gibbs energy change, enthalpy change, and entropy change of micellization are evaluated. From the measured density, some derived properties like apparent molar volume at infinite dilution, transfer volume, hydration number and apparent molar expansibility at infinite dilution of amino acid/glycyl dipeptide in [C8C1Pyrr]Br solutions were determined. Binding constants between [C8C1Pyrr]Br and amino acid/dipeptide were derived from UV–vis spectroscopic data. The gotten properties were discussed based on the molecular interactions and structural changes present in the studied ternary systems.

The effects of solution type temperature and time on antioxidant capacity of osmotically dried celery leaves

Osmotic drying of celery leaves was studied in two osmotic solutions (ternary aqueous solution and sugar beet molasses), at three temperatures (20, 35, and 50?C), and diverse immersion periods (1, 3, and 5 hours). The aim was to examine the influence of the used hypertonic agent, temperature and immersion time on antioxidant capacity (AOC) and color characteristics of the samples. The AOC of celery leaves was assessed by the spectrophotometric assays (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH), as well as two direct current polarographic assays, hydroxo perhydroxo mercury (II) complex assay based on the decrease of anodic current of hydroxo perhydroxo mercury (II) complex and mercury reduction antioxidant power assay based on the decrease of a cathodic current of Hg (II) reduction. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The relative antioxidant capacity index, calculated by assigning equal weight to all applied assays was used to achieve a more comprehensive comparison between analyzed samples, as well as applied assays.The obtained results indicated decreases in the AOC of celery leaves during the osmotic treatment in ternary solution, while the AOC was increased in sugar beet molasses solution. According to relative antioxidant capacity index evaluation the most convenient process parameters were temperature of 35 ?C and immersion time of 5 hours.

Antimicrobial Zn-Based "TSOL" for Citrus Greening Management: Insights from Spectroscopy and Molecular Simulation.

Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is a bacterial disease that poses a devastating threat to the citrus industry worldwide. To manage this disease efficiently, we developed and characterized a ternary aqueous solution (TSOL) that contains zinc nitrate, urea, and hydrogen peroxide. We report that TSOL exhibits better antimicrobial activity than commercial bactericides for growers. X-ray fluorescence analysis demonstrates that zinc is delivered to citrus leaves, where the bacteria reside. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory calculations elucidate the solution structure of TSOL and reveal a water-mediated interaction between Zn2+ and H2O2, which may facilitate the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals contributing to superior antimicrobial activity of TSOL. Our results not only suggest TSOL as a potent antimicrobial agent to suppress bacterial growth in HLB-infected trees, but also provide a structure-property relationship that explains the superior performance of TSOL.

Optimization of adsorption of metal ions from a ternary aqueous solution with activated carbon from Acacia senegal (L.) Willd pods using Central Composite Design

Activated carbon was prepared from Acacia senegal using H3PO4, it was characterized using FTIR, SEM and BET. Optimization of adsorption of Cadmium, Chromium and Lead from ternary solution with the adsorbent was carried out using Design Expert software and the model validated. FTIR analyses showed the presence of some functional groups such as OH and CC which usually aid adsorption. SEM micrograph showed presence of pores of various sizes on the carbon surface, also responsible for adsorption of molecules of various sizes. BET analyses reported the carbon to have surface area of 427.5 m2/g, width of 5.839 nm signifying a mesopore responsible for various degrees of adsorption. The optimum factors which were responsible for 98.54%, 100.00% and 99.96% adsorption of Cd, Cr and Pb respectively predicted by the model were 145.06 mg/L, 144.15 mg/L, 63.83 mg/L, 8.0, 0.17 g and 8.46 min as initial concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, pH, dosage and contact time respectively. The optimum factors were further validated with coefficient of determination R2 ranging from 0.8267 to 0.9775. These models were also used to predict maximum adsorption of Cd, Cr and Pb from tannery water and ABU dam water, 73%, 82.54% and 87.23% were obtained as the experimental percentage removal of Cd, Cr and Pb respectively from ABU water, while removal from tannery wastewater stood at 62.75%, 85.2% and 77.83% for Cd, Cr and Pb respectively. Acacia senegal pod has been demonstrated to be an efficient precursor in activated carbon production for water treatment.

Antioxidant Capacity of Nettle Leaves During Osmotic Treatment

Osmotic treatment (OT) of nettle leaves was assessed in various osmotic solutions (sugar beet molasses – SBM and ternary aqueous solution – TAS), at temperatures of 20, 35 and 50 °C, under the atmospheric pressure. The influence of the kind of utilized osmotic solution, process temperature and osmotic time on the antioxidant activity (AOC), expressed with the spectrophotometric assays (ABTS, FRAP and DPPH), as well as two direct current polarographic assays, Hydroxo Perhydroxo Mercury (II) complex assay, based on the decrease of anodic current and assay based on the decrease of a cathodic current of Hg (II) reduction. For determination of the total phenolic content Folin-Ciocalteu assay was used. The Relative Antioxidant Capacity Index (RACI), obtained by setting equal weight for every involved assay was applied in order to get an extensive comparison among analyzed samples and between the used assays. Based on these results, after the OT of nettle leaves in TAS, the AOC decreased, while the OT in SBM increased AOC values. The phenolic antioxidant coefficients (PAC), calculated as the ratio between particular AO capacity and TPC, were used to achieve a more comprehensive comparison between analysed samples, as well as applied assays. The results of RACI evaluation revealed that the most favorable osmotic treatment is the one performed for 5h at 35 °C.

Uptake of iron (III)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid complex by phosphatidylcholine lipid film: Part I. Effect of bulk pH

We studied a ternary solutes aqueous solution of NaOH, iron (III)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid complex (Fe-edta), and 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DHPC)/air interface system to clarify the interactions between iron complexes and lipids with a phosphatidylcholine head group. The solution surface tension and pH were measured as functions of the total molality of NaOH, Fe-edta and DHPC, and the mole fractions of NaOH and DHPC. Rigorous thermodynamic equations were derived, in which the overall proton dissociation equilibria of Fe-edta and DHPC were taken into consideration, and applied to experimental data to obtain phase diagram of adsorption. It was found that (1) adsorption of Fe-edta at the solution/air interface with a DHPC monolayer was about 50–130 times higher than that without a DHPC monolayer and (2) when the bulk mole fraction of NaOH was high, Fe-edta tended to be expelled from the adsorbed film. The last finding suggests that the ambient pH significantly affects passive transport of the iron complex through a phospholipid-containing membrane into the cell interior.

Liquid–solid phase equilibria and the frozen ratio of ternary aqueous solution of acetic acid and sodium chloride

ABSTRACTIn this study, we obtained the liquid–solid phase diagrams of a ternary solution of sodium chloride, acetic acid, and water, and a diagram of the frozen ratio of this ternary mixture. Based on the data from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, the phase equilibria of this ternary system were successfully visualized. The formation of the ternary eutectic phase occurred between −34°C and −35°C, and the formation of the binary eutectic phase was suggested around −22°C to −34°C. Higher concentrations of a component had a significant effect on the phase equilibrium. A diagram of the frozen ratio of the ternary solution of sodium chloride at −20°C was also obtained by a simple temperature measurement method. This diagram is useful for estimating the ice fraction at the phase equilibrium of a frozen food system containing sodium chloride and acetic acid.

Glass transition behavior of ternary disaccharide-ethylene glycol-water solutions

Glass transition behavior of ternary disaccharide-ethylene glycol-water solutions, in reference to that of the binary combinations, has been investigated towards a better understanding of their cryoprotective ability. In water-deficient solutions, the disaccharides, including trehalose, sucrose and maltose, can associate with more than 100 ethylene glycol molecules to form amorphous complex, one order of magnitude larger than the corresponding hydration numbers. In water-rich solutions, a second glass transition emerges with increasing molar fraction of ethylene glycol, indicating the possible synergy of disaccharides and ethylene glycol in vitrification of the ternary aqueous solution.

Comparison of liposomal and NLC (nanostructured lipid carrier) formulations for improving the transdermal delivery of oxaprozin: Effect of cyclodextrin complexation

The combined strategy of drug-cyclodextrin (CD) complexation and complex loading into nanocarriers (deformable liposomes or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), was exploited to develop effective topical formulations for oxaprozin transdermal administration. Oxaprozin was loaded as ternary complex with randomly-methylated-ßCD and arginine, selected as the best system in improving drug solubility. The colloidal dispersions, characterized for particle size, zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency, were investigated for drug permeation properties in comparison with a plain drug aqueous suspension, a ternary complex aqueous solution and a plain drug liposomal or NLC dispersion. Experiments with artificial membranes showed that the joined use of CD and both liposomes or NLC enabled a marked increase of the drug permeability (16 and 8 times, respectively) and was significantly more effective (P<0.05) than the drug as ternary complex (3.2 times increase), and the corresponding liposomal or NLC dispersion of plain drug (5.6 and 4.3 times increase, respectively). Experiments with excised human skin confirmed the significantly (P<0.05) better performance of deformable liposomes than NLC in promoting drug permeation; moreover, they evidenced a more marked permeability increase compared to the plain drug (24 and 12 fold, respectively), attributed to a possible enhancer effect of the nanocarriers components and/or of the randomly-methylated-ßCD.

Volumetric Properties and Viscosity B-Coefficients for the Ternary Systems Epigallocatechin Gallate + MCl + H2O (M = Li, Na, K) at Temperatures 288.15–308.15 K

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and active components in tea. In this text, the density and viscosity of ternary aqueous solution of EGCG containing LiCl/NaCl/KCl were determined at temperatures ranging from 288.15 to 308.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The density data was used to compute the apparent molar volumes (Vφ), limiting partial molar volumes (Vφ0), and transfer partial molar volumes (ΔtrsVφ0). The viscosity B-Coefficients were calculated from the measured viscosity data using the extended Jones–Dole equation. The values of density and viscosity increased continuously with the increasing of molality of EGCG and decreased with the temperature increasing. The positive values including (Vφ, Vφ0, ΔtrsVφ0, viscosity B-Coefficients, the free energies of activation for solvent Δμ10≠, and for solute Δμ20≠) and Helper’s constant (∂2Vφ0/∂T2)p close to zero indicated the presence of strong solute–solvent interactions and the structure–making effect of EGCG in the investigated solutions. ...

Modeling solubility of CO2 in aqueous MDEA solution using electrolyte SAFT-HR EoS

The electrolyte SAFT-HR (eSAFT-HR) equation of state (EoS) has been successfully applied to model the solubility of CO2 in aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions in a wide range of temperature (298–413 K), pressure (2.84–7565 kPa), MDEA concentration (18.8–50.1 wt%), and CO2 loading (0.00025–1.31608). A consistent database including 413 experimental data points is used in this study. The eSAFT-HR EoS is composed of the SAFT-HR EoS, the explicit simple version of the mean spherical approximation (MSA) theory and the Born equation. Vapor–liquid equilibrium calculations are performed to adjust the binary interaction parameters (BIP) for H2O–MDEA and H2O–CO2 binary solutions. Having the BIPs between the molecular species, the solubility of CO2 in the ternary aqueous solution of MDEA is calculated by simultaneous vapor–liquid and chemical equilibrium calculation algorithm. Also, to improve the results of the solubility of CO2 in the ternary CO2–MDEA–H2O systems, two additional BIPs (kMDEAH+−MDEA,kMDEAH+−CO2) are optimized using eSAFT-HR EoS. To decide which BIP has the most influence on the results a sensitivity analysis is made. Since the ion MDEAH+ does not exist in the binary solutions, these parameters are adjusted to the solubility data of the ternary solution. The BIPs are considered to be temperature dependent. For the ternary solution the overall average absolute percent relative deviation (AAD%) and mean BIAS percent deviation (BIAS%) are 11.2 and 4, respectively. To verify the ability of the model, the eSAFT-HR EoS is used to model the solubility data of Huttenhuis et al. (2007) for the MDEA–CO2–H2O system at the temperature of 298 K. The obtained AAD% and BIAS% are 25.6% and 5.5%, respectively. The results obtained by the eSAFT-HR EoS are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Osmotic Treatment of Fish in Two Different Solutions-Artificial Neural Network Model

Osmotic treatment of fish (Carassius gibelio) was studied in two osmotic solutions (ternary aqueous solution – S1 and sugar beet molasses – S2) at three temperatures (20, 35 and 50C) and atmospheric pressure. The aim was to examine the influence of type and concentration of used hypertonic agent, temperature and immersion time on the water loss, solid gain, dry mater content, water activity and minerals content (Na, K, Ca and Mg). During experiments, the maximum mineral content has been obtained using S2 solution, concentrated to 80%, at 50C after 5 h of osmotic treatment, at which maximum water loss has been obtained. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been developed for mathematical modeling of observed responses, and afterwards they were compared with experimental results and empirical linear multivariate regression models. ANN models performed high prediction accuracy (0.975–0.993) and can be considered as precise and very useful for outputs production. Practical Applications The osmotic treatment (OT) of food is commonly used technique for food processing, mostly utilized prior to drying and freezing operations, which reduces energy requirements of these processes. This study investigates the OT of fish (Carassius gibelio), in two hypertonic solutions (ternary aqueous solution and sugar beet molasses) at atmospheric pressure. The influence of hypertonic agent concentration, temperature and immersion time on the water loss, solid gain, dry mater content, water activity and minerals content (Na, K, Ca and Mg) were studied. Developed artificial neural network mathematical models performed high prediction accuracy: 0.975–0.993 and can be considered as precise for process parameters prediction and optimization in experimental and industrial applications. The wide range of processing variables were considered in the model formulation, and its easy implementation in a spreadsheet using a set of equations makes it very useful and practical for outputs prediction.

Osmotic dehydration of fish: principal component analysis

Osmotic treatment of the fish Carassius gibelio was studied in two osmotic solutions: ternary aqueous solution - S1, and sugar beet molasses - S2, at three solution temperatures of 10, 20 and 30oC, at atmospheric pressure. The aim was to examine the influence of type and concentration of the used hypertonic agent, temperature and immersion time on the water loss, solid gain, dry mater content, aw and content of minerals (Na, K, Ca and Mg). S2 solution has proven to be the best option according to all output variables. [ Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31055] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;font color="red"&gt;&lt;b&gt; This article has been retracted. Link to the retraction &lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/APT1647105E"&gt;10.2298/APT1647105E&lt;/a&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;