Terms Of Welfare Research Articles

The Two-Margin Problem in Insurance Markets.

Insurance markets often feature consumer sorting along both an extensive margin (whether to buy) and an intensive margin (which plan to buy). We present a new graphical theoretical framework that extends a workhorse model to incorporate both selection margins simultaneously. A key insight from our framework is that policies aimed at addressing one margin of selection often involve an economically meaningful trade-off on the other margin in terms of prices, enrollment, and welfare. Using data from Massachusetts, we illustrate these trade-offs in an empirical sufficient statistics approach that is tightly linked to the graphical framework we develop.

Peran Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) Ruminansia Kota Singkawang Dalam Menumbuhkan Jiwa Entrepreneurship Bagi Para Pedagang Hewan Potong Halal

This research departs from the phenomenon of low public interest in entrepreneurship, this can be seen from the large number of unemployed in Indonesia. RPH Ruminants in Singkawang City seeks to foster an entrepreneurial spirit and create Muslimpreneurs in the halal industry, especially for slaughter animal traders. The role of Singkawang City Ruminant RPH is as a facilitator, regulator and motivator. Supporting factors in fostering an entrepreneurial spirit for halal slaughter animal traders, namely public awareness regarding halal products is already high, consumer interest in halal slaughtered meat is high, entrepreneurship training related to halal slaughter animal products is enthusiastically welcomed by the people in Singkawang City, especially for animal traders Cut both beef and chicken. While the inhibiting factors in fostering an entrepreneurial spirit are the lack of public knowledge about the meaning of halal itself, especially in terms of production and animal welfare, lack of public interest in entrepreneurship.

PENGARUH PENGEMBANGAN KARIER TERHADAP KINERJA GURU DI SMP BINONG PERMAI

Education is one of the studies that has received much attention from scientists. This is because of its very strategic role in improving human resources, Islamic education also gets various kinds of attention, especially in various complex problems that require immediate handling. Teacher problems are in the spotlight, because teachers are the spearhead of any policy or related to education. It is the teacher who will carry out operationally all forms of pattern, movement and movement of change in the world of education. Given the great role of the teacher, teachers are required to pay maximum attention to the development and quality of education. But the problem is, the teacher's own condition has not supported much in that direction, both in terms of quality, professionalism, quantity, and welfare. This research is a qualitative research that aims to determine the effect of career development on teacher performance at SMP BINONG PERMAI. The results of this research indicate that career development is carried out based on qualifications, competence, performance appraisal and the needs of government agencies through mutation mechanisms, promotions in accordance with applicable regulations.Keywords: Career Development and Teacher Performance

Prevalence of Potential Pathogenic and Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli in Danish Broilers.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are important bacteria in broiler production in terms of economy, welfare, and use of antibiotics. During a previous outbreak of APEC in the Nordic countries, it was suggested that the pathogenic clones of E. coli causing the outbreak originated from grandparent stock and were transmitted to the offspring, causing increased first week mortality. This study investigated whether the pathogenic potential of E. coli at the parent and broiler level differs in relation to pathogenic potential described by the level of virulence-associated genes and pattern of antimicrobial resistance. The hypothesis was that, due to higher biosecurity at the parent level, the E. coli population will show a lower level of antimicrobial resistance and carry fewer virulence-associated genes, as a result of fewer E. coli infections observed. From four parent flocks and eight broiler flocks, 715 E. coli were isolated from cloacal swabs of newly hatched chickens (Ross 308). The isolated E. coli were characterized by eight virulence-associated genes and phenotypic resistance against six antimicrobials. It was found that the prevalence of virulence-associated genes and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance varied significantly between flocks, and the virulence-associated genes papC and irp2 and resistance against ampicillin were significantly more prevalent in breeder flocks compared to broiler flocks.

The Environmental, Economic and Social Welfare Impacts of the CCREW Project in China: A Study Based on the CGE Model

Countries around the world have carried out digital transformations to improve their economic resilience. As the largest developing country, China put forward the “channeling computing resources from the East to the West (CCREW)” project in 2022 to balance and promote the development of various regions. This paper constructs a three-region computable general equilibrium model covering the eastern, western, and other regions and evaluates the impact of the project on economic development, social welfare, and carbon emissions in different regions. By simulating the transfer share of the CCREW project, this paper attempts to further reveal the impact of the policy both on regional differences and national development. The results show that the effects of the project are quite different among regions. Our findings can be summarized as follows. (1) In terms of carbon dioxide emissions, the policy will cause emissions to shift from the East to the West. (2) In terms of economic development, the policy will lead to an overall downward trend in the GDP of the eastern and other regions, whereas for the western region, the policy will promote the development of the regional economy. Regional differences may affect the implementation of the policy and its effects. (3) In terms of social welfare, the policy will result in an inverted U-shaped change in social welfare at the national level, which first rises and then falls, and will change from positive to negative when the transfer share exceeds 20%. At the regional level, social welfare in the eastern and other regions will decline, whereas that in the western region will show an inverted U-shaped change that first increases and then decreases. (4) In the short term, the project at the national level has reduced carbon emissions at the expense of economic development and incurred a loss in social welfare.

Coat, Claw and Dewclaw 17-β-Estradiol and Testosterone Concentrations in Male and Female Postpubertal Cats: Preliminary Results.

In the recent past, tissue materials such as hair/coat and nails/claws have proved to be useful for the study of long-term hormonal changes in humans and animals and shown to be advantageous in terms of being collectable without invasiveness, with a benefit in terms of animal welfare. However, studies using these tissue materials in cats are scarce, especially on sexual hormone measurement. In this study, the concentrations of 17-β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were assessed in 20 male and 18 female domestic postpubertal cats at the time of neutering/spaying during the breeding season. Hormones were measured in coat shaved from the forearm (ACOAT) and from the surgical area (SCOAT); claws were collected from the forearms (CLAWS) and the dewclaws (DCLAWS). Although all these tissue materials were shown to be useful for E2 and T long-term measurement, only T concentrations were higher (p < 0.001) in males from both ACOAT and SCOAT samples when compared to females and therefore useful for distinguishing between the two sexes. Within each sex, E2 and T concentrations can be assessed on coat, but also on the dewclaws, providing an alternative, practical, matrix for sexual steroid measurement in postpubertal cats during the breeding season.

노후 근린생활권 정원 활동이 지역 주민의 삶의 만족과 커뮤니티에 미치는 영향 연구 – 경기도 안산시 고잔1동 연립주택단지를 대상으로 –

Citizens’ needs for urban green spaces are on the rise due to improved quality of life and increased interest in environments. The garden is noteworthy because it is small in size, making it less controversial to create in the city, and it is adjacent to the residential area, improving citizens’ daily environment. Moreover, recently gardens is attracting attention as a tool for urban regeneration, such as being created in declining areas as part of a government project. Therefore, it is time to study the role and value of urban gardens in deteriorated areas in terms of space welfare. However, there are few studies that quantitatively evaluate the effects of gardens, and many prior studies are limited to focusing the green space larger than a certain size (e.g., parks and forests). Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effect of garden and gardening quantitatively, paying attention to social aspects such as life satisfaction and community of inhabitants. The study was conducted in an old row housing complex in Gojan1-dong, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do. In there, some of the dwellers voluntarily created outdoor gardens and engaged in gardening for a long time. In addition, after the 2017 Gyeonggi-do Garden Fair, several gardens have been maintained and used by residents there. For the first step, the field trip was done to research the status of the garden in the area, and then, a survey was conducted on whether or not gardening has an impact on the life satisfaction and community of residents. The results were analyzed by <italic>t</italic>-test and ANOVA. As a result, residents who are engaged in gardening are more active in the "neighborhood exchange" and "resident participation" than those who are not engaged in gardening. In addition, if residents voluntarily create a garden, the level of "satisfaction of life" is higher than those staying in the garden which is constructed by the government. And a resident who is gardening in the complex shows higher life satisfaction than those who garden outside of the complex. These results confirmed that the garden has positive effects promoting "exchanges with neighbors", "participation in the community", and "life satisfaction" of residents. It shows that it is important to ensure the right of residents to participate in the garden-making process as much as possible, and the garden’s location should be paid attention to maximize the positive effect of gardens.

Bit use and its relevance for rider safety, rider satisfaction and horse welfare in equestrian sport

Using a bit to communicate with and control the horse while riding is one of the longest standing traditions in horse riding. However, horses’ aversion to bits and high levels of bit-induced trauma have led some to question whether this practice is commensurate with modern understanding of animal welfare. This study represents one of the first attempts to compare horses ridden with and without a bit in terms of horse welfare, rider safety and rider satisfaction. Australian recreational and sport horse riders (n = 399, 94.4% female; Mdn age=46.0 years) from a range of riding disciplines were anonymously surveyed online. Only n = 20 (5.0%) participants reported riding without a bit, however, this is likely consistent with the recreational horse-riding population, given riding with a bit is mandated in most equestrian sports. A whole sample analysis and a case-matched analysis were performed where cases were matched based on horse breed and age, discipline, and rider age. Whole sample analyses found horses ridden without a bit have better relative welfare scores for management, and during riding and handling compared to horses ridden with a bit (Mdn 13.0, IQR 2.0 and Mdn 11.0, IQR 5.0; Mdn 35.0, IQR 9.0 and Mdn 32.0, IQR 6.0; and Mdn 24.0, IQR 3.25 and Mdn 23.0 IQR 4.0 respectively, p < 0.05), but did not differ in relation to health. Fewer ridden hyperreactive behaviours (bucking, spooking, rearing and bolting) were reported for bitless horses compared with bitted horses (Mdn 0.0, IQR 1.0 and Mdn 1.0, IQR 4.0, respectively, p = 0.04), however, rider safety and perceived control were similar for both groups. Riders of bitless horses were more satisfied than riders of bitted horses (Mdn 16.0, IQR 2.0 and Mdn 14.0, IQR 4.0, respectively, p = 0.01) and reported better horse-rider partnerships (Mdn 4.0, IQR 0.0 and Mdn 3.0, IQR 1.0, respectively, p < 0.001). More riders of bitless horses had knowledge of learning theory than riders of bitted horses (55.0% and 23.0% respectively, p = 0.003). Results from the case-matched analysis were consistent with the whole sample results, except for rider satisfaction and knowledge of learning theory which were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that bitless riding is not related to reduced horse control or rider safety, but is related to greater rider satisfaction and improved horse-rider partnership. Considering current challenges to the industry’s social licence to operate due to poor horse welfare, increased adoption of bitless riding may present a valuable opportunity to improve horse welfare.

The influence of workload and compensation on employee satisfaction

It is known that many companies have succeeded in building their businesses; it's just that there is still a lack of company awareness in terms of employee welfare, especially in terms of employee job satisfaction. Employee job satisfaction can be felt from excessive workload or compensation that is not in accordance with the work they are experiencing. While employees sometimes need job satisfaction in carrying out their work in the company, this is necessary so that employees can be loyal and employees love their work more so that results can continue to be maximized, and this is a form of company achievement in treating its employees. Various aspects determine job satisfaction, both in terms of compensation and in terms of environment, workload, superiors, and colleagues. This study uses explanatory research methods where the number of respondents is 30 people, will be processed by focusing on testing the hypothesis of data analysis using statistical methods of validity testing and reliability testing using SPSS software. The following are the results of this study show that workload has an impact on job satisfaction, there is compensation for job satisfaction, and workload and compensation have a simultaneous effect on job satisfaction.

Utilization of Information Communication Technology on Education and Social Change Of Village Community

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) changes people's lives and becomes a vital development tool, including in rural areas. ICT also provides positive and negative social change for rural communities in terms of social welfare, social and cultural ties. The purpose of this study was to get an overview of the use of ICT for social changes that occur in the community in Sungai Sirah village, Padang Pariaman Regency. The method used is a qualitative approach. The results of the study found that most rural communities already use ICT (cellular phones). Meanwhile, computers/laptops are still used by certain groups, such as village officials, youth organizations, teachers and students. Internet is still very limited in use due to limited access/network, expensive data packages and minimal skills. There are social changes in society, limited to ways of communicating, seeking/disseminating information and making work easier. While e-commerce activities (online buying and selling) that can improve the social welfare of the community do not yet exist. Aspects of individual social ties indicate that the need to communicate drives people to use ICT. However, direct/face-to-face communication is still the main thing. Village communities are also less worried about cultural changes due to the negative impacts of using ICT. Because the norms developed in the village are still firmly held by the community. However, filters and anticipation of the negative impacts of using ICTs must still be prepared, especially in schools

CLIMATE POLICIES AND BUSINESS CYCLES: THE EFFECTS OF A DYNAMIC CAP

AbstractEmissions are directly linked to economic output and consequently subject to business cycle fluctuations. The present study analyses the interactions between climate policies and business cycles through the lens of a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. We compare a static cap-and-trade policy with a dynamically adjusting policy in terms of macroeconomic stabilisation, welfare and emissions price dynamics. The results of the quantitative evaluation suggest that a constant policy leads to lower aggregate volatility but is associated with larger welfare costs. In contrast, under the dynamic policy emissions prices and labour markets display less variations.

Resource-specific Orders in European Day-ahead Market Under Different Pricing Rules

This paper addresses two issues that concern the electricity market participants under the European day-ahead market (DAM) framework, namely the feasibility of the attained schedules and the non-confiscation of cleared volumes. To address the first issue, new resource-specific orders, i.e., thermal orders for thermal generating units, demand response orders for load responsive resources, and energy limited orders for storage resources, are proposed and incorporated in the existing European DAM clearing problem. To address the second issue, two approaches which lead to a non-confiscatory market are analyzed: ① discriminatory pricing with side-payments (U.S. paradigm); and ② non-discriminatory pricing excluding out-of-money orders (European paradigm). A comparison is performed between the two approaches to investigate the most appropriate pricing rule in terms of social welfare, derived revenues for the sellers, and efficiency of the attained results. The proposed model with new resource-specific products is evaluated in a European test system, achieving robust solutions. The feasibility of the attained schedules is demonstrated when using resource-specific orders compared with block orders. Finally, the results indicate the supremacy of discriminatory pricing with side-payments compared with the current European pricing rule.

The effectiveness of labor market indicators for conducting monetary policy: Evidence from the Korean economy

The effectiveness of labor market indicators for monetary policy has not yet been theoretically established despite their practical significance to practitioners. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, this paper investigates whether labor market indicators may improve the efficiency of monetary policy implementation by providing the monetary authority with timely information about current economic conditions. To this end, a small open macroeconomic model with endogenous involuntary unemployment is constructed, estimated, and simulated based on the Korean economy. We find that a monetary policy rule augmented by labor market indicators outperforms one using a conventional output gap in terms of social welfare. • The effectiveness of using labor market indicators for monetary policy is unexplored. • This study examines if labor market indicators improve monetary policy efficiency. • We construct and analyze a macroeconomic model with involuntary unemployment. • Labor market indicators outperform the conventional output gap in the Taylor rule.

사회보장적 의미에서의 범죄피해자보호

The most fundamental question in crime victim support is the basis and limitations of crime victim support. It is a question of how far the protection of crime victims will be possible in terms of practical support and intervention in addition to the guarantee of rights in criminal proceedings. If support for crime victims starts with the incomplete fulfillment of the state's crime prevention responsibilities, state intervention will be sufficient to return to the pre-crime state. However, if this is approached in terms of social security or social welfare, the living condition as a more complete and normal member of society should be guaranteed, but if it is approached in terms of crime victim relief, national intervention will always be limited to secondary intervention based on the principle of supplementation.&#x0D; In other words, depending on what ideology the state approaches crime victims with, the method or limit of national intervention in crime victims will differ in its direction. This is expected to have a great influence on the 4th Basic Plan for Crime Victims.&#x0D; Until recently, the most discussed categories are areas where it is difficult to set limits on the state's role, such as the scope of rescue for foreigners affected by crime in Korea, the possibility of rescue for domestic victims, intervention for victims of negligence, and recognition of indirect victims of non-crime victims. In this regard, the 4th Basic Plan already includes the expansion of the structure of victims of negligence resulting in death, domestic crime victims abroad, and domestic foreign crime victims. However, in that this is a basic plan, to what extent it will be realized is also a matter of future policy decisions.&#x0D; First of all, it would be liked to approach the extent to which crime victim protection will be possible from the perspective of social security and solidarity.&#x0D; It is necessary to organize the terms, and to examine specifically what the nation can help by organizing terms that are conceptualized as the basis for national intervention such as guarantee, welfare, compensation, relief and protection. And then would like to examine whether access to intervention in crime victims can be made in terms of community solidarity, and analyze the difference in crime victim protection based on existing theories and social security theories and principles of solidarity.

AI 스마트 하우징 서비스 및 플랫폼 활성화를 위한 사업화 모델 수립에 관한 연구

In Korea, the demand for new housing services is increasing due to changes in the demographic structure, but in terms of activation, affordable and universal housing services are lacking. Therefore, in this study, the necessity of revitalizing the AI smart housing market was confirmed in terms of housing service activation, and through AI smart market analysis, various market participants tried to analyze the market access patterns in two factors: price and function. In addition, it was intended to present a commercialization model including price, target market, and service provided for the activation of AI smart housing.&#x0D; As a result of the study, although there is a difference in the level of functions, various industries in the front and rear are forming the market in terms of the implementation of AI smart housing. As a result of quantifying the functions of 16 similar/competitive markets and alternative markets based on a total of 11 functional levels, it was found that the lowest two functional levels had a maximum functional level of 7.5. In the case of AI smart housing service and platform, it was analyzed that a functional level of about 6.5-8 would be implemented. In the case of the price range, it was found that the distribution method of subscription was determined in the range of 0.11 to 6.49 million won/month. In the case of distribution by purchase, simple products start at about 20 million won, but when implemented with smart home appliances, the price is formed up to about 20 million won.&#x0D; Finally, seven types of commercialization models were established by comprehensively summarizing the target market and characteristics of the target market, price level, platform function, and core customer value (service). It was classified into entry-level, entry-level youth, entry-level elderly, high-end type, 1-2-person household type, high-end type, 3-4-person household type or more, high-end senior type, and high-end type. In the case of the entry-level type, it can be considered for application in terms of housing welfare, which has recently been attracting attention.

The Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Primate Research in Different Settings.

Internationally, primate research takes place in laboratories, zoos, sanctuaries, and the wild. All of these settings present unique advantages and challenges in terms of methodology, translatability, animal welfare, and ethics. In this novel commentary, we explore the scientific and ethical benefits and drawbacks of conducting non-invasive psychological research with primates in each setting. We also suggest ways to overcome some of the barriers. We argue that while there may be greater experimental control in laboratory-based research, settings that more closely mirror primates' natural habitats are generally better suited to meet their specialized needs. More naturalistic research settings, including field studies, may also circumvent some ethical concerns associated with research in captivity, and yield more ecologically valid data.

Impact of early dam contact on veal calf welfare

Dairy calves, including surplus calves, are typically separated from their dam within hours of birth. The aim of this study was to assess the welfare impacts of raising surplus calves destined for veal with their dam for 2 or 4 weeks until transport. Surplus calves from one dairy farm were separated from their dam at birth (n = 39) or kept with the dam (n = 37) until transport to the veal farm at either 2 (n = 50) or 4 (n = 26) weeks of age, with abrupt separation for dam-reared calves. Calf measures of body weight, health, immunity, haematology and behaviour were recorded at the dairy and veal farms. Dam-reared calves had higher body weights in weeks 3, 4 and 5 at the DF, as well as at arrival at the veal farm, but by slaughter this advantage was lost. More dam-reared calves had fever in week 3 and showed signs of disease in week 5 at the dairy farm. Dam-reared calves did not differ in IgG, IgA or IgM levels but had higher counts of white blood cells, which could reflect a higher pathogen exposure rather than improved immunity. Dam-reared calves displayed more fear towards humans in a human approach test at 5 and 7 weeks after arrival at the veal farm, and more frequent social behaviours at the veal farm at 9 and 16 weeks of age. In conclusion, it seems that there may be both advantages and disadvantages to keeping veal calves with the dam in terms of welfare in the current system.

The impact of estimated sub-national purchasing power parity on macroeconomic measures1

Due to the lack of Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) at sub-national level, regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures have been traditionally adjusted using national PPPs. The simplifying assumption that there are no regional differences in a country, and implicitly that all regions of a country have the same cost of living, might lead to regional GDP figures (adjusted for national PPPs) that are biased and might limit the design and implementation of regional policies. This paper tries to overcome this problem by estimating PPPs at sub-national level for OECD countries (TL2 regions) and EU-27 countries (NUTS2 regions) for a time series 2000–2018 through an econometric method, which uses publicly available data and is based on the Balassa-Samuelson hypothesis. This paper also presents the implications of adjusting regional macroeconomic figures with sub-national PPPs in terms of economic welfare, regional convergence and the impact on EU cohesion funds.

The impact of rural–urban migration in South Africa: A case of KwaDukuza municipality

Background: The influx of people to urban areas has strained government resources, increased population-growth and increased housing infrastructure challenges. The government has been slow react in addressing the problems and as a result, crippling the service delivery.Aim: This study aimed to assess the negative impact of rural-urban migration in KwaDukuza municipality to improve the living conditions that have been compromised by rural-urban migration.Methods: The researcher followed the qualitative method of enquiry and the main methods used in data collection were semi-structured interviews. Sampling was done conveniently and purposively. Data was analysed thematically.Results: The high rate of population growth in Ilembe District Municipality is due to the lack of sound economic opportunities in the rural areas. The neglect in regard to the provision of basic infrastructure in the rural areas has also resulted in high rural-urban migration. Rural economic hubs can create rural economic activities and assist in managing rural-urban migration.Conclusion: South Africa continues to see a rise in rural-urban migration due to a lack of suitable and sufficient investment in rural development. Regrettably, due to the country’s economic imbalance, the urban influx of individuals looking for better economic opportunities and employment keep increasing. The study recognises the need of managing rural-urban mobility, which poses a substantial danger to rural development as well as burden on urban infrastructure.Contribution: The study informs the policy makers on labour market adjustment and structural transformation, possibly resulting in economic implications in terms of growth and aggregate welfare of citizens.

Effect of Management in controlling necrotic enteritis in poultry

The prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters has an unavoidable impact on the intestinal environment of chickens. The biggest challenge to the chicken business has been the resurgence of necrotic enteritis, which inhibits growth and feed conversions in preclinical forms and produces high mortality in its clinical form. In terms of performance, welfare, and mortality, it has been one of the most prevalent and economically damaging bacteria infections in contemporary broiler flocks. A multi-factorial disease process known as necrotizing enteritis occurs when many co-factors are often needed to start a disease outbreak. Clostridium perfringens is now identified as the disease's etiological agent, it is unclear whether predisposing conditions cause excessive C. perfringens growth and subsequent development of the disease. Any condition that stresses broiler chicks could impair the intestinal ecosystem's balance and weaken the immune system, increasing the chance of an epidemic of NE. The management of poultry may have a significant impact on NE pathogenesis. For instance, feed limitation and vaccination against coccidiosis can guard against NE, but high stocking densities, excessive house temperatures, and feed mycotoxins can predispose to NE. Understanding the disease's pathophysiology and the linkages between dietary, nutritional, and viral factors and the emergence of necrotic enteritis become extremely crucial. In order to imply managerial methods at the farm level to minimize the occurrence and the severity of the disease in the post-antibiotic era, this is essential and crucial.