Terms Of Water Quality Index Research Articles

Assessment of groundwater quality in terms of water quality index (WQI) and fluoride contamination of Nuapada District, Odisha, India

The physico-chemical parameters and WQI of ground water in all five blocks of district Nuapada are calculated by taking ten samples from each block in the month of October 2019. The correlation study between different physicochemical parameters shows significant negative relationships. The WQI of ground water on Boden block is 472.1, Kharial is 366.7, Sinapali block is 319.82, Komana block is 344.1, and Nuapada block is 225.65. Hence the ground water of all these blocks is E-class and not fit for human use. Among all these blocks, the Boden block is highly polluted. The mean value of fluoride in the Boden block is 6.17 mg/l, the Kharial block is 4.79 mg/l, the Sinapali block is 3.93 mg/l, the Komana block is 4.47 mg/l, and the Nuapada block is 2.86 mg/l. Hence, the present study reveals that the groundwater quality of different regions of the district Nuapada is heavily polluted and not suitable for drinking.

Groundwater quality evaluation for drinking purpose using water quality index in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

ABSTRACT Groundwater is a significant source of drinking water in Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in terms of water quality index. We compared the physicochemical and microbial parameters of 159 groundwater samples. The study showed that conductivity, hardness, chloride, and nitrate were found to be significantly higher in well water and ammonia was found to have significantly higher concentrations in boring water. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient demonstrated a positive correlation between conductivity and hardness, turbidity and iron, total hardness and chloride, and ammonia and arsenic. The drinking water quality parameters including pH, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, hardness, iron, ammonia, total coliform, and Escherichia coli count exceeded National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2022 by 7.55%, 22.01%, 50.94%, 1.26%, 3.77%, 69.81%, 41.51%, 93.71%, and 47.17% samples, respectively. The water quality index showed that 38.36% of groundwater samples fall under grade-E which requires proper treatment before use. Linear regression revealed that with the increase in turbidity and iron, the water quality index also increases. The principal component analysis identified hardness, iron, conductivity, and nitrate as the major variables governing groundwater quality with no significant difference between well and boring water. Results suggest an urgent need for appropriate treatment of groundwater to mitigate pollutants.

Application of Water Quality Index and Water Suitability for Drinking of the Euphrates River within Al-Anbar Province, Iraq

In this study water quality was indicated in terms of Water Quality Index that was determined through summarizing multiple parameters of water test results. This index offers a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any intended use as well as indicating pollution, which are useful in water quality management and decision making. The application of Water Quality Index (WQI) with ten physicochemical water quality parameters was performed to evaluate the quality of Euphrates River water for drinking usage. This was done by subjecting the water samples collected from seven stations within Al-Anbar province during the period 2004-2010 to comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The ten physicochemical parameters included: pH value, Alkalinity (ALK), Orthophosphate (PO4-3), Nitrate (NO3-),Sulphate (SO4-2), Chloride (Cl-), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The average annual overall WQI was found to be 107.59 through the study period. The high WQI obtained is a result of the high concentrations of Orthophosphate and Magnesium which can be attributed to the various human activities taking place along the river banks. From this analysis the quality of the Euphrates River is classified as "very poor quality" ranging poor water at the river upstream near station (E1) and unsuitable for drinking at the river downstream near station (E7) with an annual minimum WQI of 89.34 in 2008 and maximum 112.44 in 2009. The present study demonstrated the application of WQI in estimating and understanding the water quality of Euphrates River. WQI appears to be promising in water quality management and a valuable tool in categorizing pollution sources in surface waters

Assessment of Water Quality Index and Water Suitability of the Tigris River for drinking water within Baghdad City, Iraq

In this study water quality was indicated in terms of Water Quality Index that was determined through summarizing multiple parameters of water test results. This index offers a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any intended use as well as indicating pollution, water quality management and decision making. The application of Water Quality Index(WQI) with sixteen physicochemical water quality parameters was performed to evaluate the quality of Tigris River water for drinking usage. This was done by subjecting the water samples collected from eight stations in Baghdad city during the period 2004-2010 to comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The sixteen physicochemical parameters included: Turbidity, Alkalinity (TA), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), pH value, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulphate (SO4 -2), Chloride (Cl-), Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Ammonia (NH3), and Orthophosphate (PO4-3). The average annual overall WQI was 224.32 through the study period. The high value of average annual overall WQI obtained is a result of the high concentrations of turbidity, total hardness, electrical conductivity, and total solids which can be attributed to the various human activities taking place at the river banks. From this analysis the quality of the Tigris River is classified as "very poor quality" ranging poor water at the river upstream near Al-Karhk WTP and unsuitable for drinking at the river downstream near Al-Wahda WTP and would need further treatment. The present study demonstrated the application of WQI in estimating and understanding the water quality of Tigris River. WQI appears to be promising in water quality management and a valuable tool in categorizing pollution sources in surface waters.

Arsenic hydrogeochemistry, quality assessment, and associated health risks of groundwater through the novel water pollution index (WPI) and GIS approach

A total of 60 groundwater samples from an arsenic endemic region (Fukra union of Gopalganj district, Bangladesh) were collected during the premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM) season in 2016 and were assessed for arsenic quantification along with other physico-chemical parameters such as EC, pH, TDS, total Fe, major anions, cations, and the health hazards associated with them. Anions content was found in the order of HCO3‾(419.7 mg/L)»Cl‾(23.8 mg/L)>SO42−(20.2 mg/L)>NO3‾(9.95 mg/L)>F‾(0.43 mg/L) and cations in the order of Ca2⁺(76.4 mg/L)>Mg2⁺(28 mg/L)>Na⁺(14 mg/L)>K (4.7 mg/L). Arsenic concentration ranged from BDL to 0.18 mg/L, with 90% of samples exhibiting concentration above the WHO permissible limit (0.01 mg/L). The average concentration of Total Fe was 0.14 mg/L considering both seasons. Mean ± SD values of the water quality index (WQI) and water pollution index (WPI) were 78.15 ± 30.67 and 0.81 ± 0.2, respectively. Groundwater quality was unsafe for drinking purposes in 30% of places in terms of WQI and WPI. Human health risk associated with groundwater consumption was assessed through the total hazard index (THI). The mean THI values were 11.32 and 5.45 in PRM and POM, respectively, indicating a greater chance of non-carcinogenic threat to the inhabitants as the final score is much greater than the acceptable limit of 1. GIS distribution maps of THI indicated a severe threat to both children's and adults' health. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hydrogeochemical characterization of groundwater through the Piper diagram and Gibb's plot indicated that Ca–HCO3-rich water and its reaction with arsenic-bearing sediment minerals was the main governing factor for groundwater As-enrichment in groundwater. The study will deliver an outline for a better understanding and management of groundwater quality and arsenic-induced health hazards.

HAZARD EVALUATION INDEX AND WATER QUALITY INDEX ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER AROUND IKWE ONA REFINERY AND SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT

This study was aimed at assessing the groundwater Water Quality Index (WQI) and Hazard Evaluation Index (HEI) around Ikwe Ona Refinery and its environs. Fourty-five water samples were collected from 15 water boreholes following strict sampling procedures and analyzed in the laboratory using the Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Human Health risk was determined by calculating the average daily dosage (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) respectively. The HEI of toxic metals and the WQI were calculated. Arsenic had the least ADD value (0.114 μg/l) followed by aluminum (1.429 μg/l). However, iron (Fe) recorded the highest ADD value (6.80 μg/l) followed by copper (Cu) (5.114 μg/l) then lead (Pb)( 5086 μg/l) respectively. The HQ for the selected toxic metals in the groundwater samples ranged from 9.71E-03 for Total Iron (Fe) to 5.37E+00 Cadmium (Cd). The HI was calculated to be 9.38E+00 while the mean values of HEI were calculated to be 55.77. The results of WQI from the different sampling stations varied from 38.53 (station 6) to 62.14 (station 13), with 14 out of 15 sampling points having a good water quality. The WQI result is in contrast to the HEI results indicating high contamination by toxic metals. This means that in terms of WQI, the 15 boreholes sampled had good water quality concerning WHO standards for agricultural and other household uses except for drinking and other critical industrial uses, except it is treated for the high HEI contamination by toxic metals such as Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, and Aluminum.

Development of Qgis Plugin to Monitor the Health Condition of a Lake

Monitoring the quality of surface water is an important step towards sustainability of water resources. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) is an opensource desktop application which is used for editing and analysing geospatial data. This study aims to develop a QGIS plugin named Lake Ecosystem Tool to monitor the health condition of a lake in terms of water quality index, trophic state index, hazard quotient, aerial water spread and volumetric change and the same can be used as a planning tool for the sustainable management of existing water bodies.

An assessment of water quality index of Godavari river water in Nashik city, Maharashtra

Water resource is most essential basic resource for human being. Today water resource management has become an important issue (Kharake, Pathare, Deshmukh, Arebian J Geosci 14(10):1–10, 2021) for all developing countries. Rapid growth of population and its repetitive activities along the river pose a concerned impact on the river system. The water quality and quantity are under constant pressure by the presence of different human activities like removal of vegetation, industrial activities, and encroachment, domestic and religious activities. These all activities resulted in degradation of water quality. These all problems are largely concentrated in and around urban areas. Keeping this view in the account systematic study has been carried out the water quality of Godavari river in Nashik city. Water samples from 10 sampling stations have been collected during 1st week of June 2019. Physico-chemical parameters have been analyzed by standard method. The Karl Pearson correlation matrix has been established for examining relationship between the water quality parameters, and the study is conducted to analyze the water quality status of Godavari river in terms of water quality index (WQI). The overall values showed good water quality status (WQI 133.44) at upper stream in the study area, but as it enters in urban area water quality becomes deteriorate (WQI 35.01). The field observations reveal that water quality is declining due to many human activities mainly industrial, domestic and religious waste. To analyze the water quality index (WQI) is the main aim of the research with remedial measures to mitigate the deterioration and related consequences in future.

Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): A case study of the Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq

This work deals with the monitoring and assessment of water quality of the Tigris River within Baghdad. Samples were taken monthly from September 2018 till August 2019 for a year, from eleven sites in Baghdad city. The National Sanitation Foundation Index (NSF-WQI) values of river water deteriorated from “medium” to “bad” to “very bad” in almost all the eleven sampling sites. The water quality is found to be most deteriorate during the summer season with an average NSF-WQI value of 34.9 as compared to spring, winter and autumn seasons, having an average NSF-WQI value of 40.8, 43.1 and 44, respectively. Out of the eleven sampling sites, Al-Wathba site (S7) and Al-Rasheed site (S11) is observed to be the most polluted sites. The metal pollution index (MI) model is categorized the water quality of the Tigris as seriously affected where the Iron (Fe) and Lead (Pb), are prominent parameters and most deteriorated in this model. Based on these indices, it is concluded that industrial facilities, city wastewater and intensives communities that living along the river bank are negatively affecting the water quality of the Tigris River.

Sensitive assessment of groundwater-associated, multi-exposure health hazards in a fluoride-enriched region of West Bengal, India

Ninety groundwater samples were collected from Khayrasole and Rajnagar blocks of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon in 2016 to assess the hazards of fluoride in groundwater. Fluoride concentration fluctuated from 0.3 to 17.6mg/L, with 70% of samples reported beyond the modified regional optimal fluoride level (0.7mg/L) with a statistically significant level of p < 1.7E-24. The average cation and anion concentrations exhibited a descending order of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- > NO3- > F-, respectively. Notably, groundwater quality in 50% of the places ranged from poor to unfit for drinking purposes in terms of water quality index. The mean total hazard index (THI) was 1.1 for adults and 1.9 for children, signifying a greater chance of non-carcinogenic threats to both age groups. In calculating the THI, ingestion and dermal pathways accounted for approximately 96% and 3% health hazards, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis identified that the diurnal water ingestion rate, exposure duration, and fluoride concentration were the significant sensitive variables that triggered most groundwater-associated non-carcinogenic health issues, signifying more risks among children. Further, dental health surveys (N = 746), following Dean's norms for classification based on regional optimal fluoride level, designated the borderline grade of the community dental hazard. The subsequent hydrogeochemical characterization directed that dissolution from fluoride-bearing minerals and water-rock interaction, such as halite dissolution and calcite-dolomite precipitation, were the governing factors for F- enrichment in groundwater. This study will serve as baseline data for delineating fluoride-induced dental and other health hazards through sensitivity and spatial analysis in the GIS platform for hazard zonation and effective groundwater quality management.

Assessment of Water Quality of Khari River in Agra District During Lockdown Period using Multivariant Techniques and Quality Indexes

Throughout the world, the lock-down period during COVID-19 (March 2020- July 2021) has reported an improvement in the ecological scenario with controlled anthropogenic activities. This study presents a comparative assessment of water quality of the highly polluted Khari river in Agra district (India) during the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic period of COVID-19. The result was analyzed in terms of water quality index (WQI), the most accessed tool used by various researchers to report the water quality. In addition, Aggressive index (AI) and Langelier saturation index (LSI) have also been determined. Further, multivariate analysis has been performed in terms of principal component analysis (PCA). ANOVA has been used to study the variance of the parameters. The study revealed a positive impact of pandemic on the water quality as the parameters improved during the post-pandemic period as compared to the pre-pandemic period. However, as the river was highly polluted during the pre-pandemic period, strict actions are required for further improvement in its water quality for agricultural, industrial and industrial use.

Assessment of Pollution Load in Terms of Water Quality Index and Modelling of Taladanda Canal and Mahanadi River in Paradip Area, Odisha, India

The modelling of water quality is an integrated source of good management, which benefits the environment and its people. In the present study, the quality of water was measured in terms of physicochemical analysis and WQI. This analysis facilitates the eco-management study of the water. In this article, we have measured the quality of the water in Taladanda canal and river Mahanadi nearby Paradip area in terms of WQI for the year 2017. Five different sampling stations were selected from Taladanda canal and nine sampling points were selected from river Mahanadi. It was found that the water quality index in most of the areas was much higher, however, the water is of poor quality. But in PPL site areas, the quality of water was found to be very poor and not suitable for human use. The pollution load was found to be much higher in the Taladanda canal and moderate in Mahanadi River near the Paradip area.

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index

Water quality index (WQI) is valuable and unique rating to depict the overall water quality status in a single term that is helpful for the selection of appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. However, WQI depicts the composite influence of different water quality parameters and communicates water quality information to the public and legislative decision makers. In spite of absence of a globally accepted composite index of water quality, some countries have used and are using aggregated water quality data in the development of water quality indices. Attempts have been made to review the WQI criteria for the appropriateness of drinking water sources. Besides, the present article also highlights and draws attention towards the development of a new and globally accepted “Water Quality Index” in a simplified format, which may be used at large and could represent the reliable picture of water quality.

Assessment of groundwater quality in Khulna city of Bangladesh in terms of water quality index for drinking purpose

Valuation of water quality index (WQI) is one of the simplest, easily understandable, and efficacious techniques to evaluate the quality and suitability of water for drinking as well as other purposes. This research was aimed to investigate the drinking water quality of tube wells from different areas in Khulna City, Bangladesh, by developing the WQI. Water samples from 59 tube wells were collected from different locations during the pre-monsoon time. pH, electric conductivity (EC), dissolve oxygen (DO), total dissolved solid (TDS), chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), and total hardness of the collected water samples were analyzed for the calculation of WQI. The mean value for pH, EC, DO, TDS, Cl−1, NO3−, and total hardness was 7.30, 1650 μS/cm, 1.60 mg/l, 1188.7 mg/l, 414.6 mg/l, 0.029 mg/l, and 52.03 mg/l, respectively. The calculated WQI values for individual places were distributed spatially through mapping by using ArcGIS software. Based on the WQI values, the drinking water was categorized into excellent, good, poor, very poor, and unfit for drinking purposes. The calculated WQI values ranged from 40.11 to 454.37 with an average value of 108.94. Among all the groundwater samples, 11.86% were excellent, 54.24% were good, 23.73% were poor, 1.69% were very poor, and 8.47% were unfit for drinking purpose based on WQI. The results showed that the groundwater quality of most of the studied areas of Khulna city could be considered safe and suitable for drinking barring the elevated EC and chloride content in some areas. Since Khulna city is situated in the southwestern part of Bangladesh and gradually approaches toward the base level of the Bay of Bengal which might be the source of salt concentration in the groundwater of Khulna city, Bangladesh.

Dataset on the assessment of water quality of ground water in Kalingarayan Canal, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India

This data article aimed to investigate the quality of ground water in Kalingarayan Canal for the analysis of pollution level, Tamil Nadu. In order to understand the pollution status of the canal, nine ground water samples (GW1- GW9) were collected from the downstream side of the canal during the period between January 2014 – December 2016. Nine stations were selected along the Kalingarayan Canal, and ground water samples were collected on a monthly basis from these stations. The parameters like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides, total hardness (TH) nitrates, sulphates, sodium, calcium and magnesium were analyzed to observe the current status of the groundwater quality. Also, the groundwater quality is expressed in terms of Water Quality index (WQI). The APHA method was applied to determine the physico chemical parameters of the water samples. From the investigation, WQI reflects a low quality of groundwater in sampling stations Kolathupalayam (GW3) and Perumparai (GW6) which is mainly contaminated with nitrate and the water is found to be very hard in nature. Also, it was observed that calcium and magnesium content in groundwater is very high at certain stations. Most of the groundwater from this place cannot be used for any kind of industrial processes and human consumption without proper treatment.

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) Using GIS in Lower Bhavani River basin, Tamilnadu, India

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) Using GIS in Lower Bhavani River basin, Tamilnadu, India

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index in Gudur Area, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index in Gudur Area, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI): Case Study; Gorganroud River, Golestan Province, Iran

The most important aquatic ecosystems are freshwater rivers, which are considered as biodiversity and drinking water. In this regard, the quantitative and qualitative study of these resources is an important pillar of sustainable development. Gorganroud is one of the most important rivers in northeastern Iran; therefore the aim of this study was to study survey of Gorgnroud River water quality in Golestan Province using Water Quality Index (WQI). For this purpose, five sampling stations were selected along the Gorgnroud River, and samples were taken from April to August of 2015 every 45 days at sampling stations. The parameters of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite and PH were measured at each turn and the data were analyzed by WQI qualitative index. The results showed that the Water Quality Index at the first station (91/22); at the second station (85/51); at the third station (89.30); at the fourth station (87/14) and fifth station (81/11). The water quality index indicates that water quality of the Gorgnroud River was in a very good quality class during the spring and summer seasons.

Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India

The Kolong River of Nagaon district, Assam has been facing serious degradation leading to its current moribund condition due to a drastic human intervention in the form of an embankment put across it near its take-off point from the Brahmaputra River in the year 1964. The blockage of the river flow was adopted as a flood control measure to protect its riparian areas, especially the Nagaon town, from flood hazard. The river, once a blooming distributary of the mighty Brahmaputra, had high navigability and rich riparian biodiversity with a well established agriculturally productive watershed. However, the present status of Kolong River is highly wretched as a consequence of the post-dam effects thus leaving it as stagnant pools of polluted water with negligible socio-economic and ecological value. The Central Pollution Control Board, in one of its report has placed the Kolong River among 275 most polluted rivers of India. Thus, this study is conducted to analyze the seasonal water quality status of the Kolong River in terms of water quality index (WQI). The WQI scores shows very poor to unsuitable quality of water samples in almost all the seven sampling sites along the Kolong River. The water quality is found to be most deteriorated during monsoon season with an average WQI value of 122.47 as compared to pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season having average WQI value of 85.73 and 80.75, respectively. Out of the seven sampling sites, Hatimura site (S1) and Nagaon Town site (S4) are observed to be the most polluted sites.

Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI) Using GIS in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India

In the present study, water quality of groundwater has been assessed in terms of water quality index (WQI) in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh. Data of 12 groundwater samples each of hand pump and bore well was taken for computing the Water Quality Index using eleven parameters viz. pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Arsenic, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Iron, Sulphate and Dissolved Oxygen. The WQI results show that the overall water quality class is ‘fair’ and water needs treatment