Terms Of Statements Research Articles

Order Polynomials and Pólya's Enumeration Theorem

Pólya’s enumeration theorem states that the number of labelings of a finite set up to symmetry is given by a polynomial in the number of labels. We give a new perspective on this theorem by generalizing it to partially ordered sets and order preserving maps. Further we prove a reciprocity statement in terms of strictly order preserving maps generalizing a classical result by Stanley (1970). We apply our results to counting graph colorings up to symmetry.

Workplace Productivity and Voice Disorders: A Cognitive Interviewing Study on Presenteeism in Individuals With Spasmodic Dysphonia

The objective of this study was to obtain initial reactions and suggested modifications to twoexisting presenteeism scales: the Stanford Presenteeism Scale 6 (SPS-6) and the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire-Specific Health Problem (WPAI-SHP) among a cohort of employed individuals with a focal laryngeal dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia (SD). The study design is a qualitative study. Nine speakers with SD underwent cognitive interviews, during which they were asked to evaluate the relevance of statements and clarity of wording on the SPS-6, the WPAI-SHP, and an additional set of voice-related statements designed by the researchers. Participants were asked to complete the scales, rank order statements in terms of perceived importance, and suggest additional statements of relevance. Although all participants noted that their SD did have an effect on their jobs, there were suggestions for modifying both the WPAI-SHP and the SPS-6. Participants regarded specific voice-related statements that were generated by the researchers to be of greater importance than the majority of the statements on the SPS-6. Minor changes in the wording of the instructions on the WPAI-SHP were recommended. Presenteeism is an important construct to measure in individuals with a chronic voice disorder such as SD. However, existing presenteeism scales might best be administered in conjunction with additional statements that are more voice related so that clinicians can be made aware of specific difficulties encountered in the workplace.

Unmodified electroconvulsive therapy: a false dilemma.

A recent statement commissioned by the Indian Association of Private Psychiatry recommends that unmodified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) should still be used in some settings in India, invoking the principle of beneficence. This paper critically analyses the IAPP statement in terms of both scientific accuracy and ethical principles. It is found that the statement falls short of the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. It is the duty of psychiatrists and psychiatric associations to offer the best available care to their patients, both on scientific and ethical grounds.

Analyzing Compliance Rate of Intended Andimplemented Curriculum Of Research And Thinking Textbook In Sixth Elementary Grade In Maidenly Schools Of Urmia City In Iran

This research tries to present a general image of compliance and consistency rate of implemented and intended curriculum in research and thinking textbook of elementary sixth grade in Iran according to its four major elements. Research is descriptive- survey type. Statisti- cal population contains all elementary sixth grade teachers of maidenly schools in Urmia city. Research's statistical samples are 102 el- ementary sixth grade teachers that are selected as simple random- classified sampling. Reaching to intend curriculum was realized through analysis of thinking and research textbook's content (textbook's all sentences analysis unit). To reach implemented curriculum a researcher made questionnaire was used that contains 43 answer packs and is adjusted based on Likret scale. Research results show that in terms of intended and implemented curriculum of thinking and research textbook, knowledge goals are higher than average. In terms of intended and implemented curriculum, attitudinal goals are higher than knowledge goals average. According to teachers' statement in terms of intended and implemented curriculum, skill goals are reported higher than 4. Also results show that attention is not paid to all curriculum components in implemented curriculum namely from teachers' view point intended curriculum of elementary sixth grade thinking and research textbook in maidenly schools of Urmia city is not available about all components of curriculum in specified notes performing.

Arithmetic of Marked Order Polytopes, Monotone Triangle Reciprocity, and Partial Colorings

For a pair of posets $A \subseteq P$ and an order preserving map $\lambda : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$, the marked order polytope parametrizes the order preserving extensions of $\lambda$ to $P$. We show that the function counting integer-valued extensions is a piecewise polynomial in $\lambda$ and we prove a reciprocity statement in terms of order reversing maps. We apply our results to give a geometric proof of a combinatorial reciprocity for monotone triangles due to Fischer and Riegler [J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 120 (2013), pp. 1372--1393] and we consider the enumerative problem of counting extensions of partial graph colorings of Herzberg and Murty [Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 54 (2007), pp. 708--717].

Meta-Regulation for Green Reporting

The environmental reporting process needed to obtain government permission has evolved into private sustainability reporting, but no clear regulations exist to mandate the structure and guidelines for these corporate sustainability initiatives. This chapter explores how sustainability reporting in concert with other disclosure mechanisms can be controlled by more precise metrics through the use of meta-regulation. Corporate sustainability reports are similarly situated with corporate securities and financial statements in terms of their intended audience; shareholders, but unlike those reporting requirements sustainability reporting has typically suffered from a lack of standardization. This lack of any cohesive regulatory framework minimizes the effectiveness of corporate environmental reporting.

Reporting Policies of ISPs: Do General Terms and Conditions (GTCs) Match with the Reality?

Technological progress allows Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to carry out network management practices in a discriminatory fashion without being detected by their customers. This creates an opportunity that providers will exploit this information asymmetry in an opportunistic way by blocking and/or throttling certain services and applications without informing their customers in an adequate fashion that their Internet service is a restricted one. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the extent to which reporting policies – as implemented through the General Terms and Conditions (GTCs) – of selected ISPs match with the display of discriminatory behavior by those ISPs as shown by Grove & Agic, (2012). Our analysis examines whether ISPs in Europe and the USA are informing their subscribers adequately about discriminatory traffic management. We, thus, analyze GTCs, signed between ISPs and their subscribers by applying a cross-country/provider approach, focusing on three main aspects of the contractual agreement: (1) availability of service, (2) obligations of the customers and (3) the contractual agreements concerning any intervention in services by ISPs. First results show that no significant evidence of contractual transparency regarding the actual adverse deployment of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) and similar traffic management tools by the ISPs could be found. This supports the general goal to promote transparency regarding ISPs´ traffic management routines by suggesting compulsory rules that should oblige providers to make more accurate statements in terms of their general business practices. For policy makers, this is yet another factor that needs to be taken into account regarding potential regulatory interventions in this field and an explicit network neutrality stipulation may be required in order to safeguard the openness of the Internet and protect consumers´ basic rights of information and well-grounded choice.

Analytic Study of Three-Dimensional Single Cell Migration with and without Proteolytic Enzymes

Cell motility is a fundamental physiological process that regulates cellular fate in healthy and diseased systems. Cells cultured in 3D environments often exhibit biphasic dependence of migration speed with cell adhesion. Much is not understood about this very common behavior. A phenomenological model for 3D single-cell migration that exhibits biphasic behavior and highlights the important role of steric hindrance is developed and studied analytically. Changes in the biphasic behavior in the presence of proteolytic enzymes are investigated. Our methods produce a framework to determine analytic formulae for the mean cell speed, allowing general statements in terms of parameters to be explored, which will be useful when interpreting future experimental results. Our formula for mean cell speed as a function of ligand concentration generalizes and extends previous computational models that have shown good agreement with in vitro experiments.

DartWiki: A Semantic Wiki for Ontology-Based Knowledge Integration in the Biomedical Domain

Semantic Web languages and technologies can be used for the annotation, classification, and organization of knowledge assets and digital artifacts based on biomedical ontologies. In this paper, we present a semantic wiki, named DartWiki, to build ontology-based digital encyclopedia for the biomedicine domain. DartWiki provides a Web-based interface for accessing knowledge artifacts in both per-artifact and per-concept mode. In the per-artifact mode, users can access these artifacts, and annotate them in both short texts and logical statements in terms of domain ontologies. In the concept-based mode, users can navigate a graph of concepts, and review and edit the synthesized page about a selected concept, which contains meaningful information about the concept, and also its related concepts and artifacts. Smooth transitions between the two modes are achieved through semantic links. As a use case of the DartWiki, we provide an open platform for the management and maintenance of digital artifacts in Integrated Medicine. This system provides medical practitioners with relevant and trustworthy knowledge artifacts, and also means to input artifacts, to clarify their meaning, and to check and improve their quality, which encourages the inclusion and participation of users, and effectively creates an online community around knowledge sharing.

Projection and slicing theorems in Heisenberg groups

We study the behavior of the Hausdorff dimension of sets in the Heisenberg group Hn, n∈N, with a sub-Riemannian metric under projections onto horizontal and vertical subgroups, and under slicing by translates of vertical subgroups. We formulate almost sure statements in terms of a natural measure on the Grassmannian of isotropic subspaces.

Comparative optimism: a framework for understanding positive sexual minority experience

Comparative optimism is the belief that negative events are more likely to happen to others and positive events are more likely to happen to the self. This research considers the impact of sexual orientation on comparative optimism, specifically in relation to positive life events. Participants were 392 adult women and men (18–63 years old) who self-identified as either heterosexual (n = 332) or a sexual minority (n = 60). Participants rated 10 general positive event statements and 10 minority salient positive event statements in terms of how likely they would happen to themselves in comparison to two different comparison targets: a member of the ‘general population’ and an individual who is ‘similar to self’. For general positive event statements, sexual minority and heterosexual participants displayed similar levels of comparative optimism. This was true for both comparison targets. For minority salient positive events, sexual minorities were more optimistic than heterosexual participants when making comparisons to a member of the general population but not when comparing to someone ‘similar to self’. These findings suggest that in order to fully and accurately interpret the comparative optimism literature, participant identity as well as who participants are comparing themselves to (based on either instructions or spontaneous comparisons) needs to be considered. Ultimately, these findings suggest that comparative optimism may provide a useful framework for further understanding the positive minority experience.

Team Task Analysis

As a constructive replication and extension of Arthur, Edwards, Bell, Villado, and Bennett (2005), the objective of the current study was to further investigate the efficacy of team relatedness and team workflow ratings (along with their composite) as metrics of interdependence. Although an analysis of task and job interdependence has important implications and uses in domains such as job design, selection, and training, the job analysis literature has been slow to develop an effective method to identify team-based tasks and jobs. To achieve the study's objectives, 140 F-16 fighter pilots (35 four-person teams) rated 34 task and activity statements in terms of their team relatedness and team workflow. The results indicated that team relatedness and team workflow effectively differentiated between tasks with varying levels of interdependency (as identified by instructor pilots who served as subject matter experts) within the same job. In addition, teams that accurately perceived the level of interdependency performed better on a four-ship F-16 flight-training program than those that did not. Team relatedness and team workflow ratings can effectively differentiate between tasks with varying levels of interdependency. Like traditional individual task or job analysis, this information can serve as the basis for specified human resource functions and interventions, and as diagnostic indicators as well.

Research Area: Social Psychology

The importance of bad or negative life events has been emphasised primarily all across in different domains of psychological literature (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, & Vohs, 2001). In the present research, this supremacy of negative events was re-examined by adopting a novel method of Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2000). In addition, positive life events was also compared and contrasted with the negative life events. Participants responded to 20 positive and negative life event statements in terms of either the event taking place in a near or temporally proximal condition (yesterday) or far or temporally distal condition (one year ago) and whether these life events happened to them or others (social distances). Two hundred and fifty six participants (110 males and 146 females, Mage=24.63, SD=6.08) were randomly assigned to a 2 (temporal distance: proximal vs. distal) x 2 (events: positive vs. negative) x 2 (social distance: self vs. others) mixed-factorial design experiment, where each participant was presented with a Life Perception Scale(LPS). The findings supported the hypotheses that greater psychological distance (temporal and social)indeed leads to decreased positivity and negativity associated in its perception. Further, perception of temporally distal events (both positive and negative) was found to have significantly lesser impact than temporally proximal events. Events (both positive and negative) perceived for another person (socially distal) showed a significant impact reduction as well; perceptions of negative or positive events for another person were indeed considered less positive or negative.

An Examination of The Relationship Between Academic Achievement And Employment Expectations of University Students

The main objective of this project is to determine the relationship between employment expectation and academic efficiency of university students. To that general objective, this study investigated the whether their academic efficiency levels varied meaningfully depending on several variables as the gender, graduated high school, university, faculty, class, perceptions towards education problems. Also, this study found out whether their employment expectation varied meaningfully depending on several variables as university, faculty and working and no working. The research data was collected through “The Academic Behavior Scale (ABS), and “Employment Expectations Scale(EES), developed by the researchers. 27 items were established when developing the ABS, 18 items were established when developing the EES and item total correlation was calculated for scales. 27 items and 18 items found to be meaningful as a result of these analyses were then examined by factor analysis for construct validity of the scales. A three-factor scale (ABS) comprising 16 items and a factor scale (EES) comprising 5 items was obtained as a result of this analysis. Reliability coefficients for the (ABS)whole scale and the three sub-dimensions determined by varimax rotation were calculated through Cronbach α Formula. The Chi-Square test was employed to test the construct validity of the scales could be determined. The findings from this study revealed that the scale is a valid and reliable and that generally university students’ level of agreement with the efficiency and expectation statements in terms of both the scales and the sub dimensions of ABS was upper medium.

Análise do impacto da substituição da DOAR pela DFC: um estudo sob a perspectiva do value-relevance

Nos últimos 40 anos, diversos estudos têm se voltado para a discussão da relevância da informação contábil. São os denominados estudos de value relevance da informação contábil. Neles utilizam-se estudos, variáveis contábeis para tentar explicar o comportamento do preço das ações. O foco é verificar, por meio de análise de regressão, se certa informação contábil tem conteúdo informacional para o mercado de capitais. Nesse contexto insere-se este artigo, que tem por objetivo analisar o impacto da substituição da DOAR (Demonstração das Origens e Aplicações de Recursos) pela DFC (Demonstração dos Fluxos de Caixa), implementada pelas mudanças nas normas contábeis brasileiras vigentes para o exercício de 2008. Para tanto, analisa-se a questão do value relevance das origens de recursos das operações (OROPA) provenientes da DOAR e do fluxo de caixa operacional (FCOPA) proveniente da DFC, para os exercícios de 2005 a 2007, das empresas não financeiras de capital aberto listadas na base de dados Melhores e Maiores da FIPECAFI-EXAME. As evidências empíricas encontradas apontam que o Fluxo de Caixa Operacional (FCOPA) é mais relevante que as Origens de Recursos das Operações (OROPA) para o mercado de capitais, sugerindo que a substituição da DOAR pela DFC foi benéfica para os usuários da informação contábil no Brasil, pois acrescentou relevância às informações, embora estudos anteriores tenham apontado a DOAR como uma demonstração mais rica em informação, ou seja, uma demonstração que permite ao usuário extrair dela mais informação. Uma justificativa plausível para esse achado é o fato de a DFC ser uma demonstração mais fácil de ser compreendida e mais amigável, principalmente para os usuários menos familiarizados com a Contabilidade, o que faz com que seja mais utilizada.

Assessing quality of financial reporting through audit reports: the case of Greek municipalities

In this paper, we examine the level of information quality obtained by the end-of-the-year accrual financial statements of Greek municipalities in terms of accounting principles compliance. The level of compliance is measured by two alternative compliance indices developed on the basis of data retrieved by auditors’ reports. Our results indicate that there is room for improvement in relation to the quality of the information content of municipalities’ financial reports. Additionally, variables that relate to the auditor size as well as to the municipality size, wealth and experience in accrual accounting were found to exhibit an influential role on the quality of the accounting information provided to stakeholders through end-of-the-year financial statements in terms of accounting standards compliance. The paper attempts to assess whether the introduction of accrual accounting in a public sector setting succeeded in producing the expected quality of accounting information in practice via analysing compliance with accounting standards.

マックス・ヴェーバーにおける中国の統語論的に合理的な言語と「視覚的」な直観的文字

Chinese script was one of the important issues in Weber's “Confucianism and Taoism,” but this has been neglected in studies of his sociology. He emphasized the character of the Chinese script formally, but did not elaborate on this point. He looked on the Chinese script as “anschaulich”. This German adjective means ‘visual’ or ‘intuitive’. He claimed that he “merely reproduced what Sinologists such as W. Grube had said about Chinese language and script”. This paper shows that Weber went beyond reproduction of what Sinologists had said, interpreting their statements in terms of his own theories about such concepts as “rational”. He referred to the “rational qualities of the Chinese tongue's structure.” But he took the concept “anschaulich” from Grube's theory. Weber contrasted what he saw as the syntactically rational Chinese language with the “anschaulich” script.

Nonlocal nonlinear formulations for bending of classical and shear deformation theories of beams and plates

The classical and shear deformation beam and plate theories are reformulated using the nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen and the von Kármán nonlinear strains. The equations of equilibrium of the nonlocal beam theories are derived, and virtual work statements in terms of the generalized displacements are presented for use with the finite element model development. The governing equilibrium equations of the classical and first-order shear deformation theories of plates with the von Kármán nonlinearity are also formulated. The theoretical development presented herein should serve to obtain the finite element results and determine the effect of the geometric nonlinearity and nonlocal constitutive relations on bending response.

Clergy Employment, Judicial Review and the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland

The Revd Allan Macdonald was inducted as Free Presbyterian Minister at Daviot, Tomatin and Stratherrick in 2001. He received neither a written contract of employment nor a statement of terms and conditions. In 2006 he wrote book, Veritatem Eme, that was highly critical of some aspects of the life of the Church and was ordered to apologise. He refused to comply, was temporarily suspended in January 2007 and suspended from the ministry sine die – in effect, dismissed – in May 2008.

Resumptions, Weak Bisimilarity and Big-Step Semantics for While with Interactive I/O: An Exercise in Mixed Induction-Coinduction

We look at the operational semantics of languages with interactive I/O through the glasses of constructive type theory. Following on from our earlier work on coinductive trace-based semantics for While, we define several big-step semantics for While with interactive I/O, based on resumptions and termination-sensitive weak bisimilarity. These require nesting inductive definitions in coinductive definitions, which is interesting both mathematically and from the point-of-view of implementation in a proof assistant. After first defining a basic semantics of statements in terms of resumptions with explicit internal actions (delays), we introduce a semantics in terms of delay-free resumptions that essentially removes finite sequences of delays on the fly from those resumptions that are responsive. Finally, we also look at a semantics in terms of delay-free resumptions supplemented with a silent divergence option. This semantics hinges on decisions between convergence and divergence and is only equivalent to the basic one classically. We have fully formalized our development in Coq.