Terms Of Spending Research Articles

Does mandatory expenditure on CSR affect firm value? Empirical evidence from Indian firms

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending on firm value in the Indian context.Design/methodology/approachUsing firm-level data over the period 2012–2017, this study uses the difference-in-differences (DID) technique combined with matching to control for potential endogeneity of the decision to comply with the CSR Act since the Act in its current form is applicable as a comply-or-explain obligation.FindingsThe results of this study suggest that mandatory CSR spending has a positive and statistically significant impact on firm value. These results remain robust to alternative econometric techniques such as regression discontinuity design (RDD) and randomization inference test as well as to alternative empirical specifications. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the positive effect of CSR spending on firm value is more pronounced for firms with higher information asymmetry problem and lower institutional holdings.Originality/valueThis study explicitly considers the “comply-or-explain” flexibility option, in terms of spending on CSR, provided to Indian firms for the initial two to three years and investigates whether spending on CSR helps firms enhance their firm value. The study also finds that the positive effect of CSR spending on firm value is more pronounced for firms with higher information asymmetry problems and lower institutional holdings.

Government Expenditure and Poverty in East Java Province

This study aimed to examine the effect of government spending on poverty in East Java Province. Government spending was examined in terms of spending on education, health, and social protection. The method used was a quantitative approach. Multiple regression analysis was used to test three hypotheses in the study. The population of this study is the Expenditure Realization Report by Function in the APBD of 38 districts/cities in East Java Province in 2017-2021. This study used a saturated sample so that the entire population was used as a sample, amounting to 190 data. The results showed that education expenditure affects poverty with a positive and significant direction of influence. Health expenditure affects poverty, although with a negative direction of influence. Social protection expenditure affects poverty, although with a negative direction of influence. This study is expected to contribute to the government in allocating government spending so that it is following priorities and is right on target for people who are more in need.

Teachers’ Financial Literacy and Capability

This study aimed to determine the level of financial literacy and capability of teachers in terms of budgeting, saving, investing, and spending to find the significant relationship between the financial literacy and capability of the teachers and to identify which of the moderating variables influenced singly or in combination the financial capability. The study utilized the descriptive correlational research design and used an adopted questionnaire of Paceno and Laganhon (2022) to gather the necessary data to answer the specific questions of the study. Purposive universal sampling was employed to determine the teachers as respondents from North 1 District of Gingoog City Division, School Year 2022-2023. Mean and SD were used to determine the level of financial literacy and capability. Pearson Products Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to find the significant relationship and multiple linear regression was used to determine the moderating variables influenced singly and in combination with the financial capability of teachers. Results revealed that the level of Financial Literacy in terms of Spending is Very Highly Observed, in terms of Budgeting, Saving, Investing, and Spending were Highly Observed. Moreover, the teachers Financial Literacy and Capability level in terms of Budgeting, Saving, and Investing show a Strong Positive Correlation. A Moderate Positive Correlation in terms of Financial Literacy on Spending. It can be concluded that the teachers of North 1 District are Financially Literate and Capable. It can be recommended that having a family structure and a spouse having a career or work, teachers will have better financial capability.

A STUDY ON THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL BUILDINGS: BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HOLISTIC MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The purpose of this study are the following: to identify the present maintenance management systems of the school buildings of Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School (ESNCHS), to describe the current conditions of the school buildings of ESNCHS and to design a holistic framework that will help improve the maintenance management systems. This research employed the qualitative method that is rooted in the phenomenological paradigm. Also, this research employed the case study research design. This design is appropriate if a study intends to learn more specifically, contextually, in-depth information on a particular real-world topic, a case study is a suitable research design (McCombes, 2019) Every institution must follow strict and legal guidelines in terms of spending or funding for its physical plant and facilities. In the case of ESNCHS, its budget and fund management is saddled in the revised guidelines for the Implementation of the Basic Educational Facilities Fund (BEEF) Manual of DepEd. contributed to the efficient management. Thus, the efficiency of the budget and fund management in the maintenance of its school building. Moreover, having extra source of fund, such as other income-generating funds of the school also help augment the expenses for the schools’ school building maintenance KEYWORDS: School Building,Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School, Management Maintenance

Analysis of Inventory Management with the EOQ Method in Optimizing Fabric Inventory at XYZ Stores

XYZ Store is a company engaged in the textile industry, whose main activity is the production of printed fabrics. The raw materials used in the textile production process are fabrics and in the implementation of the production process these raw materials are always available for the smooth running of the production process. Therefore it is necessary to carry out planning and control of raw materials that are more efficient, then an analysis is carried out using the EOQ method as an option as a comparison between policies that have been implemented so that companies can choose which policy is more efficient in terms of spending on inventory costs or total inventory costs. After doing the calculations, it can be seen that the costs incurred by the company amounted to IDR 7,876,464.1. Meanwhile, the total inventory cost incurred by the company when using the EOQ method is IDR 3,564,927.2. it can be seen that the savings are Rp. 4,311,536.9 when using the EOQ method. While the obstacle in this research is that the EOQ method that has been disclosed by the author in this study cannot be implemented at the XYZ Store due to the agreement factor from the supplier who sends materials once a month. Even though the storage facilities owned by Store XYZ are very adequate, so that the minimum inventory limit that must be stored according to the EOQ calculation can be carried out in field conditions

Selecting correct functional form in consumption function: Analysis of energy demand at household level.

In the estimation of demand functions for energy resources, parametric econometric models of energy demand are commonly used to predict future energy needs. The functional forms commonly assumed in parametric energy demand models include linear functional forms, log-linear forms, trans-log models, and an almost ideal demand system. It is frequently debated which is the "best" functional form to employ in order to accurately represent the underlying relationships between the demand for various energy resources and explanatory variables such as energy prices, income, and other demographic factors. The study has focused on developing proper non-nested tests to compare the two demand systems, the double log model and the LA-AIDS model. C-test is used to test the validity of using the two parametric functional forms in models of residential energy demand. Cross-sectional household-level data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) 2013-14 and Asian Development Bank (ADB) Asia and Pacific 2018 are used. Results indicate that the LA-AIDS model is better than the double log model. The estimated elasticity of own prices, cross-prices, and income in terms of spending, family size, and equipment are particularly important to producers and policymakers in making investment and incentive choices. A significant part of the budget for families is for electricity, natural gas, firewood, and other fuels; smaller budget shares are set down to other items such as kerosene oil, cylinder gas, and diesel. Household per capita demand for energy resources will rise over the next decade; therefore, the government needs to make progress on developing energy-saving strategies. If not addressed the issue properly, we may face energy shortages and high energy import bills.

A Study on Retail Investors’ Awareness of Stock Market Investments in Delhi-NCR

The stock market is considered an essential component of an economy. It plays a vital role in a country’s economy in terms of spending and investment. It helps investors earn income when investing in the stock market (Stock market investment: 10 things, 2018). The present study aimed to study retail investors’ awareness of stock market investments. The data were collected from 120 retail investors of Delhi-NCR using a standard well-structured Google survey questionnaire. The analysis was made by using statistical tools like percentage, rank, and chi-square test. The study proved that male participation was higher as compared to female. Besides, the study also found a significant difference in the demographic variables of the retail investors’ i.e., academic qualification and income groups with respect to awareness about investing in the stock market (Agarrwal & Jain, 2021).

Segmentation and Profiling of Infrastructure Millennial Workers in Shopping Goods Market in Region 12, Philippines

Millennials are branded as the most powerful consumer segment. They can even spend their entire income to purchase goods or experiences. This changed when COVID-19 hammered the world. The enthusiastic shoppers became indifferent due to uncertainties. As consumers, including the most powerful consumer segment stopped behaving the way they used to, industries around the world continue to struggle, most especially non-essential retail sectors. This study aimed to provide retailers of shopping goods information about Millennials, their spending practices, the values they have, their attitude towards pandemic protocols, and their current lifestyle. Furthermore, as this group is highly heterogeneous, this study also provided retailers newly formed segments because of COVID-19. This study is a descriptive-correlational study. The data were gathered using a hybrid survey questionnaire distributed to infrastructure Millennial workers in Region 12. The main statistical tool used was hierarchical cluster analysis. The study concluded that there are three segments: The Balanced Workers, The Independent and Efficient Workers, and The Confident Workers. These segments have different characteristics in terms of spending, values, attitude, and lifestyles. It is recommended that shopping good retailers and marketing practitioners should adjust their marketing plans and strategies to address such changes in the buying behavior.

The impacts of women's land ownership: Evidence from Vietnam

AbstractWomen's equal access to and control over economic resources such as land are integral to achieve gender equality and sustainable economic development. This study evaluates the impacts of women's land ownership on various women's and household's outcomes in the context of Vietnam. We discuss the beneficial effects of allowing women to own more land on both women and their families. In particular, there is a positive association between women's land ownership and intra‐household bargaining power in various aspects. In particular, the relationship is the strongest for women's autonomy in decisions regarding their children. It is also easier for land‐holding women to formally access credit and invest in human capital. We further study the favorable effects of women's land ownership on their families in terms of spending and saving behaviors. Finally, women's land ownership also contributes to household social capital. These findings lend support to the passage and implementation of laws intended to grant women equal rights to the ownership and control over land.

Comparative Statistical Assessment of Innovation Activity of the Industrial Sector of the Economy of Ukraine (Regional Context)

Innovation largely determines the dynamics of gross value added, profit, productivity, and hence the level of wages. Accordingly, intensive innovation of industrial enterprises is one of the most important prerequisites for effective socio-economic development of the country. The aim of the article is to determine the trends of innovation activity of the industrial sector of the economy of the regions of Ukraine on the basis of comparative statistical evaluation. According to the results of the analysis, the share of innovative products in the volume of sold industrial products in Ukraine is the lowest among European countries, in particular in 2020 it was 1.9% (compared to 3.3% in 2013), while in Poland the value this figure was over 9%, and in Germany – 18%. The low level of innovation in industrial products in Ukraine is a direct consequence of the relatively low cost of innovation (0.47 billion euros in 2020 against 4.58 billion euros in Poland and 133.2 billion euros in Germany), the volume of which during 2012–2020 decreased by more than 70%. It is analytically proved that the innovation activity of the industrial sector of Ukraine's economy in the regional context is extremely uneven. In particular, the undisputed leader (with a significant gap from other regions) in terms of sales of innovative products in the domestic and foreign markets, as well as in terms of spending on innovation was Donetsk region, while the largest number of innovative enterprises was Kharkiv region. It is revealed that in general the high export orientation of innovative products of domestic industry is provided by medium-low-tech industries (metallurgy; production of rubber and plastic products; repair and installation of machinery and equipment). In contrast, Ukraine has a high import dependence in the segments of intermediate and final consumption of high- and medium-high-tech products, including machine-building, textile, chemical and pharmaceutical. This indicates the existence of systemic problems related to the influence of a number of macroeconomic factors (especially the situation in certain markets) and a weak system of government incentives and regulation of innovation and protection of national economic interests.

Analisis Kinerja Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah dan Tingkat Kemandirian Daerah: Study Kasus Pada Badan Keuangan Daerah Kabupaten Tanah Datar

Regional autonomy is the authority to regulate the interests of the community itself or the interests to make rules to manage their own area. Tanah Datar Regency in 2016-2020 has several main problems, namely the largest source of regional income still comes from transfer income from the central government. In terms of spending, capital expenditures are still very low, regional financial growth. Regional original income that is still not able to meet regional expenditures to the fullest. This study aims to determine how the financial performance of the Tanah Datar Regency government in 2016-2020 is measured using regional financial ratios. This research is a research using qualitative descriptive method. To collect data used observation, interview and documentation methods. The data used in the form of primary data and secondary data. The primary data used comes from the financial statements of Tanah Datar Regency 2016-2020. Secondary data comes from interviews with several employees within the Regional Finance Agency of Tanah Datar Regency. The results of the analysis show that the financial performance of the Tanah Datar Regency government in terms of (1) the independence ratio shows that Tanah Datar Regency is still not independent, judging from the degree of fiscal autonomy of Tanah Datar Regency only around 10 % (2) the alignment ratio of the Tanah Datar Regency Government prioritizes operational expenditure compared to capital expenditure, with an average expenditure for operational expenditure of 71,91 %. Meanwhile, for capital expenditure the average expenditure is 13,80 % (3) for the regional financial growth ratio, the results are still very low, with an average percentage of 6,33 % (4) for the ratio of the effectiveness of local revenue in Tanah Datar Regency, it is practically not very effective, this can be seen by the average achievement of effectiveness of 96,50 %.

SINARMAS BANK HEALTH LEVEL ANALYSIS YEAR 2016-2020 USING THE RGEC METHOD

In general, it is said to be healthy with banks in carrying out some of their functions well by carrying out various policies, especially monetary policy. The level of banking soundness shows the guarantee of the security of the customer's budget stored in the bank. When banking regulations have to assess the Banking Soundness Level using the securities approach (Risk based Banking Rating) as stated in Article 2 paragraph (3), regarding the scope of value on several elements with a risk profile, Good Corporate Governance (GCG) , Earnings (Profitability), Capital (Budget). The observation method used is descriptive analysis. This observation aims to see the level of banking soundness at Bank Sinarmas. Observations by taking secondary data obtained from the financial statements of Bank Sinarmas for 2016-2020 which are available on the website https://www.perbankansinarmas.com/id/. Sinarmas has to make efficiency in terms of spending on business operating costs seen from the high BOPO ratio. Even Bank Sinarmas has to follow up on the settlement of non-performing loans, seen from the fluctuations in the value of the NPL which has been unstable for several years.

Spending on K-12 Public Education: The Lebanese Case

The purpose of this paper was to examine the public spending on education in Lebanon, in order to make recommendations for executives to strategize this sector. This is a desk review paper that uses secondary resources, using rigorous criteria for document selection. The paper overviews the importance of spending on education and its relationship with the overall quality of education. It highlights the different factors affecting public spending peculiar to the Lebanese context, the various challenges confronting the Lebanese K-12 public education sector, and the spending of Lebanon on it. It provides recommendations for stakeholders and policy-makers on areas that require more attention in terms of spending.

Развитие науки и технологий: посткризисные оценки

The COVID 19 pandemic, which dragged on for more than two years, led to large-scale shifts in the major sectors of the world economy and affected the S&T sphere. The paper considers the main factors that have influenced innovative development, the choice of S&T priorities by major countries and corporations, as well as the crisis phenomena aggravated in the S&T sphere. It shows the growth of research and development costs in a narrow group of corporations in the biopharmaceutical and information and communication sectors with stagnating costs in other sectors, the large-scale growth of publication activity, the uneven growth of tax incentives from the states, the importance of “open innovations” in modern science. It is noted that the intensity of researches and developments all over the world grew in 2020–2021 even in those companies where the total expenses on science and innovations decreased, thus the consequences of the crisis will be appreciable up to the end of the current decade. Legislative innovations in the technological sphere in the USA were especially noted, comparative estimations with innovative development of China were carried out, and the prospects of technological confrontation between the two countries were outlined. The questions of tax stimulation of innovative activity and ambiguity of definition of expenses on research and development in corporations of information-communication industry were also considered. The trends in the most science-intensive industry, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, which occupies the first place in the world both in terms of spending on science and innovation, and the number of highly qualified jobs, are considered separately. The processes holding back the industry that could not be overcome during the pandemic are shown. Given the fundamental importance of patenting (a strict intellectual property control regime), initiatives to relinquish some of the rights to medicines (including vaccines) associated with the coronavirus and weaken the intellectual property protection regime in the next decade look unpromising. By the end of 2022, we should expect a decline in investor interest in vaccines and a return to the traditional focus of industry companies on rare diseases and the development of drugs against them.

Education Budget Through Central or Local Government Spending: Which Is More Effective in Improving the Quality of Human Life?

Regional autonomy demands a division of authority between the Center and the regions, which in turn has an impact on budgeting policies. On the one hand, central government spending is oriented towards equity, but on the other hand, the regions understand very well their respective characteristics. The government's budget is always results-oriented, so this research can later be used as a benchmark in planning budgeting. In terms of spending on Education in Indonesia, the budget is channeled through central government spending and local government spending. This research is structured to see between the Central Government or Local Government, more significant in accelerating human quality (IPM) in Indonesia. This study uses Vector Auto Regression with Bayesian Vector Auto Regression model specifications to determine the effect between the variables studied. The variables used in this study are the Central Government Expenditure budget, Regional Government Expenditure on Education through Transfers from the Center to the Regions, Adjusted Per Capita Expenditure, and the Human Development Index from 2007 – 2020. The estimation results show a tendency for local government spending to be more able to increase Human Development Index compared to the Education budget through central government spending. This finding indicates that in the end, the results of decentralization, one of which is the delegation of authority for local government spending, can accelerate the human development index higher than the expenditure issued by the central government.

An RFM Model Customizable to Product Catalogues and Marketing Criteria Using Fuzzy Linguistic Models: Case Study of a Retail Business

In the field of strategic marketing, the recency, frequency and monetary (RFM) variables model has been applied for years to determine how solid a database is in terms of spending and customer activity. Retailers almost never obtain data related to their customers beyond their purchase history, and if they do, the information is often out of date. This work presents a new method, based on the fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple model and the definition of product hierarchies, which provides a linguistic interpretability giving business meaning and improving the precision of conventional models. The fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple RFM model, adapted by the product hierarchy thanks to the analytical hierarchical process (AHP), is revealed to be a useful tool for including business criteria, product catalogues and customer insights in the definition of commercial strategies. The result of our method is a complete customer segmentation that enriches the clusters obtained with the traditional fuzzy linguistic 2-tuple RFM model and offers a clear view of customers’ preferences and possible actions to define cross- and up-selling strategies. A real case study based on a worldwide leader in home decoration was developed to guide, step by step, other researchers and marketers. The model was built using the only information that retailers always have: customers’ purchase ticket details.

The Stock Market and Household Financial Behavior

In this JPMorgan Chase Institute report, we document a high-frequency relationship between stock market returns and patterns observed in consumer spending and investing behavior. The analysis draws from a core sample of approximately 12 million active Chase credit card users since 2012, and we seek to explain how the distribution of monthly credit card spending changes responds to stock market returns. The right tail of this distribution—characterized by spending increases double or triple a person’s typical level— is over two times more sensitive to the market than the center of the distribution. The relationship is more pronounced for male investors than non-investors and women. Applying the same econometric framework for stock market returns to changes in checking account-based spending and changes in labor income does not yield a statistically discernible relationship in our sample. Meanwhile, individuals’ transfers to investment accounts display a notable correlation with lagged stock returns, consistent with “returns chasing.” Such transfers roughly doubled around the onset of the COVID national emergency, alongside sharp declines in spending. Our findings imply that policies seeking to exert control over business cycles via the stock market may be successful over short time horizons. However, since stock market gains are associated with spending “splurges” on credit cards and flows into investment brokerage accounts, stimulus aimed at supporting asset prices can come with costs in the form of households’ financial vulnerability. If gains in stock prices are not followed by an improving labor market, households that over-extend themselves in terms of spending or equity market exposure would face risks.

A Transparent Digital Election Campaign? The Insights and Significance of Political Advertising Archives for Debates on Electoral Regulation

Throughout the last decade, digital technology has become increasingly important in election campaigns. Each new election has seen growing coverage of the role played by websites, social media pages and online advertising in securing electoral victory. At the UK's 2019 general election, this narrative recurred, but while in the past digital technology has been a supplement to offline campaigning, digital was now an integral component of electoral activity. Whether measured in terms of spending on digital campaigning, activity on online platforms or media coverage of digital content, the online sphere was prominent as never before. While recognising the new status of digital campaigning it is, however, important to note that this activity is by no means uncontentious. Indeed, this election raised numerous questions about what is and is not permissible online and how problematic practices should be curtailed. We explore what we know about digital campaigning at the UK's 2019 general election, presenting the first academic analysis of newly available transparency data from the Facebook and Google advertising archives. Reviewing this data, we diagnose the need to revisit existing systems of electoral regulation and oversight with a view to questions of transparency.

Mandatory adoption of the Central Bank of Nigeria’s cashless and e-payment policy: implications for bank customers

This study seeks to uncover the projected gains and challenges of a cashless and e-payment policy in Nigeria, with particular emphasis on the wellbeing of bank clients, and to examine the extent to which the promised benefits of the policy were realized eight years down the line of implementation. Researchers provided copies of a research questionnaire to selected bankers and bank customers in Ogun and Lagos states of Nigeria to find perceptions of the two stakeholder groups regarding the subject matter. Three hypotheses formulated were tested using ANOVA. The paper reveals that the cashless banking initiative in Nigeria has significantly enhanced bank customer satisfaction; the implementation of the cashless banking structure in Nigeria has not led to a significant reduction in the level of cash fraud in Nigerian banks; and the adoption of a cashless economy practice in Nigeria has significantly improved the management of bank customer funds in terms of spending and saving. The paper, in particular, recommends that bank regulators constantly and widely cooperate with all key stakeholders in the system in the fight against cybercrime. This will make the electronic space safe and reliable for use in doing banking in Nigeria and beyond. Acknowledgment The authors wish to acknowledge Covenant University for its financial support during the work on this paper.

Global malmquist index for measuring the economic productivity changes

Data envelopment analysis is a nonparametric method for measuring of the performance of decision-making units—which do not need to have or compute a firm’s production function, which is often difficult to calculate. For any manager, the progress or setback of the thing they manage is important because it makes planning and adoption of future policies for the organization or decision-making unit more rational and scientific. Different methods have been used to calculate the improvements and regressions using Malmquist Index. In this article, we evaluate the units under review in terms of economic efficiency, and the units in terms of spending, production, revenue and profit over several periods, and the rate of improvement or regression of each of these units. Considering the minimal use of resources and consuming less money, generating more revenue, and maximizing profits, the improvement or retreat of the recipient’s decision unit in terms of cost, revenue, and profit was examined by presenting a method based on solving linear programming models using the productivity index is Malmquist and Malmquist Global. Finally, by designing and solving a numerical example, we emphasize and test the applicability of the material presented in this article.