Terms Of Social Identity Research Articles

The role of ethnolinguistic identity, vitality and trust in perceived language climate change: the case of Swedish speakers in Finland

ABSTRACT This article explores perceived language climate in a nation-specific setting – a largely unexplored research field. It contributes to the literature on intergroup relations (specifically the relations between ethnolinguistic majority and minority groups) in terms of social identity and ethnolinguistic vitality theories. More specifically, the research focus on Swedish speakers in Finland and analyse the perceived language climate from a societal-minority perspective. Since the majority/minority proportions differ between municipalities and regions, we examined two levels: participants’ own municipalities and the national level. Data originated from the national Barometer survey conducted in 2019 among Swedish speakers aged 18 and over (n = 3,804). Associations between perceived language climate and the explanatory variables were analysed using logistic regression. Overall, the analyses carried out reveals that ethnolinguistic identity, objective local vitality, access to services in one´s own mother tongue and political and social trust are closely linked and all contribute to explain a deteriorating language climate. However, different patterns were evident for the language climate at the local and national levels. The results can enhance our understanding of perceived language climate in a multilingual context.

Motivations for Patronage: Early Modernist Literature as a Case Study

Patronage of early modernist English-language writers is investigated, drawing upon biographical source material. The process of identifying patrons started with Imagist poets in the first decades of the twentieth century followed by a search for their social connections with fellow writers and patrons. Fifteen patrons were identified who brought new money into the network of connections, twelve of them women. Analysis of their personal characteristics reveals a distinctive pattern of substantial, inherited financial resources, education, literary interests and unorthodox lifestyle, notably for the women in the sample. Explanations of motivation in terms of social identity, gift exchange and co-creation are discussed.

Age and social identity as factors influencing adherence to oral care among dental patients

Relevance. Underestimation of the importance of dental disease prevention and the occurrence or complication of physical health problems are two causally related factors. Compliance with the rules of individual and professional oral care is an important constituent to prevention, often ignored by patients of all ages and different social groups.Materials and methods. A total of 706 persons, including 529 women and 172 men, participated in the study. According to the WHO age classification, the participants formed four age groups: 18-24, 25-44, 45-59, and 60-74 years old. In terms of social identity, these groups comprised dentists (216 persons), dental patients (274 persons) and non-dental healthcare professionals (216 persons). The study focused on the adherence to oral preventive measures performed by patients of different age, gender and social identity groups.Results. Despite the majority of the respondents were sufficiently aware of dental disease prevention and oral care, not all turned out to be compliant with medical advice. There were differences between age and social identity groups of patients in reasons of dental visits, use of oral hygiene products and professional oral care.Conclusion. The study confirmed the relationship between underestimation of dental disease prevention and physical pathology. Of all age groups, the lowest level of compliance with oral care practices and the highest percentage of internal diseases were in 60-74-year-old patients. Women are more adherent to oral care measures than men; healthcare professionals showed the lowest compliance with oral care measures.

Unpacking effective mentorship practices for early career academics: a mixed-methods study

PurposeMentoring can be an important source of support, particularly for those who are in the early stages of their career in academia. Drawing upon data from a larger study, the authors investigated opportunities for mentorship, factors that hinder or support mentorship and the value of mentorship from the perspective of early career academics (ECAs).Design/methodology/approachUsing a mixed-methods approach and social identity theory, the authors collected data via a survey and follow-up interviews with members of staff at the Open University, of which 19 ECA experiences were contrasted with 17 academics who received mentorship but were not early career.FindingsECAs and non-ECAs had equal access to mentoring, but mentoring seemed to be more visible and accessible to ECAs. Factors deemed to support mentorship included mentors having empathy and confidentiality. Mentorship was valued by ECAs because it helped to provide them with support that was in addition to their line management and to help them make sense of “being an academic”. From the data presented, mentorship supported ECAs in their academic career and identity development in higher education.Originality/valueThis research provides a mixed-methods approach to investigating early career mentoring within the context of a higher education institution in the United Kingdom. It considers the topic of mentoring of both junior and more senior staff who are often working at a distance to the institutional setting and provides a theoretical perspective in terms of social identity for academics.

Group Dynamics in Online Games: A Literature Review in Terms of Social Identity, Conformity to Norms and Social Behavior

Online multiplayer games offer players social opportunities such as meeting and communicating with new people or being part of a team. From the point of group dynamics, the players develop dynamics similar to real life in the game environment. Players develop social identity based on the team membership in the game, create norms and conform to the norms in the team. Also, it is observed that players generally exhibit in group favoritism in the game environment; they have adopted norms containing prejudices against out group members; and it is seen that they carry some real life stereotypes into the game environment. Accordingly, the players may exhibit negative behaviors between groups in the game environment. Besides, findings indicate that in some cases, intergroup biases can be reduced and positive outcomes can be obtained in games, in terms of group dynamics. In this article, firstly, some findings of the literature on social identity acquisition, norm development and negative behaviors between groups are given and the features of games that encourage negative norms and behaviors are mentioned. Then, in the light of the findings in the literature, suggestions were made to improve the negative group dynamics in games. In this respect, the article can give readers an idea about group dynamics in online multiplayer games; it is thought that it can shed light to researchers and game producers on how to create more positive game environments and, beyond this, how games can be used to give people positive behavior. Keywords: Online multiplayer game, social identity, norm, group behavior

Ethical issues in public health communication: Practical suggestions from a qualitative study on campaigns about organ donation in Switzerland

ObjectivesIn Switzerland, in spite of a positive attitude towards organ donation, the population seems to overlook the public health messages about it. Based on a qualitative study on campaigns about organ donation, the article aims to give practical suggestions to prevent undesirable effects in public health communication. MethodsThe study provides a linguistic analysis of the messages about organ donation produced by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. Such a method enables us to understand who communicates what, to whom, how and what for, and gives us empirical data to discuss ethical concerns in relation to the effects of public health messages. ResultsThe analysis shows that the messages, apart from those relying on the expertise of healthcare professionals, are based on the representation of lay persons. The latter strategy generates the depiction of imagined communities. ConclusionsBeyond the usual concerns relating to organ donation (e.g., consent, altruism), the analysis of FOPH messages indicates that ethical issues in public health communication are grounded on three relational dimensions (intersubjectivity, cooperation and equity). Practice implicationsA procedure assessing the ethical concerns of public health communication in terms of social identities and relational consequences could identify and prevent problems relating to the undesirable effects of messages. Availability of data and materialsThe datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request

Reduction of prejudice toward unaccompanied foreign minors through audiovisual narratives. Effects of the similarity and of the narrative voice

This study focuses on the reduction of prejudice toward foreign unaccompanied minors (UAMs) by means of audiovisual testimonial messages. Specifically, it analyzes the role of two narrative elements that can influence, in an indirect way, the intention to share the message, the feelings toward UAMs, the intention to approach UAMs, and the intention to collaborate with an NGO that provides support to immigrants. With this goal in mind, an experimental study (N = 500) was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design, where the factors analyzed were similarity in terms of social identity (high vs. low) and narrative voice (first-person vs. third-person). No interaction effects of similarity and narrative voice on identification or transportation were observed. However, multiple serial mediation analyses were statistically significant. A significant indirect effect of similarity on dependent variables was observed through perceived similarity (primary mediator), identification and transportation (secondary mediators), and counterarguing and reactance (tertiary mediators). Similarly, the narrative voice also had a significant indirect effect on the dependent variables that was explained by the increase in identification and transportation, and by the reduction in counterarguing and reactance. This work improves the understanding of the mechanisms that explain the impact of narratives and demonstrates that certain narrative elements can increase the effectiveness of audiovisual testimonial messages designed for the prevention of racism and xenophobia.

Profiles of Employability and their Career and Psychological Implications among Unemployed Youth

Employability may play an important role in the job seeking behavior and well-being among unemployed youth. To date, the literature has tended to study the indicators of employability individually, without considering the intertwinement among them. The present research (N = 447 unemployed youth [16 to 24 years] in Hong Kong) addressed this gap. We adopted latent profile analysis to examine eight employability indicators (proactivity, boundaryless mindset, identity awareness, career self-efficacy, education level, work experience, networking, and social support). Four employability profiles were identified: high employability, moderate employability, low social support, and low adaptability – career identity. These profiles differed in job search intensity and psychological health. Mediation analysis revealed that the impact of employability profiles was channeled through perceived upward mobility. Our latent profile approach has captured the reality of employability and thus provided a valid picture of its impact among unemployed youth. The observed mediating effect of perceived upward mobility illustrates what employability means in social identity terms. This study has contributed to the understanding of unemployed youth’s quality of life.

Investigating interculturality in Germany by means of social identity, social distance, personality and xenophobia

ABSTRACT Due to the increasing need to understand integration processes and existing impediments, the present study investigated interculturality in Germany with N = 171Germans and Migrants in terms of social identity, personality, social distance as well as xenophobia and their relationship amongst each other. Results confirmed that openness and flexibility predict outgroup orientation for the total sample and the German subsample. However, this was not true for the subsample of migrants. Furthermore, within the German subsample, outgroup orientation had a decreasing influence on hostility towards foreigners and refugees, whereas national identity had an enhancing influence on xenophobia. Moreover, within the subsample of migrants, a decreasing influence of outgroup orientation on xenophobia was only confirmed towards foreigners. It was also shown that xenophobia has an enhancing influence on social distance within the total sample and the German subsample. For the subsample of migrants, this was not the case. Overall, the present study reveals the importance of personality traits regarding the success of migration in Germany through individual predispositions against foreigners that influence the process of integration. The results can be used to derive measures to support the integration, e.g., in the form of intercultural trainings.

La figurante par Pauline Klein

Reviewed by: La figurante par Pauline Klein Alain Ranwez Klein, Pauline. La figurante. Flammarion, 2020. ISBN 978-2-0815-0392-2. Pp. 203. Interestingly, the cover portrays a young woman lying prone halfway on a sofa, feet in the air and face buried in the cushion. She is clearly alive, and her almost comical position only makes the reader wonder what is awaiting this unique individual who seems to have lost all hope and energy. Pauline Klein's fine literary style, however, quickly and vividly introduces the reader to Camille and her youthful struggle for self-discover and identity. The narrative takes us from her adolescence in Paris to her move to New York City where, it is rumored, everything is possible. As it had been presented on French television, it is indeed an expensive city, where 'friends' are not exactly friends. Camille finds an internship in an art gallery, meets and befriends intimately a banker, and copes with life in New York for two years. Camille, however, is uncomfortable with herself. She does not understand the forces that society brings to bear upon her, or the masks it often requires her to wear. Not quite knowing or willing to play the social game, Camille returns to Paris, having wasted her time, having lived marginally, and not having done anything of note. In Paris she once again finds employment in another art gallery, Extra Muros. During this period Camille discovers part of her self-awareness: "Peu à peu, je me résignais à l'idée de devoir vivre avec ce que d'autres pensaient, ce que d'autres voulaient de moi, ce que d'autres dictaient, et surtout, je devrais le faire en silence" (81). Camille encounters an individual who subtly suggests she become a writer. Consequently, Camille begins her literary journey understanding that: "Il y aurait enfin un endroit consacré à mon existence et ce serait le roman" (114). La figurante, however, does not end there. Camille goes on, still at a loss in terms of social identity, meets Elias, allows herself to get involved in an unhappy male-dominant relationship, gets engaged to be married, and still aspires to belong to something. In some ways this is an exasperating novel in that the protagonist never seems to live authentically. She is apathetic even in her lovemaking. This reader kept hoping that something would finally happen and perhaps a catharsis does eventually appear in the final scene. The novel is a well-written reflection on the masks society often forces us to wear. It thereby makes us question the roads we automatically take, at times, without thinking. The reader just has to be patient with the protagonist, [End Page 269] as Klein guides the narrative through its articulation of what many might have experienced in life. Alain Ranwez Metropolitan State University of Denver (CO), emeritus Copyright © 2020 American Association of Teachers of French

Hospitality training for prisoners

Noting rising statistics relating to incarceration and reoffending, there has been increased attention given to analysing the delivery, effectiveness and challenges of hospitality training and employment programmes for rehabilitating prisoners. The stigma of having a criminal record and being unreliable and untrustworthy remains a significant barrier for prisoners in gaining employment. This stigma may be compounded by a prisoner’s lack of skills, education, social problems and poor (physical and mental) health. However, there are now an increasing number of prisons around the world offering qualifications in catering, or a hospitality social enterprise such as a jailhouse café; for example, the Verne café and The Clink restaurants in the U.K. Our research sought to fill a gap in understanding about how the public feel about such initiatives, which aim to give prisoners a second chance.
 Using the case study of the very successful annual ‘Gate to Plate’ event in Wellington, our research gained various perspectives on the use of this prison event as a social model of rehabilitation through hospitality training. Specifically, we used thematic analysis [1] to analyse public information sources about the event. Sources included newspaper articles, trade magazines, social media, information taken from the New Zealand Department of Corrections website, independent reviews of the event, and a radio interview with one of the inmates.
 Since 2012, local industry chefs and minimum-security prisoner-cooks from Rimutaka prison have teamed together to produce fine dining cuisine for the annual ‘Wellington on a Plate’ festival – a festival designed to showcase the region’s food and beverages. The inmates are usually experienced in cooking and working towards a cooking qualification. During the ‘Gate to Plate’ event as part of the Wellington festival, Rimutaka prison hosts 160 paying members of the public and more than 60 stakeholders over three nights. After clearing security and a briefing, guests experience a glimpse of ‘life inside’ and are served a three-course dinner in the Staff Training College followed by a question and answer session with the prisoner-cooks. The event is an innovative way to show the public the work happening to rehabilitate prisoners, and an opportunity to break down the negative stereotypes of offenders.
 Our research revealed three common themes in the content of the public information sources we analysed. The themes were: ‘breaking the stereotypes’; ‘pride and passion to make a difference’; and ‘training for rehabilitation’. The first theme emerged from comments by chefs, journalists and other guests on their change in attitude toward a more positive perception of prisoners as a result of attending the event, suggesting that this type of initiative may enable transformation in terms of social identity. The second theme saw inmates commonly discussing their passion and desire to ‘make a difference’ for themselves; a fresh start. Thus, the passion of volunteering in such an event can provide a sense of new meaning for a new future. The third theme related to common positive reports of the importance of in-prison training and qualifications for rehabilitation.
 While this paper makes no claim about the effectiveness of the ‘Gate to Plate’ event as a reforming rehabilitation practice for prisoners, there is mounting evidence worldwide to suggest that in-prison training and post-release employment programmes can successfully assist prisoners to remain custody free post-release (e.g. [2]). As such, we encourage further research to examine how hospitality training and employment may provide a positive opportunity to change lives through enabling a second chance.
 This research was presented at the CHME (Council of Hospitality Management Education) conference in May 2019 at the University of Greenwich in England.
 Corresponding author
 Tracy Harkison can be contacted at: tracy.harkison@aut.ac.nz
 References
 (1) Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2006, 3 (2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
 (2) Cale, J.; Day, A.; Casey, S.; Bright, D.; Wodak, J.; Giles, M.; Baldry, E. Australian Prison Vocational Education and Training and Returns to Custody among Male and Female Ex-prisoners: A Cross-jurisdictional Study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 2019, 52 (10), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865818779418

The Translation of Ellipsis as Identity Marker in the Literary Dialogue

Abstract Apart from the ellipsis occurring in discourse as a fairly common cohesive device, the literary dialogue oftentimes uses ellipsis as a stylistic or rhetorical device or as a means of endowing characters with idiolectal or sociolectal features. This paper examines such instances of ellipsis which contribute to the construction of the literary heroes’ identity through their speech, while providing them with features distinguishing them from the other characters either in terms of social identity or emotional state. The study is based on examples depicted from the dialogue of a number of literary works written in English and selected so as to exhibit a variety of functions which ellipsis acquires to complete some heroes’ identity or state of mind. Considering the importance of the information embedded in such ellipses, a contrastive approach to translation is obvious. The analysis focuses on the translation of ellipsis from English into Romanian and scrutinizes the situations when structural differences between English and Romanian prevent formal equivalence, which triggers an important loss of information in translation. The findings lead to conclusions relative to translation solutions that can be adopted to compensate for the scarcity of structural similarities between the two languages in contact in translation.

How the interplay of imagined contact and first‐person narratives improves attitudes toward stigmatized immigrants: A conditional process model

AbstractThis article assesses the mechanisms whereby first‐person narratives featuring stigmatized immigrants improve outgroup attitudes and encourage intergroup contact among prejudiced individuals. We rely on a 2 (imagined contact vs. control) × 2 (similar vs. dissimilar message protagonist) experiment on a systematic sample of native British adults. Results show that encouraging imagined contact prior to reading a short testimonial featuring an immigrant protagonist who is similar to the recipients in terms of social identity enhances identification with the protagonist, thereby improving outgroup attitudes and encouraging intergroup contact, and especially strongly among those who are prejudiced toward immigrants (i.e., high on modern racism). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the work on imagined contact, narrative persuasion, and identification, as well as for public communication campaigns, are discussed.

Evolution of Social Identity Terms in Lay and Academic Sources: Implications for Research and Public Policy

AbstractIncreasingly, individuals identify with two or more racial or cultural, yet are sometimes externally misclassified, contributing to experiences of invisibility within U.S. society. Using computational techniques, we examined the transmission of cultural identity terms through time, providing some evidence for the changing representation of social identity. We examined the usage patterns of identity terms with the prefixes (mono‐, bi‐, multi‐), modifying the social identity terms: culture, ethnicity, and race (e.g., comparing monocultural, monoethnic, and monoracial). For bicultural and multicultural terms, those with ‐racial suffixes were the earliest used terms, while those with ‐cultural and ‐ethnic suffixes gained more popularity in recent years. We examined the evolution of the higher frequency social identity terms in lay sources (the NY Times, Reddit), and found that interracial and multicultural were the most popular over time, peaking recently. We examined the potential time lag in the sequence of identity terms among academic (PsycINFO, NIH, and NSF Databases), lay (the NY Times), and mixed sources (Google Books N‐Grams), demonstrating that newer terms (e.g., multicultural) are first used and gain prevalence in lay sources, then mixed sources, and eventually academic sources. The implications of these findings for research, public policy, and psychosocial experiences of individuals are discussed.

Social Identity in New Mexicans of Spanish-Speaking Descent Highlights Limitations of Using Standardized Ethnic Terminology in Research

In this study, we evaluated the extent to which regional history has shaped the social identity nomenclature in New Mexicans of Spanish-speaking descent (NMSD). We asked 507 NMSD to list the social-identity terms they used to describe themselves and their parents, and we examined the correspondence between these choices and family ties to the region, birthplace, and continental ancestry. NMSD frequently identified using the regional terms "Nuevomexicano/a" (15%) and "Spanish" (12%). These individuals reported family ties to the region that predate New Mexican statehood. They and their parents were frequently born in New Mexico, frequently chose the other of the two terms as a secondary descriptor, and frequently ascribed one of the two terms to their parents. About 10% of NMSD identified as "Mexican American" and "Mexican." About 25% of these individuals, and more than half of their parents, were born in Mexico. They also frequently chose the other of the two terms as a secondary descriptor and frequently ascribed one of the two terms to their parents. Compared to NMSD who identified as "Mexican" and "Mexican American," individuals who identified as "Nuevomexicano/a" and "Spanish" had higher European ancestry and lower Native American and African ancestry. Our results also suggest that the term "Hispanic," frequently chosen as both a primary and secondary social identity term by NMSD, may, as it continues to rise in prominence, mask more deeply rooted and potential socially relevant aspects of social identity in New Mexico. More broadly, these results indicate that regional history influences social identity nomenclatures in ways that are potentially incompatible with US Office of Management and Budget standards. This incompatibility may adversely affect the ability of researchers in the social sciences to assess the causes of social inequality and health disparities in individuals of Spanish-speaking descent in different regions of the United States. We argue that future studies would benefit from more fine-grained, region-specific analyses of social identity.

Within-group heterogeneity and group dynamics: analyzing exit of microcredit groups in Angola

The effect of within-group heterogeneity on the survival of social groups is theoretically ambiguous. A greater diversity of ideas, experience, and networks can have a positive effect on members’ benefits from group membership, but diversity also creates a potential for conflict. This paper analyzes the relation between heterogeneity and exit of microcredit groups, using data from Angola. The results suggest that the form of group heterogeneity matters. Fragmentation in terms of social identities, or more specifically religious-linguistic fractionalization, is associated with a greater probability of group exit. Within-group economic inequality, however, is associated with a decrease in the probability of exit, but at a diminishing rate.

Intention to purchase behavior on social e-commerce website across cultures (case study: Iranian online purchaser)

With the increasing popularity of social media, millions of users use social media services in the space such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, etc. Following that many organizations see this phenomenon as an opportunity to create new business and know this is known as social commerce. This phenomenon is not only due to the growth of social media, but is also because of users' participation in the fate of the marketing and sale of products. So, e-commerce has undergone a revolution, which is affected by the adoption of web 2 functionalities to increase customer participation and achieve greater economic value. Therefore, studying the behavior of buyers in the social commerce platforms can create more value for owners of e-commerce in the context of social commerce. For this reason, attempts were made to obtain more accurate findings regarding the behavior of e-commerce purchasers in social networks by taking into account the moderating influence of culture on it (Iranian online purchasers).This is an applied study. It also considered a descriptive cross-sectional study with regards to the way data are collected. The analysis of data collected from 184 active professionals in the IT industry and users of social networks indicates the moderating effect of culture and the mediating role of trust in a social network community in terms of social identity, trust transference (Familiarity), social influence (intimacy and friendship), cognitive style and the intention to purchase in the social business environment. Moreover, these findings also show that trust transference affects intention to purchase in social networks considering the aspects of familiarity, social identity and cognitive style. But the direct effect of social influence (feel close to) on the purchase intention has been rejected.

Networks and low adoption of modern technology: the case of pearl millet in Rajasthan, India

Purpose – This paper aims to study low adoption of modern technology for pearl millet in Rajasthan, India, from the perspective of social networks. The state has the lowest adoption of modern pearl millet seeds among Indian states. . In particular, this paper tries to identify the limitations of channels with endogenous effects, thereby limiting large-scale adoption of modern varieties that would require social multipliers. Design/methodology/approach – Defining the network/reference groups in terms of social identity and geographical proximity, this paper utilizes the intensity of interaction with different network nodes to identify the presence of endogenous effects. In particular, this paper uses the interaction of intensity of social exchange with the group level adoptions to establish the presence of endogenous effects. With adequate controls, greater intensity of interaction having a bearing on technology choice can only happen when there exists social learning (endogenous effect) and cannot be associated with other forms of social effects (namely, exogenous and correlated effects). Findings – This paper finds evidence for the existence of endogenous social effects in adoption but largely from exclusionary channels. A comprehensively mapped network is used with its intensity to explain the extremely low rate of adoption. Only close-knit networks that, with social fragmentation, limit benefits to few, affect adoption significantly. The non-functionality of less exclusionary information sources and services can be a factor underlying low adoption. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of the study is inability to control for unobserved individual heterogeneity because of the cross-sectional nature of data. Further, although an extensive mapping of individual networks has been done, it still cannot be guaranteed to be exhaustive. Practical implications – With fragmentation, large-scale adoption programs would require networks, sources of information and services that are less exclusionary. Based on the survey data, media and non-religious organizations play a focal role here in the adoption of modern technology. This finding is extremely crucial for policy, as these channels comprise direct policy levers in a fragmented society like India. Indeed, several government programs in India have relied on these channels to run large-scale adoption programs. Their ineffectiveness could be a prime factor for such limited dissemination of technology in Rajasthan. Social implications – In different settings, social fragmentation could be an important factor determining technology adoption outcomes. The evolving consensus in the literature based on several studies is that ethnic fragmentation has potentially negative consequences on macro-economic performance (Alesina and Tabellini, 1989 and Collier, 2000). In the literature on technology adoption, the role of fractionalization is somewhat under-studied. With fragmentation, there can be significant micro-level impacts (for instance, low technology adoption of a crop) if channels that are inclusive are not well developed. The finding that channels like extension services, media or organizations are not effective in determining choice of technology does not mean that they should not be tapped. The empirical findings suggest that, in their current form in the state of Rajasthan, the roles played by these are limited. The policy implications would be to develop these systems in a way that there is a greater uptake. Recall that less than 4 per cent of the respondents got information on seeds from media sources, an extremely low number. There is certainly scope for increasing the outreach of these channels that are much more important for spread of agricultural technology in a fragmented society. Originality/value – This paper is an attempt to come up with an empirical strategy to mitigate the issues related to reflection problem. In the cross-sectional data itself, we use the interaction of group choices with intensity of interaction within the group to introduce a non-linearity that tries to bypass the identification issues as in reflection problem. This method of introducing non-linearity in cross-sectional data is a novel attempt to achieve identification of endogenous effects.

The Effect of Organizational Justice and Perceived Organizational Support on Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification

Problem of Study: Research on social exchange relationships does not take into account another vital component of organizational life—namely an individual’s sense of belonging and identity. Organizational identification is one of the most crucial factors holding employees together and keeping them committed to the organization. Many studies demonstrated that organizational identification is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Some researchers have suggested that organizational identification also might play an important role in social exchange processes. In recent years, the dominant approach has been to conceptualize the relationship among perceived organizational justice or perceived organizational support and organizational identification in terms of social identity as well as social exchange processes. Purpose of Study: The purpose of the present study was to investigate how the organizational identification mediates the impact of perceptions of organizational justice and organizational support on organizational citizenship behaviors in the context of Turkish preschool teachers. Methods: Data for this study were collected via a survey of 169 preschool teachers who completed measures of organizational citizenship behavior, organizational identification, organizational justice, and perceived organizational support. In analyzing the collected data, a two-step approach was adopted to test measured variables describing four latent constructs. Findings and Results: The model was specified and tested using structural equation modeling and was found to fit the data reasonably. The study findings show that the model was found to be effective in explaining the variance of organizational citizenship behaviors. Perceived organizational justice and organizational support together explained 70% of the variance in teachers’ organizational identifications. Organizational identification explained 79% of the variance in teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors. Conclusions and Recommendations : As an overall conclusion, the results of the study demonstrate that teachers’ identification with the school play a significant role in promoting organizational citizenship behaviors. Furthermore, this study’s findings also suggest that organizational identification serves as an integral mediating mechanism among teachers’ organizational citizenship behaviors, perceived organizational justice, and organizational support based on exchange and identity theories. Because teachers’ organizational citizenship behavior improves school effectiveness, principals should understand the antecedents of these behaviors and beable to make use of them. Keywords : Social exchange theory, social identity theory, preschool

Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization

When defined in terms of social identity and affect toward copartisans and opposing partisans, the polarization of the American electorate has dramatically increased. We document the scope and consequences of affective polarization of partisans using implicit, explicit, and behavioral indicators. Our evidence demonstrates that hostile feelings for the opposing party are ingrained or automatic in voters' minds, and that affective polarization based on party is just as strong as polarization based on race. We further show that party cues exert powerful effects on nonpolitical judgments and behaviors. Partisans discriminate against opposing partisans, doing so to a degree that exceeds discrimination based on race. We note that the willingness of partisans to display open animus for opposing partisans can be attributed to the absence of norms governing the expression of negative sentiment and that increased partisan affect provides an incentive for elites to engage in confrontation rather than cooperation.