Terms Of Religion Research Articles

Implementasi 4 Pilar Visi Pendidikan di Indonesia: Visi Pendidikan Berbasis Agama, Filsafat, Psikologi dan Sosiologi


 
 Education is the main basis in the life of every human being, with a good education a good society will grow as well. In education, of course, it has a vision of various forms for the main goals to be achieved. The concept of the vision of education based on religion, philosophy, psychology and sociology is used as a model for the implementation of education in Indonesia in order to achieve the goals of education as a whole within the framework of the intellectual life of the nation. The purpose of this study was to find out how the implementation of the four pillars of the vision of education in terms of religion, philosophy, psychology and sociology. Theoretically, the application of the four pillars of the vision of religion-based education provides spiritual reinforcement to always be submissive and obedient to the Shari'a and hold fast to self-confidence in carrying out life. Philosophically it teaches humans to be mature in acting and wise in behavior, psychologically teaches about gentleness in educating so that they can adjust between a person's condition according to their respective maturity, and sociologically it is taught to how humans are good at socializing well with the wider community through values. - educational values ​​applied by educated beings. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with analytical methods based on a literature review in accordance with the discussion. With the implementation of the vision of education in terms of religion, philosophy, psychology and sociology, it is hoped that it will be able to realize quality and highly competitive education and be able to realize the noble ideals of the Indonesian nation. 
 Keywords: Educational Vision, Religion, Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology

Transforming the Self in South Asia: A Study of Religion in BP Koirala’s Sumnima and RK Narayan’s The Guide

This paper analyzes the self-transformation process in Sumnima by BP Koirala and The Guide by RK Narayan, which have been discussed in terms of religion. Both the writers belong to the South Asian Hindu community and focus on the religious change that has played an important role in the life of their characters. In Koirala’s Sumnima, Somdatta, the central character, realizes the state of equality transforming himself from his identity of Brahmin and bestows love to Sumnima, a girl from the Kirat community. Transforming himself from his orthodox Hindu culture, he performs the role of Bhilla for reviving pleasures. In Narayan’s The Guide, the protagonist Raju ultimately turns as a saint (sadhu) from his role of a railway guide, a businessman, a good lover, a corrupt guy and a prisoner. In both novels, religion has played a key role to transcend the role of the characters and finally transform inwardly. The concept of self and the process of religious transformation have been used as theoretical tools to explore these novels. The findings provide evidence that religion in a true sense enables the human beings to transcend many kinds of human bondages and self-transformation. In both novels, the protagonists detach themselves from the material world and change inwardly realizing the self. They ultimately transcend material comfort for the liberation of their beliefs, undergoing different stages of their lives. In Sumnima, Somdatta gives up his religious ideas for the transformation of his self, but in The Guide, Raju transforms himself following ritual practices and becomes a saint.

Delimiting Religion

Delimiting Religion

Introduction

Introduction

The Changing Ideology of Hasmonean Family

Makedonyalı Büyük İskender’in, günümüz Filistin, İsrail ve Ürdün topraklarının bir kısmından ibaret olan Yahudiye’yi MÖ 332 yılında fethetmesiyle bölge Yahudileri, Helenistik hâkimiyetin altına girmiştir. Büyük İskender’in ölümünün ardındansa geride bıraktığı devasa imparatorluk üzerinde generalleri birbiriyle mücadele etmeye başlamış ve nihayetinde çeşitli Helenistik krallıklar kurulmuştur. Yahudiye, MÖ 301 yılında bahsi geçen Helenistik devletlerden Ptolemaios Devleti hâkimiyeti altında kalmışsa da devam eden mücadeleler kapsamında MÖ 200 yılında bir diğer Helenistik Devlet olan Seleukoslara tabi hâle gelmiştir. Seleukos hâkimiyetinin başlangıcı itibariyle dinî ve idari anlamda nispeten rahat bir ortama sahip olan Yahudi ahali, ilerleyen dönemde özellikle dinî ve idari bazı yaptırımlara maruz kalacaktır. Bahse konu yaptırımlar sebebiyle bölgede Modeinli Mattathias ve beş oğlu önderliğinde literatürde Makkabi İsyanı olarak bilinen isyan hareketi başlamıştır. Hareketi yürüten aile Haşmonayim Ailesi veya Makkabiler olarak bilinmektedir. Haşmonayim adı, ailenin kaynaklarda varlığı tespit edilebilen büyük atasından ötürü kullanılmaktadır. Makkabi adı ise esasen, Mattathias’ın oğlu Ioudas Makkabaios’un epitheti olup, onun gösterdiği başarılar sebebiyle hem isyanı hem de aileyi anmak için kullanılır hâle gelmiştir. Haşmonayim veya Makkabiler olarak bilinen aile ilk olarak MÖ 167 yılında, Seleukos idaresi altında bulunan Yahudilerin dönemin kralı IV. Antiokhos Epiphanes’in dinî dayatmalarına karşı Mattathias tarafından başlatılan isyan hareketiyle tarih sahnesine çıkmıştır. Mattathias’ın ölümünün ardından hareket, geride kalan beş oğlu ve sonrasında ise torunları tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Başlangıç itibariyle yerel bir isyan hüviyetinde olan hareket, zaman içerisinde ailenin bir hanedanlığa dönüşmesine yol açmıştır. Hanedanlık olarak mücadelesini sürdüren Haşmonayim Ailesi, Seleukoslar karşısında çeşitli vesilelerle elde ettikleri kazanımlarla önce vassal bir yapıya ve nihayetinde ise bağımsız bir siyasi yapıya sahip olmuştur. Aile hakkında birincil kaynak niteliğindeki bilgiler genel itibariyle apokrif Makabeler Kitapları ile Yahudi tarihçi Flavius Iosephus’un eserlerinden edinilmektedir. Mevcut bilgiler doğrultusunda MÖ 167 ile MÖ 63 yılları aralığını kapsayan ailenin faaliyet dönemi üzerine özellikle yabancı literatürde, ailenin ve hareketin siyasi tarihi ile dinler tarihi özellikle Yahudilik açısından önemi ve etkileri hususunda çeşitli incelemeler yapılmıştır. Ancak ailenin faaliyetlerini yürütürken benimsediği hareket motivasyonu ile meşruiyet kazandıkları dayanak noktaları üzerine pek fazla çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Hâlbuki ailenin tarihi seyri takip edilirken sahip oldukları hareket ideolojisinin, mücadele gerekçelerinin ve meşruiyet dayanaklarının süreklilik arz edecek şekilde değişiklik gösterdiği ve güncellendiği dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Haşmonayim Hanedanlığının siyasi tarihi ve bir din olarak Yahudiliğe ifade ettiği anlamdan ziyade, ailenin tarih sahnesine çıkışından sahip oldukları bağımsız devletin yıkılışına kadar geçen süre içerisindeki ideolojisi, meşruiyet dayanakları ve bahse konu ögeler üzerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler sebepleriyle beraber incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. İncelemeler neticesinde meydana gelen değişimlerin özellikle ailenin hareket kapsamında edindiği kazanımlara ve mevcut siyasi konjonktüre göre gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir. Ailenin hareket ideolojisi üzerinde gerçekleşen değişimler belli hadiseler neticesinde meydana gelmiştir. Bu yönüyle ailenin hareket motivasyonunu isyan dönemi ideolojisi, hanedanlık dönemi ideolojisi ve devlet dönemi ideolojisi olmak üzere üç kısımda incelemek mümkündür. Hareket henüz isyan dönemindeyken ailenin ideolojisi millilikten oldukça uzaktır ve din temelli bir zeminde bulunmaktadır. Aile hareket meşruiyetini, aynı ideolojisi gibi, bu dönemde dinî dayanaklardan almaktadır. Makkabi İsyanı’nın hedeflerinin başarıya ulaştığı sonraki hanedanlık döneminde ailenin ideolojisi ve meşruiyet zemini büyük bir değişime uğramıştır. Artık ortada dinî bir hedef kalmaması sebebiyle aile milli bir ideolojiyle hareket ederek siyasi bağımsızlık hedefleri güder hâle gelmiştir. Siyasi bağımsızlığın tesis edildiği devlet döneminde ise artık siyasi bağımsızlık gibi bir hedef mevcut olmadığı için hanedanlığın bekasını koruma ve kişisel iktidar güdüsüyle hareket edildiği dikkat çekmektedir.

엘리자베스 비숍과 기독교에 대한 회의주의

This paper aims to re-read Elizabeth Bishop’s poem “Brazil, January 1, 1502” from the viewpoint of religious skepticism. Containing a number of Biblical and religious connotations, this poem depicts the Portuguese colonizers arrived at Brazil in the past. Bishop criticizes those who tended to appropriate Christian religion for their selfish benefits and ends to their worldly taste. The religious secularization portrayed in the poem would be usually alluded through natural things, particular words and colors. To discuss Bishop’s skeptical view of Christianity in this poem, I cite some Biblical stories and Christian materials and go on exploring the symbolic meanings of colors in relation to Christianity. Analyzing the poem in terms of religious skepticism, I try to invite readers to re-consider and expand the critical scope of the poetry of Elizabeth Bishop that didn’t garner the critical attention in terms of religion. I conclude that religious skepticism for Bishop becomes an angle of viewing and speculating the world and her age, hoping to broaden the horizon of Bishop studies and the landscape of modernism.

ANALISIS BUKU TEKS BAHASA ARAB MADRASAH ALIYAH KELAS XII TERBITAN KEMENTERIAN AGAMA DAN ERLANGGA

This study aims to analyze and compare the quality of MA Arabic textbooks for class XII published by the Ministry of Religion and Erlangga, based on BSNP standards, namely: content aspects, presentation aspects, language aspects and graphic aspects. This research using qualitative content analysis to analyze textbooks Arabic. The steps taken are the formulation of the analysis objectives,Data grouping, assessment of the percentage component items of each subcomponents and aspects of feasibility and data analysis. The results of the study are Arabic textbooks published by the Ministry of Religion from the content feasibility component have a very good category, in terms of the presentation component in the good category, the linguistic component in the good category and the last component in terms of the graphic of this book has a very good quality. Arabic text book published by PT. Erlangga seen from the four components of the BSNP standard has very good quality, in terms of content, presentation, language and graphics. Comparison between the two books, the Arabic textbook published by PT. Erlangga is superior to Arabic textbooks published by the Ministry of Religion in terms of presentation and linguistic aspects. In terms of content and graphic aspects, the two books have a balanced quality.

기후위기 극복을 위한 협력적 거버넌스에 대한 탐색적 고찰

This study focuses on governance to overcome the climate crisis. It is becoming clear that the climate crisis is an ecological crisis closely linked to the survival of human being that cannot be solved by the efforts of a particular single state, government agency, or company. Also, the enironmental movements alone cannot solve that problem. Therefore, the international community and countries worldwide are seeking to resolve the climate crisis by establishing governance in which various actors participate horizontally and freely. Korean society is no exception. As a result, the Basic Act on Net- Zero was enacted. The 2050 Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth Committee was formed as a statutory body. However, the Committee is currently in crisis. First, the religions, a significant member of the Committee, disagreed with 2030 NDC(Nationally Determined Contribution) and left the Committee. Second, the new government plans to the reorganization of the Committee. However, considering the international trend of carbon neutrality, it is difficult to eliminate the Committee. Therefore, this study constructs a framework for analyzing cooperative governance, evaluates the past activities, and look at the role of religion in terms of leadership.

Purification and Atonement in Religions

İnsanın hayatını anlamlandırması noktasında önemli bir etkiye sahip olan din, koyduğu normlarla insana düzenli ve faydalı bir hayat sunmaktadır. Dinin normları insan hayatını belli bir düzene oturturken, bu normların ihlali ise dinin insanın faydası için sunduğu düzenin bozulmasına sebep olmakta ve en nihayetinde insan işlediği günahlar sebebiyle zarara uğramaktadır. Bu bağlamda tarih boyunca kötü fiillerin sonucunda karşılaşılan olumsuzluklar, Tanrı’nın cezası olarak düşünülmüş ve dinin ihlal edilmesinin sonucu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Günahların olumsuz sonuçları, insanı günahları telafi etmeye yönlendirmiştir. Bu bağlamda sadece ilahî kökenli dinlerde değil, net bir tanrı inancı bulunmayan dinlerde bile günahlardan arınmak önemli bir gereksinim olarak görülmüştür. Bu noktada insan, günahların olumsuz sonuçlarından korunmak için arınma ve kefaret yöntemlerine başvurmaktadır. Dinlerin günahtan arınmak için sunduğu arınma ve kefaret yöntemleri her dinin günaha yüklediği anlam ekseninde şekillenmektedir. Günaha yüklenen anlam ise dinlerin sahip olduğu inanç sistemine, tanrı-insan ilişkisine ve dünyaya bakış açısına göre değişebilmektedir. Bu makalede dinlerde arınma ve kefaret yöntemleri ele alınırken çalışmanın kapsamı açısından yaşayan dünya dinleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu dinler bulundukları coğrafya ve sahip oldukları inanç sistemleri çerçevesinde Hint Dinleri, Uzak Doğu Dinleri, Düalist Dinler ve İlahî Kökenli Dinler olmak üzere dört ana başlıkta değerlendirilecektir. Hint dinlerinde samsara döngüsünün, Uzak Doğu dinlerinde ahlaki yapı ve animist teolojinin, düalist dinlerde ise iyilik ve kötülükten oluşan düalist kozmogoninin günah ve günahlardan arınma olgusuna yansıması değerlendirilecektir. İlahî kökenli dinlerde ise Hıristiyanlıkta arınma ve kefaret olgusu, İsa merkezli teoloji çerçevesinde ele alınırken; Yahudilikte Tanrı ile antlaşmanın kefaret ve arınmaya yansıması, İslam’daki kefaretlerin ise günahları arındırmakla birlikte iyiliğin tesisine yönelik oluşu değerlendirilecektir.

The Temple and the Rite: Social Functions of the Sacred by Davydov I.P.

The book under review was published in 2021 and its title can be translated as The Temple and the Rite: Social Functions of the Sacred. It became a result of fifteen years of work conducted by Doctor of Philosophy Ivan Pavlovich Davydov. Epistemology and methodology of religious science, problems of myth and rite, as well as the issues of religious art, are central to his research. The basic method used by I. P. Davydov is structural functionalism and the theoretical base he applies is the philosophy of Postmodernism represented by the names of G. Bataille, R. Caillois, J. Kristeva, M. Foucault, M. Blanchot. The book is divided into two main parts. In the first part I. P. Davydov focuses on theoretical issues: the concept of transgression in the philosophy of Postmodernism, definition of the term religion, description of the functions of religion, and specification of the myth-ritual concept. The author introduces his original method of functional analysis of archetypal images of the collective unconscious. In the second part of the book, the author deals with the study of Christian hymnography, iconography, and architecture through the prism of the method mentioned above. It can be regarded as an attempt to substantiate and verify the theoretical constructions of the first part by analyzing the empirical material of religious art. This part of the research serves to illustrate the practical application of the author’s method. Here the author defines major religious concepts, such as semiotics of sacred spaces, iconography, iconology, and icon, from the position of religious studies and philosophy and substantiates their scientific importance. We may conclude that this work in light of the latitude of the problems raised in it can be useful for the wide range of researchers working not only in the field of religious studies but also in the other fields of knowledge: anthropology, cultural studies, art history, psychoanalysis, etc. The readers can acquaint themselves with the method of functional analysis in the first part of the book and adapt it to their research, using the examples from the second part of the book as the patterns.

PENDIDIKAN PANCASILA: NEGARA, AGAMA, DAN WARGA NEGARA

The state is defined as the highest organization among a group of people who have the aspiration to unite, live in the region, and have a sovereign government. The goals of the state, among others, are to expand power, maintain law and order, and achieve general welfare. Of course, in a country there are citizens who take shelter in it. According to the 2006 UUKI, what is meant by a citizen is a citizen of a country that is determined based on statutory regulations. The state is a place for the growth of religion. In the relationship between the state and citizens is very closely related. Citizens play an important role in maintaining the integrity of a country. Muslims in Indonesia must be smart to be a pillar of inter-religious harmony. The plurality of Indonesian citizens in terms of religion, race, ethnicity, and between groups, conflicts often occur which can have an impact on the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, abbreviated as NKRI. However, the spirit of maintaining inter-community and ethnic harmony and maintaining the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is starting to be forgotten by the successors of this nation. The problem starts with religion or ethnicity.

The Theory of Servitude in Islam and The Special Position of Ahl al-Fatrah

Are good and evil an essential quality of existence? Or is this attribute imposed on the entity from outside? … etc. The problem area has been discussed in different ways among Islamic theologians. Another way of questioning the theological inquiry in question is what is the source of religious responsibility? Is the theological reason that makes man responsible (?) or is it the guidance of the prophet and the revelation (?) …etc. questions lead us to the same answers? The concepts that are indirectly revealed by the theological discussions in question are the concepts of "fatrah" and "ahl al-fatrah". The new problem that entered our agenda with this couple of concepts, what is the position of "ahl al-fatrah" in terms of religion (?) What is the position of the Prophet's parents (?) …. etc. The discussions are secondary derivatives of the main discussion in question. Two attitudes have been displayed in these theological debates in the Islamic tradition. According to the first of these, he assumes that he can accept the existence and oneness of God, starting from the human universe, with pure reason without the need for revelation. According to the other view, while accepting that the mind has the potential to determine the existence and unity of Allah, it assumes that responsibility can only be possible with Allah's orders and prohibitions. The main reason why the parties have different approaches to the issue is; Are “al-husûn” and “al-kubûh” essential qualities of existence? Or is the "value/norm" as a quality imposed on the being by religious orders and prohibitions? shaped by the discussion. The approach that refers to the parents of prophet Muhammad in theology is mostly the evaluation of scholars who understand that goodness "al-husûn" and evil "al-kubûh" are not the essential quality of existence, but are communicated with orders and prohibitions. Conceptualized as "ahl al-fatrah" and this group, which also included the parents of prophet Muhammed, could be included in the discussion from this point of view. According to this approach, man needs the leadership of revelation to be responsible. Those who do not receive revelation are not liable. “Ahl al-fatrah” (people of the interregnum) are also people who, due to a valid excuse, did not have the opportunity to receive revelation. The parents of the prophet are also from this group. In our study, the data on this theological subject will be analyzed in the context of research methods of social sciences.

How Great Is the Level of Youth Cultural Sensitivity? A Multicultural Education from One Ethnic in Indonesia

Indonesia is a multiethnic and cosmopolitan country. To realize a multicultural society, the variety of the Indonesian nation is employed as a feature, as the Indonesian nation’s identity. Different cultures complement each other, do not stand alone, and are even capable of adapting (flexibly) to each other in the arena of daily life. Musi Rawas Utara is one of the regencies in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with a diversified community in terms of religion and race. Cultural, religious, political ambitions, economic divisions, and educational distinctions are among the most widely felt throughout Indonesia, particularly in the Musi Rawas region. The goal of this study was to look at the intercultural understanding of ethnic youngsters in the Musi Rawas area. The demographics of this study include all youth ethnic groups in the Musi Rawas area. A purposive sample was used, with 75 participants drawn from three villages in Musi Rawas Utara Regency, South Sumatra. A nontest strategy was used to collect data in the form of a questionnaire. The research tool employed in this study was a questionnaire with four response options: strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. In this sense, it may be argued that the youth ethnic groups, Orang Rimba, in Musi Rawas Utara, have a good understanding of multiculturalism.

تکریم انسانیت: اسلام اور ہندو مت کا مطالعہ

Allah Almighty has created man with honor, respect and reverence and taught us to treat others similarly. Every religion has laid down its own set of rules for respecting humanity. In addition, it is essential that humans must respect other humans. When a child gain consciousness after birth, he/she associate and adapts to a particular religion of their parents or through their environment. The fundamental principles of that religion are very essential to him/her in conducting and regulating matters of life. Due to this reason, mankind learns the teachings of his religion and try to incorporate those in their lives as laws and legislations. In this paper, we are going to compare and contrast the teachings of Islam (a monotheistic religion) and Hinduism (a polytheistic religion) in terms of respecting humanity. Where Islam preach concepts like equality among human beings, fair distribution of inheritance, rights of humans superseding over the rights of Allah, women rights and the concept of salvation etc. On the contrary, Hinduism endorses division of caste, recognizing Brahmans as sacred, cruelty to Shudras, the concept of metempsychosis and inequitable distribution of inheritance etc. This paper aims to study the disparities in minute detail.
 Keywords: Humanity, Respect, Dignity, Islam, Hinduism

PERAN KONSELOR LINTAS AGAMA DAN BUDAYA SEBAGAI PROBLEM SOLVING MASYARAKAT MULTIBUDAYA [THE ROLE OF CROSS-RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL COUNSELORS AS A MULTI-CULTURAL COMMUNITY SOLVING PROBLEM

This research is motivated because the condition of Indonesia as a country that is rich in culture, of course, results in different patterns of life in society, so it is necessary to have a facilitator who can facilitate the unrest of the community. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of interfaith and cultural counselors as problem solving in a multicultural society. This research uses a literature study approach. Sources of data that will be used as material for this research are books, journals, and internet sites related to the chosen topic. In this study, after the data was collected, the data was analyzed to get a conclusion. The results of this study are that religious and cultural sensitive counselors are counselors who must have awareness in knowing their own culture in all respects. Therefore, it is understood that what can influence the mindset, actions and feelings of a counselee can come from every culture. A counselor must be able to find the right approach or according to the characteristics of the counselee and should not force the counselee to follow the cultural values that the counselor wants. Therefore, the role of the counselor must really understand the characteristics of the counselee in terms of religion and culture.

The Integration of Islamic Sciences and Secular Sciences Through Spiritualization and Humanization Approaches

The integration of science and religion is a topic of heated debate in the Western world. Ian G Barber describes this relationship between science and religion in terms of conflict, independence, dialogue, and integration. The theme of the relationship between science and religion is not only a hot topic in the Western world, but it has also attracted the attention of several contemporary Muslim thinkers. Unfortunately, in the discourse of Islamic sciences, the object of debate is more on criticism of secular science so that it needs to be Islamized, whereas, at the same time, Islamic sciences also have serious internal problems. Using qualitative research methods by exploring authoritative text sources, this paper aims to offer a balanced perspective in viewing Western science and Islamic science. This research shows that both Western science and Islamic science have weaknesses. Western science is seen as secular science so that it loses its divine vision, while Islamic science is theocentric so that it loses its humanist vision. This finding has implications for different strategies in dealing with the two types of knowledge. Spiritualization is a strategy relevant to Western science, while humanization is a strategy relevant to Islamic sciences.

Dampak Radikalisme terhadap Perempuan Masa Kini

Radicalism is a deviant thing and has an impact on women. Women are considered to be the perpetrators in an act of violence such as terrorism. In his understanding, radicalism does not only have its own interests, but is very subject to the perspective of the majority. The notion of radicalism can be seen in terms of religion, social, or violent-conflict. Even women have always been the most affected by the existence of radicalism. Therefore, this study aims to discuss Johan Galtung's conflict transformation theory and Peter Neumann's religious violence. This study uses qualitative methods through literature study and descriptive analysis of current radicalism. The results of this study indicate that what Johan Galtung said is related to conflict theory and Peter Neumann, so there must be a basic reference regarding the impact of radicalism on women in every authoritarian government policy in the name of religion and gender.

A Social Psychology of Religion with a Phenomenological Case Study

This article defines religion in terms of some of its major characteristics. Special attention is paid to how religion is attuned to the structure of a prevailing social order. Religion renders valuable functions within the psyche of individuals and renders justification to the integrity of a community. A brief qualitative investigation utilizing interviews challenges Freud’s viewpoint about religion being a neurosis. It also illustrates that religion can be studied phenomenologically without having to bracket the concept, of God. Finally, people can live comfortably with paradoxes in their interpretations of reality. The awareness of personal limitations and the need for a sacred, embodied, immanent and transcendental world ensures the future of religion.

Well-Being in the Context of COVID-19 and Quality of Life in Czechia.

The present study focuses on exploring the differences and relationship between well-being and experience of pastoral and psychological service of religious denomination based on religious affiliation during the first wave of the pandemic in Czechia. Our research has been focused on the investigation, comparison, and correlation between the level of well-being and pastoral and psychological service. The research sample (n = 1126) consisted of the Czech health population with age over 16 years, of which 42.4% were men (n = 478) and 57.5% were women (n = 648). From the perspective of religiosity, the study sample was divided in terms of religion into two groups—51.9% participants with religious affiliation (n = 584) and 48.1% participants without religious affiliation (n = 542). The level of well-being was identified by means of The Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). The level of experience with pastoral and psychological service was measured using our non-standardised questionnaire. The results confirmed the differences between the variables of well-being and positive experience with pastoral and psychological service based on religious affiliation. Moreover, we confirmed the hypothesis of a positive correlation between well-being and positive experience with pastoral and psychological service in Czechia.

Persepsi Kafa’ah dalam Perkawinan menurut Masyarakat Petok Kec. Mojo Kab. Kediri Ditinjau dari Hukum Islam


 One of the steps to form compatibility in the family is mutual harmony or kafa’ah, a certain step to form a sakinah mawaddah wa rahmah family. The results of this study explain in the community of Petok Village, located in Mojo Subdistrict Kediri Regency, most of them really paying attention to and carry out kafa’ah in a marriage. In practice, there are those who prioritize kafa’ah in religion, however some people consider the concept of kafa’ah to be irrelevant, who rely on consensual elements as the basis for the marriages of their sons and daughters. A few of them put forward kafa’ah in terms of materials or prosperity. Most of the population of the Petok Village practice kafa’ah with one kufu in terms of religion, according to the madzabs of Malikiyah, Hanaafiyah, Shafi’iyah and Hanbaliyah, who agree that the implementation of kafa’ah is good. Meanwhile, the practice of kafa’ah in a small part of Petok villagers who emphasizes kufu in material / financial terms, according to the Malikiyah and Syafi’iyah, is not justified, while according to others, Hanafiyah and Hanbaliyah, it does not fulfill other kafa’ah elements. Thus, the implementing part of consensual is not found in the concept of kafa’ah in Islamic law.