Terms Of Opposition Research Articles

Lattice Parameter of Austenite in Silicon Cast Irons

Upon solidification, graphitic cast irons undergo a volume change whose amplitude depends on two opposite terms, the contraction associated with austenite formation and the expansion due to graphite crystallization. During cooling after solidification, further precipitation of graphite occurs that continuously changes the physical properties of the material and possibly affects the eutectoid transformation that transforms the matrix from austenitic to ferritic or ferritic-pearlitic. This work intended to study the density of graphitic cast irons at high temperature, i.e., in the temperature range where the matrix is austenitic. High-temperature laboratory X-rays have been carried out on several alloys containing various carbon and silicon contents to characterize the austenite mean lattice parameter. By complementing these results with literature data, a statistical analysis was carried out that expresses the austenite mean lattice parameter as a function of temperature and composition, evidencing the high uncertainty related to the austenite carbon content. Finally, one of the investigated alloys was submitted to a simultaneous dilatometry and X-ray analysis in a synchrotron from room temperature to 1050 °C. The data are used to discuss the austenite lattice parameter prediction and the possibility of density prediction.

Deploying the “Ordinary Wisdom” of Confucius: Khenpo Sodargye’s teaching on the Analects to Chinese practitioners

ABSTRACT Khenpo Sodargye is one of the key second-generation Tibetan Buddhist leaders at Larung Gar Buddhist Academy, who has been highly influential in transmitting the teachings of the Nyingma lineage to Chinese lay and monastic practitioners. Fundamental to this transmission is his ‘translation’ – in both linguistic and cultural terms – of the Tibetan tradition through the medium of both traditional and modern Chinese culture. Khenpo teaches Tibetan Buddhism to Chinese followers often using Chinese cultural terms and historiography, yet draws these into the Tibetan Buddhist, and specifically Nyingma lineage, normalising them with parallels already found in the Tibetan tradition. This cumulative ‘Eastern’ religiosity he sets up in oppositional terms to ‘Western’ modern influences which have led to a decline in values in modern China. One such example of using Chinese culture in this manner is his teaching on the Analects (Lunyu), which this paper seeks to explore.

Before Skunḫa

Abstract The present paper seeks to offer a new interpretative scenario against the background of which to assess the dynamics underlying the interactions between the Achaemenid Empire (starting with Cyrus’ conquest of Central Asia) and the peoples of the steppes, which presided over the formation of what it is usually referred to as the frontier of the empire itself in Baktria, Sogdiana and Chorasmia. To this end, a set of literary sources (especially Herodotus and Strabo) whose influence on the interpretation in strongly oppositional terms of the above-sketched process has been, and continues to be, very significant will be critically scrutinized. In a second step, archaeological data and comparative evidence of a historical-ethnographic nature will be added, with the overarching aim of framing the narrative of the classical sources into a broader and, as it shall be argued, more proper social, economic, and ecological context. The outcome of such a study will hopefully be a more nuanced and complex picture of a crucial phase of Achaemenid history in Central Asia. In the light of the framework which shall be worked out in the following pages, while on the one hand the driving force and organizational capacity of the newly formed empire will emerge as decisive elements in the establishment of a new, distinctive, «imperial space» north of Baktr(i)a, on the other hand, the role of local communities in negotiating the modalities of their integration within the networks resulting from the birth and expansion of Achaemenid rule in the area will appear as having been of no less paramount importance.

What makes an awfully good oxymoron?

AbstractOxymorons combine two opposite terms in a paradoxical manner. They are closely intertwined with antonymy, since the union of antonymous items creates the paradoxical effect of the oxymoron and generates a new meaning. Compared to other forms of figurative language, oxymorons are largely underinvestigated. We explored what makes good oxymorons through a crowdsourcing task in which we asked participants to judge the acceptability, comprehensibility, effectiveness/aptness, commonness, pleasantness, and humoristic connotation of Italian adjective–noun oxymorons. We hypothesized that oxymorons featuring morphologically related antonyms (felice infelicità ‘happy unhappiness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons featuring morphologically unrelated antonyms (felice tristezza ‘happy sadness’) and that oxymorons constructed by complementaries (esatta inesattezza ‘exact inexactness’) may be perceived to be better than oxymorons constructed by contraries (bella bruttezza ‘beautiful ugliness’). The results confirmed only partially our hypotheses: oxymorons with complementaries were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, whereas no strong trend was found for the other two dimensions. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that oxymoronic constructions containing morphologically unrelated words were perceived as more acceptable, comprehensible, effective/apt, common, pleasant, contradicting our initial expectations.

The dialectic of freedom in the game space

By the dialectic of freedom, we understand the internal contradiction and interaction of opposite terms describing the game reality. At first glance, play and freedom are two incompatible phenomena. A game is a form of activity in which the subject adheres to the rules to achieve a goal. Freedom is a category that defines the borderline status of things. We will put forward the opposite thesis: it is within the limits of the game space that free will is formed.This issue is becoming relevant due to the growing popularity of the field of video games and game design. With the development of digital technologies, people began to spend more time in virtual space, and relax and chat in video games. A video game is a digital product in which anthropological qualities are clearly expressed – in the game, the goal and actions are built around the player and for the player.Since the game is a cultural creation of man, it cannot do without the participation of freedom. Freedom is a person's spiritual footprint in the game space. Moreover, the idea of freedom is already embedded in the essence of the game: a person's natural desire to overcome boundaries and himself. Can a game space reflect genuine human freedom?

Independents, not partisans, are more likely to hold and express electoral preferences based in negativity

The contemporary political domain is characterized by widespread negativity. Much of this negativity is thought to be generated by strong partisans, who overall express more anger, animosity, and bias than weaker partisans. The present research proposes, however, that self-categorized political independents hold preferences based more in negativity than partisans do, making them more likely to frame their preference in oppositional terms, act on the basis of opposition (vs. support), and agree with opposition- (vs. support-) based messages. Five studies (N = 51,687) present evidence of this valenced pattern of independent-partisan differences. In Study 1, across five decades, U.S. independents' (vs. partisans') preferences were more reflective of negative (vs. positive) partisanship. In Study 2, across four presidential elections, a greater proportion of independents than partisans reported voting “against” (vs. “for”) a candidate. In Study 3, negative (vs. positive) attitudes better predicted independents' participatory behaviors relative to those of partisans. In Study 4, independents agreed more with negatively-framed (vs. positively-framed) political appeals, whereas the opposite was true of partisans. Independents' (vs. partisans') preferences were more negative before the current politically polarized era and their proportional increase reflects a broader shift toward negative preferences. Finally, Study 5 replicated Studies 1–2 in three non-political domains, including one where attitudes were positive overall. Implications are discussed for the relationship between partisanship and negativity, how independents differ psychologically from partisans, partisanship as a moderator of preference valence-framing effects, and the possibility of general dispositional tendencies to base, frame, and express one's political and non-political preferences negatively.

Fixed bed in dark fermentative reactors: is it imperative for enhanced biomass retention, biohydrogen evolution and substrate conversion?

Recent studies have revealed gaps related to the bed purpose in fixed-film reactors and its influence on biohydrogen (bioH2) evolution via dark fermentation, given the pivotal role of the basal portion (i.e., feeding chamber) in converting fresh substrate and establishing bioH2 precursor metabolic pathways, which is opposed to that observed in the bed zone. This study aimed to assess the influence of different cell immobilization arrangements (as well as its absence) on biomass retention and washout and their effects on bioH2 evolution and metabolic profiles of an anaerobic tubular reactor (AnTR, which does not include support material), an anaerobic structured-bed reactor (AnSTBR, which includes support material laid out in an orderly pattern) and an anaerobic packed-bed reactor (AnPBR, which considers support material laid out in a disorderly pattern) operated under equivalent operating conditions in the feeding chamber. Higher bioH2 evolution was achieved in the AnSTBR (743.25 mL-H2 L−1 d−1) compared to the AnPBR (662.04 mL-H2 L−1 d−1) and AnTR (586.22 mL-H2 L−1 d−1). For the former, a massive carbohydrate-uptake occurred in the feeding chamber and at the beginning of the bed zone, both comprising an intense metabolic activity versus the upper regions. Conversely, this pattern was restricted to the AnPBR feeding chamber, while an alternative source of lactic activity occurred in the bed zone. Overall, the presence of media in the bed zone proved to be imperative to ensure suitable biomass retention in quanti-qualitative terms in opposition to no-bed, influencing biomass distribution, specific substrate conversion, bioH2 evolution and metabolic pathways.

Of broken promises and failed nations: Tipu Sultan at the Lahore Fort

In 2015, I wrote a play, Tiger of Mysore, on Tipu Sultan of Mysore (1750–99). The play has had three runs since. This article situates a distinct audience response (in what was a site-specific performance) within the larger backdrop of postcolonial nationalism in Pakistan. The study is guided by two questions: one, what was it about the performance that resulted in a varied reader/audience response? Two, in what ways did the site inscribe itself on the performance, and how did the performance write itself on the site? What I argue is that while the site itself was/is rich in evoking nostalgia for a supposedly glorious past, its expressive potential was intensified by the play in the context of Pakistan’s (dismal) performance as a nation state since 1947. While existing scholarship has analysed the nation state as an existential fantasy, Pakistan is more precarious owing to the state’s lack of connection to the territory it came to inhabit, and the aloofness of its ethnic minorities towards the idea of Pakistan. This compels the Pakistani state to define itself in oppositional terms to India, in an effort to deflect attention from its own failures. But the deflection is never complete and the people (who do partake of the Pakistan idea) are drawn in tandem to the broken promise of the country, as witnessed in the site-specific performance.

그레마스 기호학을 통한 희곡의 내러티브 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze the narrative of the play through the analysis of the play through the Greimas semiotics. In the surface narrative analysis, an actor model based on the character of fat, which is a symbol of a dictator who has power on his back, was constructed. In the in-depth narrative analysis, the confrontation between /power/ and /-power/ was confirmed through the relationship between the subject and the slender man who belongs to the object he pursues. In addition, the opposite term composed of /free/ and /-free/ constituted a semiotic square located in the opposite term.The narrative of <In the middle of the sea> analyzed through this process reveals the unethical behaviors of human beings who take power and the process in which the acquired human beings become the ruling class and exercise power over the ruling class.

Civilisational racism, ethnonationalism and the clash of imperialisms in Ukraine

This article, developed from a panel speech on ‘Radical internationalism and shifts in the global order’ at the IRR50 New Circuits of Anti-racism Conference at King’s College, London, October 2022, takes issue with simplistic and partial positions surrounding Russia’s war with Ukraine. It points to the fact that we now have to reckon with a clash of imperialisms (of the US and Russia), the weaponising of local nationalisms and a reworking of Eurocentrism born of the Cold War. The author warns that revanchist ethnonationalisms in central and eastern Europe and the Baltic States − based in a distorted rereading of history, especially of the countries’ roles in the Holocaust − are being ignored in the interests of a larger geopolitics with consequences also for the future direction of the EU (see Figure 1). In this, anti-Communism, which has defined so much of the history of the Global South in terms of violent opposition to anti-colonial liberation struggles, is being updated and revitalised.

The Symbolic Meaning of Marriage Taboo in Purbalingga and Banyumas Villages

The marriage taboo in the rural community of Purbalingga and Banyumas illustrates the phenomenon of socio-cultural plurality which is based on socio-political legitimacy. The emergence of marriage taboos is caused by social conflicts as the manifestation of incest marriage, social rivalry, and legitimacy battle. In those conflicts, the communities of Onje, Banjaranyar, and Raden Kaligenteng are the troublemakers. In addition, the communities of Sambeng Kulon, Sambeng Wetan, Jompo Kulon, and Jompo Wetan can also be categorized as the troublemakers since they are involved in the internal conflict which made them separated into parts. Those marriage taboos indicate something that can be understood as the shift of cosmos into chaos. The chaotic situation, however, is more dominant because the shift has not resulted in a new cosmos so that it is always in the liminal or threshold position. The position can be explained clearly in terms of relative binary opposition featuring a third party which takes the liminal position.

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

«Исследование блага» Нисиды Китаро: модусы преодоления эмпирических оппозиций

The paper identifies and characterizes the main modes of overcoming the dual oppositions in the text of An Inquiry into the Good (Zen no kenkyū, 1911) by Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945). The author's attention is focused on the analysis of the first section of the work, devoted to the exposition of the doctrine of pure experience. One of the most notable features of the inner structure of the text is the presence of a wide range of opposing conceptual units between which a re­lation of equivalence is established: “subject/object”, “mind/will”, “thinking/​ experience”, “truth/falsehood”, etc. The author identifies two main modes of overcoming these oppositions in the text: 1) by means of a third concept, the neutralizing term, which mediates the establishment of equivalence relations; 2) without the mediation of the neutralizing term. The neutralizing terms form a nominative series: “pure experience”, “fact”, “intellectual intuition”, etc. Ac­cording to the character of the equivalence established between the concepts, the following modes of removing the oppositions are distinguished: 1) revealing the essential identity of the phenomena; 2) finding the attributive similarities; 3) reducing the opposition to a quantitative (relative) difference. Neutralization of oppositions in the text is characterized by: a) the tendency towards totality, universality (on the level of the inner structure of the whole text all the elements of oppositions become potentially equivalent to each other); b) the inclusion of neutralizing terms in opposition of a different order (the same conceptual unit can play the role of both a neutralizing term and an element of an opposition). Such structural features of the text are due to the content of Nishida's doctrine of pure experience, which implies a progression towards a unity of reality that excludes the possibility of conceptual description.

Re-Generation: The Missional Imperative of Christian Schooling

We live in a time where the Christian church and our Christian faith have been pushed to society's peripherals. Operating in environments that are increasingly secular, where consumerism abounds, it can be easy to define Christian schooling in almost oppositional terms. There is another way. What if those of us involved in Christian schooling were to reimagine Christian education through a shared missional lens grounded in the foundation of the Missio Dei (God's Mission)? The potential of the missional lens for Christian schooling is considerable. It grounds the Christian school movement, and the identity of the teacher, in the larger biblical narrative. Additionally, with each generation invited to engage in mission in a way that is contextual, it allows for a multiplicity of ways to participate in the outworking of God's mission within the context and setting in which each school has been placed.

Pictures, Quotations, and Distinctions: Fourteen Essays in Phenomenology, RobertSokolowski, Catholic University of America Press, 2022 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3518‐9), xiv + 326 pp., pb $34.95

Pictures, Quotations, and Distinctions: Fourteen Essays in Phenomenology, RobertSokolowski, Catholic University of America Press, 2022 (ISBN 978‐0‐8132‐3518‐9), xiv + 326 pp., pb $34.95

A Historical Perspective of Science Education in Japan: Which Way is it Headed in the Future?

Japan has achieved rapid modernisation compared with other Asian countries, and Japanese students often obtain higher scores on international science assessment tests than students from Western countries that have influenced Japan. The question of what led Japan to attain such a position and what can be expected in the future persists. To understand the future of science education in schools, called rika in Japan, as well as its complex and multi-layered status in schools, it is important to employ a historical approach. This study examines the following analytical points: the slogan “Science for all and for excellence,” the West’s influence, and social changes. This study also explores the pre- and post-World War II eras. Finally, expectations for the near future are discussed. It is known that Japan will continue to develop rika that encompasses both homogeneous and heterogeneous Western science education, considering the global trends in science education. Consequently, while the policy of “Science for all” will be maintained in the near future, “Science for excellence” programmes, such as the “Super Science High Schools” programme, can be extended in terms of the supply of future scientists and engineers. This can be partly at the request of the industrial sector to survive international economic competition based on scientific and technological innovation and to maintain its international status. An important lesson from history is that science, as a part of liberal education, is provided for the individual wellbeing of scientifically literate citizens, rather than for the nation’s benefit. Therefore, the duality of “Science for all and for excellence” should not be considered in terms of binary opposition; “for excellence” should be recognised as encompassed by and a form or part of “for all.”

“Miseries, Tribulations, and Calamities”: António de Gouveia as an Eye-witness to the Seventeenth-century Eurasian Crisis

Abstract The “General Crisis of the Seventeenth-Century” as a concept was first applied to Europe, where the Portuguese Restoration of 1640 was one of its most striking episodes, when a national dynasty dethroned a foreign one. Geoffrey Parker extended its use worldwide, having in mind similar events taking place all over the globe, namely in China, where dynastic transition took centre stage. Some parallels can be drawn between the two sides of Eurasia, though sometimes in opposite terms (e.g., while the Braganzas were Portuguese, the Qing were Manchu). Among the coincidences occurring in both countries during dynastic changes, there is mention to omens and wondrous signs, interpreted as manifestations of something about to change, breaking away from the old established order which had lost some sort of divine assent. By using the writings of the Portuguese Jesuit António de Gouveia (1592/94–1677), namely his letters, some of which unpublished, we will seek to see how he interpreted these signs and dynastic change in China, while his own country (Portugal) was going through a similar process. We will make use of materials dating from 1636 to the 1650s, to see what kind of parallelisms Gouveia draws between the Chinese seventeenth-century crisis and the Portuguese case, and how he depicts and characterises the events occurring in China.

Under the net: universal time, modernism, and the subversive temporality of golden age detective fiction

ABSTRACT While the relationship between modernism and its ‘sister-genre’ detective fiction [Brian McHale, Postmodern Fiction (New York: Methuen, 1987), p. 59] has tended to be characterised in oppositional terms, recent scholarship has challenged this conceptualisation, arguing that the two forms can be productively read in relation to each other. However, the ways in which detective fiction, like modernist writing, is invested in questions of temporality remains underexplored. This paper argues that detective fiction simultaneously asserts and challenges modernity’s universal, standardised time-keeping regime. This argument is developed through a detailed examination of Agatha Christie’s The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, in which the criminal’s ability to elude the net of modern time is only exceeded by the detective’s ability to reassert it, and then through a wider discussion of the way this pattern reappears throughout the genre.

Crazy Rich Asians: Towards an Ornamental Feminist Account of Wealth and Desire

ABSTRACT Wealth is often seen as an object of desire. That is, it is what desire desires and it comes to represent desire. The accumulation of wealth is commonly considered excessive and coming at the cost of environmental and corporeal needs. Such an account of wealth follows an either/or logic that produces a set of oppositional terms such as nature or culture, desire or need, wealth or necessity, luxury or survival. This article explores questions of wealth and desire via the 2018 film Crazy Rich Asians. It uses the lens of ornament to zoom in on how the film depicts the relationship between the natural and the artificial, winning and losing, and subject and object. It proposes a feminist ornamental approach to wealth and desire that reworks the either/or logic and the oppositional terms that undergird it. It argues that this approach allows for an analysis of the relation between race, gender, nature, style, wealth and desire beyond one of commodification or recognition, ownership or dispossession.

The Translation of Orientational Metaphors in Qur’an: A Cognitive-Based Study

This paper aims to identify, compare and analyse conceptual orientational metaphors in the Quran and their translations. It attempts to find out the similarities and differences in the metaphorical conceptualization of space between English and Arabic. The paper discusses upward movement versus downward movement within the context of religion. The paper asserts the pervasiveness of metaphors in religious discourse. The verses of the research sample and their translations support the claim that orientational metaphors are generally regarded as universal due to the common cognitive basis shared between Arabic and English. The conceptual metaphor can generate a wide range of meanings, primarily in terms of binary opposites. The researcher adopts the corpus-based approach suggested by Deignan (1999) and collected a number of metaphorical verses to construct the linguistic corpus for the study. The findings of the study reveal that Arabic and English share many conceptual metaphors and their surface linguistic realizations.