Modern Terms Research Articles

(217) Proposal to amend Article 38.4 to allow binding decisions on whether a name was accepted by its author(s) in the original publication

(217) Proposal to amend Article 38.4 to allow binding decisions on whether a name was accepted by its author(s) in the original publication

Optimizing Bamboo as an Alternative Building Material to Respond Global Architectural Challenges

Construction industry sector is allegedly second contributing to global warming. Use of non-renewable materials a certain period of time will be exhausted and effects to environmental damage. Indonesia is rich in natural resources, including building materials, it is necessary to make a breakthrough in the realm of architecture to compensate for building this phenomenon. One possessed abundant natural materials in Indonesia is bamboo, then the chance of this study will be explored in more depth about optimizing the use of bamboo. Bamboo is flexible and strong. Indonesia has abundant availability of bamboo material, but not many architects use this material in their building designs. Bamboo grows very quickly and can be used continuously, which does not have to be produced regularly. Bamboo should be an important consideration to become the main material for durable infrastructure. Application of ecological material which is fulfilment of aspects on concept green building into a topic that continues to be studied by researchers or practitioners. Bamboo meets criteria as an alternative to application of ecological materials. Various potentials of bamboo are good elements of strength, fast growing, low energy, and materials protecting the earth’s ecosystem including economic improvement. The bamboo constraint is getting undermined by the development of modern technology. Bamboo materials can be used as ecological materials with breakthroughs in terms of modernization of bamboo utilization in the industrial context. Bamboo sustainable with happening of harmony of bamboo raw materials with culture to the current of technological progress. In order to reduce the effects of global warming and sustainable ecosystem for the future generations.

ВІРТУАЛІЗАЦІЯ ТА СОЦІАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК ЗАСОБИ РОЗВИТКУ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

One of factors that influence on personality is an origin of new agents of socialization, that appear in the process of informative co- operation. Therefore research of these factors of influence on socialization of personality, causes and effects of changes, a personality structure is subject that, appears perspective enough. Initial and fundamental pre-condition at consideration of problem of socialization is a thesis about indissoluble co-operation of man and societies. In modern terms virtual space can considerably influence on social processes, including, on socialization in space of modern society. With a concept personality social philosophy links the higher form of existence of representative of human society. An individual in the process of social development moves from a man to individuality and from her to personality. Socialization foresees becoming of social essence of man, including of her in the system of social roles and statuses, her development as a subject of social vital functions. She is a continuous process, the intermediate and eventual results of that are incuse all array of the vital impressions and experience personalities that she acquires in the process of the vital functions. Taking into account it is accepted to distinguish primary and secondary socializations complication of process of socialization. As founding for such distinction primary groups, social educations that is characterized by close, direct copulas with a separate individual understand under that, come forward, foremost. They are primary in a few senses, but mainly is foundation for forming of social nature and system of the valued orientations. Primary socialization is determined as and, that an individual yields in childhood and due to that he becomes the member of society. As a result of primary socialization for a man the sufficient level of consciousness, capacity is formed for self-control, mastering of role-play behavior, that result in the origin of adequate connections with surrounding people and society. Among all persons that surround a man, on the first place in this process there are those, who can be named «meaningful other» : those, to whom listens, with whom itself is identified by a concrete individual. Secondary socialization is every next process that allows to the already socialized personality to adapt oneself to the new social terms. And primary, and secondary socializations опосередковуються other elements of society of both the system : as by separate individuals and by task forces and institutes. From this large spectrum of values in every separate situation gets out only one and becomes спонукачем to the action, counteraction, or inactivity. Socialization is a not mechanical transmission of sum of knowledge, abilities and options. A new sociocultural situation carefully takes away from experience past those elements that straight or side will assist to their development, aiming to eliminate that does not assist it. In the process of social practice there always is a selection of the most meaningful for life society of social knowledge, ability and options. Transformation of social space is determined by that границі of the same social education mutate due to the degree of distribution of concrete social senses and values. It follows marks here, that the not only realized but also irresponsible архетипічні offenses that influence on behavior of people enter in the complement of the spiritual measuring of social space. In addition, too a social environment gives absolutely different results to socialization for different people and task forces. It is possible to assume that such results are conditioned by that, how it was already marked higher, that during every moment of socialization the different vital impressions influence on a man. Socialization and cultural authentication of man in of інфокомунікаційному space of computer networks will be realized due to belonging of individual to the that or other network concord or through the virtual reconstruction of social status, or through the active and free constructing of the virtual «І» and personal identity.

USAGE OF FHRASES IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IN THE AZ-ZAMAKSHARI’S DICTIONARY "MUKHADIMAT AL-ADAB"

Az-Zamakhshari is a great historian, geographer, literary critic, linguist, teacher and a poet of his time. In modern terms, as a public figure he left to the next generation invaluable works on logic, grammar, religion, dictionaries, literature, literary studies, pedagogy, history and geography. Many of his writings have reached us. One of his precious legacies left to the generations is his dictionary, titled «Muqaddimat al-Adab». This article discusses the structure of phrases in Az-Zamakhshari's work «Muqaddimat al-Adab». The manuscript of his unique four-language Arabic-Turkish-Mongolian work in the world is currently kept in the Alisher Nauai Literature Museum in Tashkent. According to the researchers, the scholar's «Muqaddimat al-Adab» includes Arabic-Persian-Turkish-Mongolian languages, however the Turkish section is not finished. The difference between the dictionary and the modern bilingual dictionaries is, firstly, that it includes several languages, and secondly, it was created by combining it with phrases, not just a list of words. This article talks about phrases from the dictionary «Muqaddimat al-Adab». Their transmission structures are shown and the similarity with modern Kazakh phrases is analyzed. In the dictionary, phrases are represented by a root cell. In this regard, it is discovered that it corresponds to the structure of the dictionaries created during the period of Muslim civilization. In most dictionaries of the Middle Ages, words and phrases were created using cells (models) similar to the phonetic structure of the Arabic language. Here, the root of the word is shown first, followed by a phrase made from that word. Words and phrases are arranged not according to their meaning, but according to the external form of the word. Phrasal verbs are also listed in the dictionary. However, it can be seen that their translations are not aligned with the phrasal verbs in the translated language. Several verbs are formed from one root, and various phrases formed from them are concentrated. Phrasal verbs formed within one word are collected as a group. From this aspect, the article considers phrases taken from dictionaries. The materials collected in this article are given as a general description of the phrases in the dictionary. In our future studies, it is planned to consider them together with the phonetic-morphological aspect.

On the speed of light in a vacuum in the presence of a magnetic field

The nature of light, the existence of magnetism, the physical meaning of a vacuum are problems so deeply related to philosophy that they have been discussed for thousands of years. In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on a question that concerns the three of them: does light speed in a vacuum change when a magnetic field is present? The experimental answer to this fundamental question has not yet been given even if it has been stated in modern terms for more than a century. To fully understand the importance of such a question in physics, we review the main facts and concepts from the historical point of view.

‘As unknown to me as a Bohemian village’: a retrospective of Czech Baroque music in recordings

In 1843 the German travel writer, Johann Kohl, commented on the curious fact that although several German states border Bohemia, a large degree of mystery and misunderstanding lay between them; in doing so he cited a common German expression: ‘Dieß ist mir so unbekannt wie die böhmischen Dörfer’ [sic] (this is as unknown to me as a Bohemian village). Despite the centrality, innovation and importance of Bohemian and Moravian musicians in the Baroque era (and before and beyond, of course) a good deal of it has, alas, remained remote to mainstream Western musicology. This situation has, however, improved dramatically over the 50 years since Early Music first went to press. For simple reasons of space this overview is limited to Bohemia and Moravia (modern-day Czech Republic–Slovakia warrants its own retrospective), and to the period from the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century. In both historical and modern terms, when speaking of a ‘Czech’ early music scene, one is usually discussing ‘Central European’ music-making more broadly (Czech ensembles are frequently international, and their repertory is broad and varied). A few central issues touched upon here relate to ideas of regional/national repertory, concepts of ownership and the centre–periphery paradigm. An unavoidable aspect of discussions of the past 50 years is the communist takeover that lasted between 1968 and 1989, which leaves a narrative of both East and West as well as insider–outsider language with which to contend. By its nature, such an overview as this comes with caveats: there is inadequate space to address all of the important issues, performers, composers and record labels that gave shape to this period. Considering that in both historical and in modern terms, Czechia (as she is now officially styled) is not a big country; in musical terms, she has punched way above her weight.

CHOICE OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ON THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF BRAND AS CONSTITUENT OF DATAFLOW OF ENTERPRISE

In the modern terms of work the special importance is got by the dataware of enterprise as pre-condition of him effective functioning. Effective means is application of communications, as systems of support of informative cooperation of enterprise with his internal and external business-environment. Communications of subject of economic activity play an important role realization of strategic aims of enterprise. The report of the correctly set forth communicative reports of subject to his target groups forms favourable basis for activity in the system of economic relations, helps to secure support of public for defence of interests and reputation of subject of economic activity. On the modern stage of development of economy the question of determination of quality and efficiency of communications of enterprise gets up very important. Determination of correct strategic course is the most responsible business for an enterprise, as forms priorities of his activity on relatively long-term prospect. It is extremely important to walk up the That management of company self-weighted to the process of choice and realization of communication strategy, taking into account many internal and external factors and accenting attention on some from them. Today it is very difficult to attract attention business entities to the brands, that is why it will be them to search the methods of organization of reports to the consumers about itself and the products. On the basis of it the question of choice of communication strategy becomes very important on the different stages of development of brand. Not having regard to the far of scientific publications from this range of problems, to the choice of communication strategy on the different stages of development of brand as a constituent of dataflow of enterprise it remains not fully studied. It stipulated the theme of the article. The basic types of communication strategies, the use of that allows to improve of communication activity of enterprise, are presented in the article. Design of communication strategy times are described and the complex of operating offers on every design time for every type of communication strategy. The basic stages of forming and development of brand are considered. For each the use of corresponding of communication strategy offers of the considered stages of development of brand.

Where Sight Meets Sound: The Poetics of Late-Medieval Music Writing Emily Zazulia

Continuities within and between historical periods are often contentious, and this new book offers a stimulating perspective on the point of demarcation between ‘Medieval’ and ‘Renaissance’. At issue is the potential, made possible by mensural notation, for the same written material to yield different musical results in performance. The discrepancy between written material and sonic results only appears that way to us because of music notation’s subsequent development, as the relative duration of musical signs became fixed; to those working within the mensural system, the notation of duration was always understood to be contextually dependent. But over the course of the fifteenth century composers began to engage collectively with that potential with ever increasing intensity, ingenuity, and sophistication. Where Sight Meets Sound focuses on an area where this phenomenon found particularly rich expression: the notation and performance of cantus firmi. One might think that this potential had always existed, being written into the mensural system itself. The first surprise of Emily Zazulia’s narrative is the realization that its exploitation as a compositional resource came about only gradually. She begins with a thought experiment: Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, having inherited the now fragmentary Trémoïlle manuscript first owned by his great-grandfather, asks his court composer Antoine Busnoys to re-notate some of the music so that his chapel can sing it. Confronted with tenors incorporating repetition, Busnoys and his singers would have found the notation alien not because it was too complex but because it was in a certain sense not complex enough. Although it was quite common in fourteenth-century tenors for material to be repeated in halved note values (diminution, in other words), Zazulia shows that in such cases scribes generally wrote out the diminutions out in full, whereas by Busnoys’s time they were typically indicated by means of a repeat sign, a verbal rubric, or some other ‘metasign’ (Zazulia’s term—not just for reasons of practicality or economy (e.g. space-saving) but as a positive aesthetic decision. In the first chapter, Zazulia locates the change in scribal practice in the first quarter of the fifteenth century; not coincidentally, the same period sees the emergence of pieces (like the much-discussed Codex Chantilly motet Inter densas/Imbribus/Admirabile) where repetition no longer consists of ‘straight’ or exact diminution (in modern terms) but entails a degree of contextual reinterpretation, brought about by reading the same material under different mensurations. (Another harbinger of the change in approach is scribes’ increasing tendency to notate mensural signs at the start of pieces.) The potential for prescribing non-standard readings of the notation (Zazulia’s ‘transformative impulse’) gradually extended to other systematic procedures (e.g. augmentation, inversion, retrograde) and thence to more arbitrary operations in the last quarter of the fifteenth century (e.g. discounting of stems, certain categories of pitches, or rests). But the ‘transformative impulse’ is often accompanied by a corollary, the principle of ‘notational fixity’ (Zazulia’s term again), whereby all these transformations refer back to a single notational artefact whose details were fixed for the duration of the work. As the genre most associated with multiple repetitions of borrowed material, the cantus firmus mass became a privileged locus of these strategies. It has been observed that notational fixity was first associated with mass tenors derived from polyphonic songs (understandably, since these dictated both pitches and rhythms); only later, particularly with Obrecht, was the principle extended to chant-based tenors (particularly with respect to the ligatures of the given source), whose use as cantus firmi of course pre-dated that of polyphonic songs.

Formation of Nitrogen-Rich Hot Springs in the Water–Granite and Water–Porphyrite Systems

The processes of evolutionary transformation of solutions in crystalline rocks of different composition under formation parameters of nitrogen-bearing hot springs have been studied using physicochemical modeling. It has been established that the fundamental factor in the formation of solutions that correspond to modern nitrogen hot springs in composition is the presence of elements that produce anions in the host rocks in appropriate concentrations. They create a characteristic geochemical environment that controls their concentrations and speciation in the solutions and the crystallization/dissolution timing and amounts of secondary minerals at each step of changing the value of the rock/water ratio. Both cations and anions clearly maintain the sequence of their presence in the solution in accordance to their concentration in the rock until the time when the crystallization of secondary minerals modifies the trends of component concentrations in the solution. The reasons for low and very low mineralization of nitrogen hot springs, low concentrations of Mg, Ca, and K and high contents of Na and Si are elucidated. Modern nitrogen terms cannot be formed in rocks containing elements that form anions in an amount corresponding to their average values. Based on the revealed high discreteness of the distribution of these elements in space and their extremely poor understanding, it is concluded that the successful study of hydrogeochemical processes is impossible without taking into account the geological heterogeneity, which is a key problem of hydrogeochemistry and is not taken into account when the processes of interaction in the water/rock system are studied.

Proposed novations in global taxation

Subject. Tax competition between jurisdictions, contributing to profit removal of multinational enterprises (MNEs) from taxation is a serious problem in the global economy. To solve it, an international agreement was concluded in 2021 with a wide range of participating countries, which contains important novations for the entire system of global taxation. However, its implementation is an open question. Objectives. The aim is to provide a unique study of the content of the proposed novations in global taxation, and possibilities and prospects for their implementation in national legislation. Methods. The study employs general scientific methods, like abstraction, induction, deduction, synthesis, comparative analysis. Results. The paper describes the content of two components of the said agreement, gives a forecast of possible consequences of their application for MNEs’ profit taxation, substantiates the position that in the modern terms of world economy, the implementation of these novations will be postponed. Conclusions. The novations contained in the international agreement of 2021 specify the application of the territorial principle of taxation for MNEs’ income (pillar 1) and introduce the minimum allowable level of tax on their corporate profits (pillar 2). The implementation of the novations will influence the overall level of corporate taxation in separate countries, especially in low-tax jurisdictions, limit the possibilities of international corporate tax planning and removal of profits from taxation, and modify the practice of granting tax preferences to businesses. However, under current economic and political turbulence in the world economy, one should not expect imminent implementation of the novations into national legislation.

Falling Standard of Parenting in the 21st Century: The Way Forward

Parenting in the 21st Century is more complex than what was obtainable previously because of the information and technology overload as well as the battle for children’s minds these days, yet the fundamentals of raising children remain the same. The generational shifts or complexities of modern terms cannot negate the role of character as the foundation for building strong communities and nations. It is, therefore, imperative to examine the various factors responsible for the falling standard of parenting in the 21st Century and proffer solutions to them. This paper, therefore, seeks to investigate the factors responsible for the falling standard of parenting in the 21st Century with a view to charting the way forward to avoid the collapse of the 21st Century world.

:The Archaeology of Roman Macedonia: Urban and Rural Environments

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Johann Arnason’s unanswered question: To what end does one combine historical-comparative sociology with social and political philosophy?

Johann Arnason’s work combines the most erudite historical-comparative sociology, discussing highly knowledgeably enormous stretches of world-history, with the most subtle social and political philosophy, drawing creatively on the traditions of hermeneutics and phenomenology. Invariably, his works introduce more nuance and sophistication into the analysis of even very well studied socio-historical phenomena. At the same time, he addresses such major phenomena in terms of modernity, democracy and capitalism, agreeing that there often – maybe always – is a combination of empirical, conceptual and normative issues at work when analysing human history. Nevertheless, readers of his work may at the same time be impressed by the nuance and sophistication and at a loss with regard to what such further refinement of our socio-historical knowledge entails in terms of understanding our own time in its historical context. Searching through Johann Arnason’s work, this article identifies unexplored questions in the conceptual and historical relation between civilization, modernity, and equality and tries to understand why they have been left open.

АЛГОРИТМИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ БІЗНЕСУ ЗАДЛЯ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ КРАЇНИ

Consideration of questions in relation to adjusting the business economic security in the conditions of martial law and post-war economic recovery proves is showed that a primary value is acquiring by development of practical instruments of adjusting of economic security for the renewal of socio-economic development of production in regions and country. A research aim by research are forming and realization of algorithms the adjusting of business economic security in the conditions of recovery the socio-economic development by the search of methods, facilities and acceptance of correct decisions fоr planning the instruments of connections in the external and internal environment of business development, optimal combinations with help of which will provided the increase of level the business economic activity and socio-economic renewal of country. The modern doctrines of strengthening of economic security of business and entrepreneurial activity became methodological basis of research. In the conducted researches used methods of dialectics, methods and principles of scientific cognition, instruments of economic analysis for forming of certain algorithms of adjusting of business economic security and determination of threshold indicators that determine the level of business strengthening and renewal the socio-economic state in a country. The basic hypothesis of research is supposition about the forming a such algorithm of economic security adjusting that will allow to get the sufficient margin of safety and accumulate necessary productive, financial, intellectual and other potential of business development for the sake of socio-economic renewal of country and its separate regions. Exposition of basic material of research. It is well-proven that adjusting of business economic security is a dynamic process that is orientated on the achievement of primary objectives of socio-economic development that can substantially differ from pre-war, war and post-war periods. It follows to consider the most primary aims: providing of certain level of population prosperity, pension system, social help, level of middle salary and decline of unemployment, forming of social infrastructure and threshold values of economic security indexes that signal about the periods of stability, revival and increase (to getting up) of socio-economic development. Depending on components, which are most influence on economic strength of business security, it is possible to form, determine and thresholds of economic security firmness in relation to the changes of these components in the external and internal environment of business and in the process of co-operation the different business entities. The reasonable threshold values of economic security indexes of business will allow in good time to find out positive or negative progress of entrepreneurial activity trends and accept correct decisions in relation to strengthening of business for the sake of renewal in socio-economic prosperity of population and country on the whole. Originality and practical meaningfulness of research are confirmed by the offered algorithm of adjusting the business economic security as a decision tree and set of threshold indexes that must be regulated, going out a necessity to keep a certain reserve of business durability, which related with those dangers and risks that arise up in the modern terms of socio-economic development of Ukraine economy. Conclusions and prospects of further researches. The conducted research allowed to establish that the algorithm of adjusting of economic security of business foresees creation of the so-called «decision tree», that it directionally on realization of strategic aim as creation of necessary terms for renewal the national economy of country, regions, business of different sectors and to provide firmness and socio-economic stability of territories development. Adjusting of business economic security it is need to carry out complex, examining its financial and economical, productive and technological, social and ecological, intellectual and institutional potential that it will allow to find out threats and define backlogs for renewal socio-economic development of country. Each of the presented components of evaluation the economic security shows by itself the subsystem of economic security, for that peculiar the aggregate of mutual relations, threshold values that have a different orientation and degree of influence on the level of providing and quality of economic security adjusting. Further researches will be will be sent to development of travelling maps of adjusting of business economic security, coming from the different scenarios of renewal of socio-economic development of country.

Vincent: Exuberance and Despair

Dedicated to Meerten ter Borg. During Vincent van Gogh’s two months in Auvers he painted 74 masterpieces and then he shot himself. In this article, I investigate the possible connection between his ecstatic creativity and his tragic end. For this, I turn to Aristotle, who investigated the connection between warm melancholy and eminent creativity. In modern terms, it is the increased neurotransmission during a hypomanic episode that allows the magnifying of existing talent. This ‘bipolar melancholy’ can foster creativity but also lead to abrupt suicide. Attempts to find, in his letters and paintings, omens foretelling this tragedy fall short. He was exuberantly celebrating nature in his paintings creative until the last canvas. Then came a sudden slowing down of neurotransmission. His suicide was an escape from the looming depression he had experienced in Arles before deep depression made such an action impossible. The tragic fate of Vincent’s brother Theo, who succumbed to the other extreme, mania, suggests a genetic basis for this ‘ bipolar melancholy’. It was for Dr Gachet, expert in Melancholy, that Vincent moved to Auvers. He offered a broad and compassionate medical therapy, not excluding medication. Gachet’s understanding of the link between melancholy and genius was known to the van Gogh brothers. At the funeral Dr Gachet praised Vincent’s great achievements.

Edmond Farrenc: French Jourlalist on Both Sides of the Atlantic

Life of Edmond Farrenc, the Parisian journalist, who had lived for a long time in the USA and Canada, is traced in the article. Publicistic and literary activities of Farrenc, his lectures and articles in the periodicals of the second half of the 19th century show that he addressed audiences on both sides of the Atlantic, put emphasis on the interaction of ideas, viewed events, that took place in the Old and New Worlds, from the transnational perspective. In this sense, in modern terms, we can speak of Edmond Farrenc as a transnational author.

ON TERMINOLOGY OF TYPES OF CHINESE DICTIONARIES

The paper is devoted to the study of different Chinese terms that denote types of dictionaries/reference books in Chinese. The English word dictionary has several Chinese equivalents, including the archaic term 字书 (zìshū, character book) and modern terms 字典 (zìdiăn, character dictionary), 词典 (cídiăn, word dictionary, or simply dictionary), and 辞典 (cídiăn, lexicon), and the more general term 辞书 (císhū, lexicographical works). Depending on the kind of linguistic units that are selected as its entries, Chinese - foreign dictionaries can be a character dictionary, a word dictionary, or a dictionary of characters and words. A Chinese lexeme can be a monosyllabic morpheme in the form of a single character like 眼 (yǎn, eye), 看 (kàn, look), 不 (bù, no; not) and 了 (le), or a multi-syllabic morpheme consisting of two or more characters, like 葡萄 (pútao, grape) and 巧克力 (qiǎokèlì, chocolate). Unlike conventional dictionaries in which multi-syllabic morphemes are treated as sub-entries, the dictionary of Chinese lexemes 辞位 (cíwèi) that serves the needs of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, treats them on an equal footing as single characters. The sub-entries of 辞位 (cíwèi) dictionary correspond to English words and are composed of a head character or head lexeme plus another character or lexeme. For instance, the sub-entries under 眼 (yǎn, eye) are 眼 光 (yǎnguāng, vision), 眼睛 (yǎnjīng, eye), etc.; and the sub-entries under 葡萄 (pútao, grape) are 葡萄干 (pútaogān, raisin), 葡萄酒 (pútaojiǔ, wine), 葡萄糖 (pútaotang, glucose) and 葡萄牙 (pútaoyá, Portugal).

A comparative overview on agricultural contracts in Sudan

Sudan, like other African nations, has experienced challenges related to land ownership, aggravated by its previous status as the largest country in Africa before South Sudan’s secession. Traditionally, land in Sudan has been held collectively by tribes, managed by chiefs or tribal leaders through customary regulations. In this system, an individual’s right to land is derived from their membership in the community or tribe. Specific areas for communal use are exclusively reserved under customary law, where individuals can access them as a shared resource. This concept aligns with the notion of a native common good in modern terms, as described by the economic analysis of law, where ownership rights prevent individuals from excluding others. The right to exclude others does not apply in this case. These customary traditions remained mostly unaffected by colonial and post-colonial governments, which introduced a separate land tenure system based on the state’s authority to allocate land. Alongside these customs, Islam, as a religious faith, also played a significant role, providing principles and regulations that intertwined with customary traditions to form a binding body of law. However, the religious rules themselves are only one component of the living law, whose content is shaped through the interaction with customary practices. Official land law in Sudan, influenced by colonial practices, has undergone modifications under successive governments but remains fundamentally rooted in the colonial land laws. These laws were initially implemented to confiscate large land areas for commercial farming, particularly cotton production, and to regulate urban residency in support of colonial regime security. One of the fundamental issues related to rural land tenure stems from the principle introduced by the British colonial power in 1898, which assumes that unregistered land is owned by the government unless proven otherwise. Considering the premises, the purpose of this contribution is to analyse the land laws in Sudan and, in particular, the main type of agrarian contracts.

COMPRESSIVE REVIEW ON MEDHA (COGNITIVE ABILITIES) AND ITS RELATION WITH DOSAS AND DHATUS

In Ayurveda, "Medha" encompasses intellect, linked to the doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) the Sapta dhatu, Agni, Prakriti, Ahara and diseass. Maintaining dosha balance, particularly Vata, supports mental clarity. Nourishing Meda through a balanced diet and herbs like Brahmi enhances cognitive function. Pitta influences intellect, while practices like meditation and yoga aid Medha. Digestive fire (Agni) is vital for nutrient transformation, crucial for Medha. Overall, Ayurveda emphasizes lifestyle, dietary choices, and herbal interventions to optimize Medha, promoting a holistic approach to cognitive well-being. In modern terms, cognitive functions encompass processes like learning, memory, and decision-making. Practices such as meditation, yoga, and dietary interventions with cognitive-supportive nutrients align with holistic approaches to enhance cognitive well-being. Recognizing the mind-body connection remains a key aspect, integrating Ayurvedic insights with evidence-based strategies for comprehensive cognitive health.

Gaius Cilnius Maecenas and His Circle in the Cultural Atmosphere of the Golden Age of Augustus

The article is devoted to the life and work of Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, friend and colleague of emperor Augustus. In historiography Maecenas usually appears as the “minister of the interior” and even the “minister of propaganda” of the Roman Empire. According to the author, Maecenas was a new type of politician: soft, modest, devoid of political ambitions, who loved art and got used to luxury. Maecenas was Augustus&amp;apos; confidante and an obedient instrument in his hands. He went down in history as the head of a literary circle and the patron of such poets as Virgil, Horace and Propertius. Maecenas was, in modern terms, an effective “manager”, a generous “sponsor” and a talented “producer”, who created the ideology of the “golden age” of Augustus.