Terms Of Leaf Number Research Articles

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)

The aim of this work is to find out effect of several Liquid Organic Fertilizers (POC) based on their concentration and to obtain the best POC on the growth and production of mustard plants during two plantings. This research was carried out at the Experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University from February to April 2020. This study was conducted at then experimental method with a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions, namely tofu water with a concentration of 25% (250 ml of tofu + 750 ml water), 25% banana peel concentration (250 ml banana peel + 750 ml water). 25% concentration of rice washing water (250 ml of rice washing water + 750 ml of water), 25% concentration of eggshell (250 ml of eggshell + 750 ml of water), a mixture of tofu POC (62.5 ml) + banana peel POC (62,5 ml) + POC of rice washing water (62.5 ml) + POC of eggshell (62.5 ml). Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh plant weight, fresh plant weight per plot. The observational data were analyzed and continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% level. The results showed that the treatment of several types of POC had the same effect to each other. However, presenting POC of tofu wastewater showed that fresh yield was generally superior in terms of leaf number, fresh plant weight, and plant weight per plot.

Effects of Elevated Water Temperature on Growth of Basil Using Nutrient Film Technique

Hydroponic systems have become increasingly popular for growers in recent years for year-round local production. Whereas optimal air temperature for plant growth has been considered, optimal root zone temperatures have not been examined as thoroughly. The objective of this research was to determine the optimal water temperature for growing different types of basil hydroponically. Research was conducted at the greenhouses in Stillwater, OK. Seventeen cultivars were selected from six main types of basil and transplanted into Nutrient Film Technique hydroponic systems, and three water temperature treatments were applied: 23, 27.5, and 31 °C. Height, width, average leaf area, leaf number, chlorophyll concentration (chlorophyll readings obtained with the Minolta-502 SPAD meter), shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were evaluated. In general, the 27.5 and 31 °C treatments were not greater than each other in terms of leaf number and root dry weight but were greater than the 23 °C treatment. The 31 °C treatment had the greatest height, whereas width, average leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight were not different from the 27.5 °C treatment. The 23 °C treatment had the greatest chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) value. Cultivar differences were significant in average leaf area and SPAD, with ‘Spicy Bush’ having the smallest leaf area and purple basil having the greatest SPAD value. For all cultivars except purple basil and ‘Large Leaf Italian’, a 27.5 °C water temperature would be recommended for greater plant growth.

Leaf growth, gas exchange and assimilation performance of cowpea varieties in response to Bradyrhizobium inoculation

Supplying nitrogen to crops through selecting high N fixing legumes and effective inoculant is one of the key strategies to improve crop productivity. However, studies related to the effect of Bradyrhizobial inoculation on leaf growth, its functioning in relation to photosynthesis, and transpiration efficiency (WUE) of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] varieties in the tropics were inadequate. A two-year field experiment was conducted at three sites to evaluate the effect of inoculation on leaf growth, gas exchanges and photosynthetic efficiency of cowpea varieties. The study treatments were composed of four varieties, Keti (IT99K-1122), TVU, Black eye bean, and White wonderer trailing and three levels of inoculation (non-inoculated or inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains CP-24 or CP-37). Gas exchange was measured on live plants at 67–77 days after sowing, between 8:00 to 11:00 a.m. and 14:00 to 16:00 p.m. Leaf growth parameters (leaf number and leaf area) were measured by destructive sampling, and the yield data was determined by harvesting plants in the three central rows at physiological maturity. Variety TVU performed best in terms of leaf number, photosynthesis rate, and WUE. Whereas, Black eye bean revealed superior performances for leaf area, leaf area index, and stomatal conductance compared with the rest two varieties. The effect of inoculation was significant with 14.0, 23.8, 13.7, and 11.0% advantage in leaf area, leaf area index, net photosynthesis, and WUE, respectively. Moreover, the performance of cowpea of the 2018 cropping season showed a relative advantage over 2019 in terms of leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. Therefore, inoculating cowpea varieties with effective Bradyrhizobium strain can be a viable alternative to enhance growth, gas exchange, photosynthetic efficiency, and grain yield.

Efficacy of Foliar Feeding of Brassinosteroid to Improve Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Grown under Subtropical Plain

ABSTRACT The present investigation was carried out to study the efficacy of foliar feeding of brassinosteroid on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cv. Winter Dawn. The experimental finding revealed that the physiological growth in terms of leaf number, specific leaf weight, leaf relative water content and total chlorophyll content in the leaf has increased significantly in all the brassinosteroid treated plant with maximum in the treatment consist of three repeated foliar spray of brassinosteroid at vegetative, flowering and again at fruiting stage, irrespective of their concentration. Fruit yield (31.93 tonnes ha−1) with earliest ripening (within 13.67 days after fruit setting) and biggest fruit size (18.43 cc) was obtained in the treatment of three brassinosteroid spray @ 0.2 ppm each at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stage. Further, total soluble solid (TSS): acid ratio and reducing sugar also was measured maximum (21.71 and 5.20%, respectively) in three repeated spray of brassinosteroid @ 0.2 ppm. Hence, it can be concluded that the foliar feeding of brassinosteroid @ 0.2 ppm each at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stage is the best treatment to increase the yield potentiality of strawberry cv. Winter Dawn with improved fruit quality under subtropical condition of Bihar, India.

Do NH4:NO3 ratio and harvest time affect celery (Apium graveolens) productivity and product quality?

Abstract Due to the remarkable health benefits of celery (Apium graveolens), its consumption has increased over time. A partial substitution of NO3 − with NH4 + is recommended to limit the accumulation of NO3 − in leafy vegetables. Hence, a factorial experiment with two factors, consisting of six treatments as combinations of three NH4:NO3 ratios (0:100, 20:80 and 40:60) in nutrient solutions and two harvesting times (in the morning and in the evening), was conducted on celery plants in a soilless culture system. The results showed that 100% NO3 as a sole N source significantly increased plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll, fresh weight, N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, protein, dietary fibre, soluble sugars, nitrate, vitamin C, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein of celery plants compared to either 80 or 60% NO3. However, this increase was not significant compared to 20% NH4:80% NO3 in terms of leaf number, fresh yield, N, Mg, Mn, protein, soluble sugars, vitamin C and α-carotene. Harvesting in the evening significantly increased K, Mg, Fe, soluble sugars, α-carotene and β-carotene, and lowered the nitrate level in celery plants. In conclusion, partial replacement of 20% NO3-N with 20% NH4-N and evening harvesting are recommended for a greater fresh yield, higher quality, and lower nitrate level.

Growth and Yield Response of Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) Varieties to Intra-Row Spacing in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

Shallot is an important crop as a condiment as well as a source of income for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. However, the yield of the crop is constrained by a number of factors among which inappropriate plant spacing and lack of improved varieties are the bottlenecks of its productivity in the study area. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Densa, Eastern Amhara, and Ethiopia to evaluate the growth and yield response of shallot varieties to intra-row spacing. The treatments consisted of four intra-row spacings (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) and three shallot varieties (Dz-sht-157-1B, Dz-sht-91-2B, and Yheras). These were laid out in randomized complete block design replicated three times. Data on growth and yield parameters were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that varying intra-row spacings from 5 to 20 cm increased significantly (P <0.01) all yield characters assessed in all the traits except cured bulb yield (t ha-1) which decreased as a result of increasing intra-row spacing from 5 to 20 cm. Highest total bulb yield (26.20 t ha-1) and marketable bulb yields (25.24 t ha-1) were recorded at the closest intra-row spacing (5 cm). Dz-sht-157-1B variety was superior in terms of leaf number per plant (35.82), average bulb weight (69.08 g), marketable yield (24.46 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (25.17 t ha-1). Hence, based on the result, Dz-sht-91-2B grown at 10 cm intra-row spacing should be adopted by farmers in study area. However, further investigations on multiplications and over years should be made to come up with complete recommendations.

Growth and Bulb Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Response to Plant Density and Variety in Jimma, South Western Ethiopia

In appropriate use of plant spacing and lack of evaluation of improved varieties across agro ecologies are the predominant agronomic practices that reduce the productivity of onion. The present study therefore, has been designed to investigate the influence of variety, intra-row spacing and their possible interaction on growth and yield of onion. The study was conducted under irrigation during the year 2016/2017 at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, on experimental site of horticultural crops. Four onion varieties (Adama Red, Nafis, Melkam and Nasik Red) and three intra-row spacing (7,10 and 13 cm) with inter-row spacing of 20 cm. The experiment was designed in RCBD with three replications. The results of the study showed that both variety and intra-row spacing had a significant effect (P˂0.05) on all parameters, except for the leaf diameter which was only affected by intra-row spacing. Leaf number per plant was significantly affected by interaction of variety and intra-row spacing. The highest leaf number (13.9) obtained from variety Nafis with intra-row spacing of 13 cm. In general, leaf number per plant, leaf length, plant height and leaf diameter were higher at wider intra-row spacing (13 cm). Nafis variety was superior in terms of leaf number per plant (13.9), bulb diameter (5.67 cm), average bulb weight (74.50 g), marketable yield (36.26 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (36.28 t ha-1). Onion plant grown at closer intra-row spacing (7 cm) showed very promising result for average bulb weight, marketable yield and total tuber yield. Moreover, the closest intra-row spacing (7 cm) gave higher marketable and total bulb yield than the wider intra-row spacing. Thus, growers in the study area can be benefited from closer intra-row spacing, however, it is paramount important to test the feasibility of the other closest intra-row spacing e.g., 6 cm and 4 cm.

Productivity of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) under different agronomic management factors

Productivity of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis) was evaluated at Roodeplaat over two winter seasons (2012 and 2013). Agronomic factors considered were plant density, nitrogen level, irrigation frequency and planting date. Irrigating thrice or once a week with 50 kg N ha−1 at 50 000 plants ha−1 produced tall plants with large leaf area (p < 0.05). Irrigating once a week combined with 100 kg N ha−1 increased leaf chlorophyll content. Application of 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 significantly (p < 0.05) increased leaf number, plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield for early and late planting dates. Irrigating three times a week led to significant (p < 0.05) increase in plant height and yield for late and early planting. Higher leaf quality parameters (chlorophyll content index and leaf area index) suggested that non-heading Chinese cabbage could be grown at densities of 50 000 plants ha−1. However, plant density of 133 333 plants ha−1 resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield in terms of leaf number and fresh mass for late planting in both seasons. Early planting, application of 50 kg N ha−1, irrigating three times a week and a plant population of 50 000 plants ha−1 is recommended for non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Reproductive efficiency and shade avoidance plasticity under simulated competition.

Plant strategy and life‐history theories make different predictions about reproductive efficiency under competition. While strategy theory suggests under intense competition iteroparous perennial plants delay reproduction and semelparous annuals reproduce quickly, life‐history theory predicts both annual and perennial plants increase resource allocation to reproduction under intense competition. We tested (1) how simulated competition influences reproductive efficiency and competitive ability (CA) of different plant life histories and growth forms; (2) whether life history or growth form is associated with CA; (3) whether shade avoidance plasticity is connected to reproductive efficiency under simulated competition. We examined plastic responses of 11 herbaceous species representing different life histories and growth forms to simulated competition (spectral shade). We found that both annual and perennial plants invested more to reproduction under simulated competition in accordance with life‐history theory predictions. There was no significant difference between competitive abilities of different life histories, but across growth forms, erect species expressed greater CA (in terms of leaf number) than other growth forms. We also found that shade avoidance plasticity can increase the reproductive efficiency by capitalizing on the early life resource acquisition and conversion of these resources into reproduction. Therefore, we suggest that a reassessment of the interpretation of shade avoidance plasticity is necessary by revealing its role in reproduction, not only in competition of plants.

고추의 생장에 미치는 Azospirillum brasilense 및 Methylobacterium oryzae 접종 효과

BACKGROUND: Rhizosphere bacteria may improve plant growth and productivity both by supply nutrients and hormonal stimulation. Although many experiments have shown improvements in plant growth with inoculation of bacterial cultures to the rhizosphere, the main obstacle in the applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in a large scale is the inconsistency of the results. We tested the growth promoting effects of Azospirillum and Methylobacterium strains on red pepper plant. METHODS AND RESULTS: Red pepper seedlings were grown for 25 days in a growth media inoculated with A. brasilense CW903 or M. oryzae CBMB20. The seedlings were transplanted and grown for 45 days in pots with soil in a greenhouse, at half the recommended level of fertilizer. Bacterial culture, <TEX>$4.0{\times}10^9$</TEX> for A. brasilense CW903 and <TEX>$5.8{\times}10^8$</TEX> CFU for M. oryzae CBMB20, was applied in root zone soil periodically every 10 days during the experiment. Inoculation of M. oryzae CBMB20 significantly increased the red pepper plant growth in terms of leaf number, height and mass of shoot, or root mass compared to uninoculated control plants. Although beneficial effects of A. brasilense on plant growth of many crops were observed, the growthpromoting effect of A. brasilense CW903 on red pepper plant was not found in this study. CONCLUSION(s): The factors responsible for the irregularities in plant growth promoting of rhizobacteria are difficult to elucidate. Extensive inoculation experiments in the greenhouse and in the field should enable us to define the factors critical to obtain successful application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

A comparison of growth and photosynthetic characteristics of two improved rice cultivars on methane emission from rainfed agroecosystem of northeast India

Wetland rice fields serve as an important anthropogenic source of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas implicated in global warming. An experiment was conducted at the North Bank Plain Zone of Assam, India, during summer rice growing season (April–July 2006) in order to elucidate the effects of morpho-physiological characteristics of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants on methane emission from paddy fields. Two improved rice cultivars viz. Disang and Luit were grown in light textured loamy soil (Sand 28.50%, Clay 30.10%, Silt 41.40%, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.43 mmhos/100 g, cation exchange capacity (CEC) 10.20 meq 100 g −1) under rainfed condition. Higher seasonal integrated methane flux was recorded in cultivar Disang ( E sif = 1.38 g m −2) compared to Luit ( E sif = 0.96 g m −2). Both the cultivars exhibited two emission peaks; one at active vegetative growth stage and the other at panicle initiation stage of the crop. Methane emission from the cultivars was significantly regulated by crop phenology and growth. Vegetative growth in terms of leaf number and area, root volume and length and tiller number was higher in Disang. Statistical analysis of these parameters showed a positive correlation with methane emission. On the other hand, yield and all yield-attributing parameters were found to be superior in cultivar Luit. Cultivar Luit recorded higher photosynthetic rate after panicle initiation. On the other hand, Disang recorded higher rate of photosynthesis during active vegetative growth period. In Luit, maximum partitioning of photosynthates was found towards the developing panicle, whereas in cultivar Disang, photosynthates could not be allocated sufficiently towards the panicle. In Disang, maximum partitioning of photosynthates was recorded towards the vegetative parts (including root) of the rice plant. Variation in organic carbon content of soil was observed in the field planted with two cultivars. Higher soil organic carbon content was recorded in the field planted with cultivar Disang. From this, we hypothesize that in Disang, photosynthetic carbon products were utilized as substrate by methanogens in the rhizosphere leading to more production of methane. Additionally, higher vegetative growth with high methane transport capacity (MTC) may positively contribute to higher methane emission from cultivar Disang.

HYDROPONIC CUCUMBER PRODUCTION USING URETHANE FOAM AS A GROWTH SUBSTRATE

HYDROPONIC CUCUMBER PRODUCTION USING URETHANE FOAM AS A GROWTH SUBSTRATE

PHENOPSIS, an automated platform for reproducible phenotyping of plant responses to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis thaliana permitted the identification of an accession with low sensitivity to soil water deficit

The high-throughput phenotypic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana collections requires methodological progress and automation. Methods to impose stable and reproducible soil water deficits are presented and were used to analyse plant responses to water stress. Several potential complications and methodological difficulties were identified, including the spatial and temporal variability of micrometeorological conditions within a growth chamber, the difference in soil water depletion rates between accessions and the differences in developmental stage of accessions the same time after sowing. Solutions were found. Nine accessions were grown in four experiments in a rigorously controlled growth-chamber equipped with an automated system to control soil water content and take pictures of individual plants. One accession, An1, was unaffected by water deficit in terms of leaf number, leaf area, root growth and transpiration rate per unit leaf area. Methods developed here will help identify quantitative trait loci and genes involved in plant tolerance to water deficit.

Effect of litter on the incidence of leaf-fungal pathogens and herbivory in seedlings of the tropical tree Nectandra ambigens

Effects of litter cover on insect herbivory, leaf-fungal damage, and seedling performance (survival, growth in height and leaf number), were assessed on established Nectandra ambigens seedlings in three sites of a Mexican tropical rain forest. Naturally occurring seedlings were measured for height, leaf number and standing levels of leaf damage by herbivores and pathogens. Thereafter, seedlings were exposed for 1 y to three litter treatments: (1) litter addition, (2) control and (3) continuous litter removal. There was a significant effect of site on the proportion of surviving seedlings and on the relative growth rates in terms of leaf number. Overall, seedlings with higher initial leaf number showed higher survival and produced more leaves after 12 mo than seedlings with lower initial leaf number. Litter addition resulted in seedlings with lower relative growth rates in height and higher levels of damage by herbivores and pathogens. On average, leaf area damaged by pathogens was &lt; 6% and herbivory was &lt; 27%. Seedlings with higher levels of herbivory showed higher levels of pathogen attack. Herbivory and pathogen attack had no effect on seedling performance. This study reveals the importance of litter-cover on the interactions between seedlings, herbivores and pathogens, as well as on the performance of tropical seedlings.

The effects of plant size and leaf number on the bulbing of tropical short-day onion cultivars (Allium cepa L.) under controlled environments in the United Kingdom and tropical field conditions in Sri Lanka

SummaryExperiments were conducted in controlled environment conditions in the UK and under tropical field conditions in Sri Lanka to determine the effects of plant size in similarly aged onion seedlings at transplanting on their subsequent growth and development. Results indicated that the size at transplanting, in terms of leaf number, leaf area and total weight, continues to affect the size of the plant until maturity. Under low light conditions (maximum PAR levels of 800 mmol m±2 s±1), and low night temperatures (minimum 118C) in the UK, transplant size was negatively correlated with time to onset of bulbing and maturity, and positively correlated with bulb weight, and percentage contribution from scale leaves to total bulb weight. However, under high light intensities (PAR level of >1500 mmol m±2 s±1) and high night temperatures (>208C) in Sri Lanka, transplant size was positively correlated with time to onset of bulbing and maturity, percentage of thick neck bulbs, and yield of good quality bulbs. It was negatively correlated to percentage bulbing and percentage contribution from scale leaves to total bulb weight. In practice it should, therefore, be possible to manipulate plant size during the nursery stage to optimize the timing of bulb production and final bulb size: under favourable conditions of light and temperature small transplants should bulb earlier and produce high quality bulbs whereas larger transplants may produce later and larger bulbs but with increased proportion of thick necks. Contrasting findings under low light and temperature relative to high light and temperature conditions are discussed in terms of a postulated requirement for carbohydrate and a critical concentration of a bulbing stimulus.

Standard descriptions of growth stages of annual dicotyledonous weeds

SUMMARYFifteen growth stages of annual dicotyledonous weeds are described and illustrated, showing the progression from emergence to senescence. These stages have been agreed following widespread consultation amongst the member organisations of the British Crop Protection Council. Stages are defined in terms of leaf number, plant size and floral development. They are intended for use in the field by farmers, growers and their technical advisers, on herbicide labels and in advisory publications. They are also of value in research, aiding the description of weeds in field and glasshouse experiments.

THE EFFECT OF FESTUCA RUBRA ON SIZE, LEAF DEMOGRAPHY AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF VULPIA FASCICULATA

SUMMARYThe effect of a perennating population of Festuca rubra on a population of Vulpia fasciculate, in which a second generation was grown using seeds produced by the first, was observed over 2 years. After one season, there was no apparent effect of F. rubra on performance of V. fasciculata as measured by leaf number, total length of leaf produced, number of seeds produced, dry wt of individuals, and dry wt of propagules. Within V. fasciculata populations, it was possible to follow life histories of individual plants and their leaves. Plants which germinated later remained smaller than early germinants, additional nutrients exaggerating this effect. Sixty seven per cent of the variance in total length of leaf produced by a plant in its life could be accounted for in terms of leaf number. It appears that counting leaf number, or measuring length of leaf produced, is a suitable method for studying interactions between grasses and the manner in which these change with time without the need for destructive harvesting. After a second year of growth and interaction, F. rubra severely reduced the dry wt and percentage of V. fasciculata plants able to flower. This was probably due to root interaction and not to exhaustion of nutrient reserves in the seed.

The Effect of Certain Growth Regulators on Growth and Apical Dominance of Young Apple Trees

SummaryUnfeathered maiden trees of apple Stark Earliest (syn. Scarlet Pimpernel) were pruned back in winter to a height of 70 cm. The following spring five shoots were allowed to grow out, the others being removed. When the leading shoots were about 12 cm. long the trees were sprayed once with various concentrations of GA, TIBA, CCC and B.9 (see below), other trees being left unsprayed as controls. Subsequent effects on shoot growth were analysed in terms of leaf number and internode length. Apical dominance was destroyed or greatly reduced by GA (200 p.p.m.), TIBA (200 p.p.m.) and CCC (5,000 p.p.m.) and these substances all increased leaf number on the lower shoots. B.9 (2,000 p.p.m.) had no effect on apical dominance. TIBA, CCC and B.9 reduced mean internode length on all shoots, whereas GA increased internode length on the lower shoots only.CCC caused only a temporary check to growth, but the growth-retarding effects of B.9 and TIBA persisted throughout the growing season. The possible mode of action o...