Interference Terms Research Articles

Machine learning-augmented wearable triboelectric human-machine interface in motion identification and virtual reality

Motion detection from flexible and self-powered human-machine interfaces (HMI) is a promising research field for the Internet of Things (IoT) and virtual reality. The traditional HMI normally generated a signal curve that used the point value to represent motion status. With the proposed dual-electrode setup scheme, this research reported machine learning-augmented, wearable, self-powered, and sustainable HMI sensor in human finger motion and its virtual activities. The triboelectric friction between the moving object and the specific electrode array was used to regulate the programmable output curve of the instantaneous parameters with a unique and stable electrical signal. It demonstrated that the movable object’s motion can be tracked and accurately reproduced by the output signal using a decoupling algorithm into different motion patterns. Furthermore, the machine learning algorithm can classify fast and slow finger motions with obviously visualization performance. It also demonstrated that multiple linear regression (MLR) and the principal component analysis (PCA)+K-means clustering (K-means) presented substantially in terms of clustering, visualization, and motion speed interference. This research not only established the viability of designing self-powered HMI sensors but also demonstrated a way for identifying machine learning-augmented motion patterns and potential virtual activities by self-powered, wearable triboelectric HMI sensors.

Dynamical analysis of autonomous Josephson junction jerk oscillator with cosine interference term embedded in FPGA and investigation of its collective behavior in a network

Dynamical analysis of autonomous Josephson junction jerk oscillator with cosine interference term embedded in FPGA and investigation of its collective behavior in a network

Two-path interference in resonance-enhanced few-photon ionization of Li atoms

We investigate the resonance-enhanced few-photon ionization of atomic lithium by linearly polarized light whose frequency is tuned near the $2s\text{\ensuremath{-}}2p$ transition. Considering the direction of light polarization orthogonal to the quantization axis, the process can be viewed as an atomic ``double-slit experiment'' where the $2p$ states with magnetic quantum numbers ${m}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ act as the slits. In our experiment, we can virtually close one of the two slits by preparing lithium in one of the two circularly polarized $2p$ states before subjecting it to the ionizing radiation. This allows us to extract the interference term between the two pathways and obtain complex phase information on the final state. The experimental results show very good agreement with numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The validity of the two-slit model is also analyzed theoretically using a time-dependent perturbative approach.

An Enhanced Analytical Model of Nonlinear Fiber Effects for Four-Dimensional Symmetric Modulation Formats

Optical transmission systems intrinsically enjoy a four-dimensional (4D) constellation space, corresponding to two quadratures in two polarization states. In this paper, we introduce a general nonlinear model that is valid for 4D symmetric modulation formats. We take the inter-polarization dependency into account to derive this model. The model accounts for all perturbative nonlinear interference (NLI) terms, including self-channel, cross-channel and multi-channel interferences. Split-step Fourier simulations show that the proposed model has the ability to predict the NLI with high levels of accuracy for both low and high fiber dispersion regimes. The simulation results further show that previous models, including the EGN model, inaccurately predict the NLI in certain scenarios.

Unraveling quantum pathways interference in two-color coherent control of photoemission with bias voltages

Coherent control steers a quantum system from an initial state to a target state by controlling quantum interference phenomena via an external field, which is central to vast applications ranging from quantum information processing to attosecond physics. Here, we analyze the quantum pathways interference in two-color coherent control of photoemission using exact analytical solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation. The theory includes all possible quantum pathways and their interference terms. Constructive (or destructive) interferences among the pathways leads to the maximum (or minimum) emission with varying phase delay of the two-color lasers. It is found that increasing the intensity ratio of the second harmonic $(2\ensuremath{\omega})$ to fundamental $(\ensuremath{\omega})$ lasers results in less contribution from the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ pathway (absorption of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ photons only) and more contribution from multicolor pathway (simultaneous absorption of both $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ photons) and $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ pathway (absorption of $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ photons only), and therefore stronger pathways interference and increased visibility larger than 95%. Increasing bias voltages shifts the dominant emission to processes with lower-order photon absorption, which sequentially decreases the interference between the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and the $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ pathways, and between single-color and multicolor pathways, leading to two peaks in the visibility.

Deployment Strategies for the Global Coverage of Quantum Key Distribution Network

We present a comprehensive literature review and comparative study on the deployment strategies of quantum key distribution (QKD) networks for global coverage. The state-of-the-art deployment strategies, including terrestrial QKD via optical fibers, free-space QKD via ground-based fixed links and ground-to-air dynamic links, as well as satellite QKD, are reviewed and compared in terms of channel loss, interference, distance limit, connection topology, and deployment cost. Selection criteria and deployment strategies are developed to enable a global coverage of QKD networks from intercontinental, long-haul to metro, and access networks.

Impact of the CBT-Meno protocol on menopause-specific beliefs, dysfunctional attitudes, and coping behaviors.

A recent clinical trial demonstrated that a group cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol for menopause (CBT-Meno; Green et al. Menopause 2019;26(9):972-980) was effective in reducing menopausal symptoms, including vasomotor and depressive symptoms. The current analyses evaluated the effectiveness of CBT-Meno in improving menopause-specific beliefs, dysfunctional attitudes associated with depression, and menopause-specific behaviors. In a subset of participants from the larger trial, women assigned to CBT-Meno or waitlist and who had completed symptom, cognitive, and behavioral measures at least at baseline were included. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 12 weeks after baseline, and 3 months after treatment. Measures included the Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale, the vasomotor subscale of the Greene Climacteric Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Hot Flush Beliefs Scale, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, and the Hot Flush Behavior Scale (HFBehS). As reported in the main study outcomes (Green et al. Menopause 2019;26(9):972-980), CBT-Meno participants reported greater improvements than waitlist in terms of vasomotor symptom interference and depressive symptoms (Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale, Beck Depression Inventory II; partial eta-squared [ η2p ] = 0.15-0.18), although not in vasomotor severity (Greene Climacteric Scale [vasomotor subscale]; η2p = 0.05). CBT-Meno participants reported greater improvements than waitlist in menopause-specific beliefs (Hot Flush Beliefs Scale; η2p = 0.08-0.12), dysfunctional attitudes (Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; η2p = 0.09), and menopause-specific behaviors (HFBehS; η2p = 0.08-0.12). Within-group analyses showed improvements in CBT-Meno on all variables ( d = 0.38-1.26) except in cooling strategies ( d = 0.18). Gains in CBT-Meno were maintained from posttreatment to 3-month follow-up, although a decrease in positive coping behaviors was observed (HFBehS-positive behavior subscale; d = 0.99). The CBT-Meno protocol is effective in improving menopause-related symptoms and a broader range of outcomes, including problematic beliefs about menopause, dysfunctional attitudes related to depression, and menopause-specific behaviors.

Asymptotic performance of FBMC-PAM systems in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels

This paper deals with the performance analysis of the recently introduced FBMC-PAM system, a multicarrier scheme that represents a promising alternative to OFDM to meet the requirements of cognitive radio or machine type communications. An analytical expression of the symbol error-rate (SER) of the single-tap sub-channel (SC) equalizer designed as the inverse of the complex gain that multiplies the symbol of interest at the output of the filter matched to each subcarrier, is derived. Specifically, an asymptotic (i.e., for a large number of subcarriers) analytical expression of the SER of the SC receiver operating in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel is obtained and compared via simulation results. Moreover, a simple approximate closed-form expression of the asymptotic SER of the SC receiver is obtained by taking into account, for each active subcarrier, only inter-symbol interference (ISI) terms due to the considered subcarrier and adjacent subcarriers, and, moreover, inter-carrier interference (ICI) terms due to adjacent subcarriers.

Kazakh-Russian Bilingual Practice: Code-Mixing as a Resource in Communicative Interaction

The present paper discusses the ethnic bilingual practice in Kazakhstan. The focus is on code-switching or, in other term, code-mixing in the Kazakh-Russian and RussianKazakh bilingualism. The bi- and multilingualism is characteristic for Kazakhstan and is caused by multiethnicity of the republic. Within this paper we are interested in identities of persons with more than one cultural background. The idea of the present investigation is a response to the sociolinguistics ‘third wave’, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology. In this theoretical framework the research focus is on exploring linguistic variation as a medium used by individuals or social groups to evoke the social practice. It is crucial how semiotic ties are set between a linguistic sign and social context, how persistent social attribution is created through linguistic choices. Data collection for this study: we analyzed 300 contexts that show the Kazakh-Russian code-mixing in everyday and internet communication, and in modern Kazakh films reflecting the typical code-mixing practice. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, the analysis proceeded in a context-based interpretative way. In the framework suggested we show the code-switching/code-mixing not in terms of interference mistakes as heavily influenced by Russian language and culture, not as “linguistic errors” cases presupposed by low language competence of the speakers, but rather as a dynamic resource to shape the understanding in the communication. There are considerable nuances and complexity in the language mixed practice, that is not to be framed in pejorative terms.

Measurements of μ → 3e decay with polarised muons as a probe of new physics

Working within the Standard Model effective field theory approach, we examine the possibility to test charged lepton flavour violating (cLFV) new physics (NP) by angular measurements of the outgoing electron and positrons in the polarised μ+→e+e+e− decay. This decay is planned to be studied with a sensitivity to the branching ratio of Bμ→3e∼10−15 by the Mu3e experiment at PSI. To illustrate the potential of these measurements, we consider a set of eight effective operators generating the decay at the tree level, including dimension-five dipole operators and dimension-six scalar and vector four-fermion operators of different chiralities. We show that if the polarised μ+→e+e+e− decay is observed and is induced by a single operator, data from three angular observables – two P-odd asymmetries and one T-odd asymmetry – can allow to discriminate between all considered operators with the exception of scalar and vector operators of opposite chirality. For these two types of operators, the P-odd asymmetry is maximal in magnitude; they can be distinguished, in principle, by measuring the helicities of the outgoing positrons. The observation of a non-zero T-odd asymmetry would indicate the presence in the decay rate of a dipole and vector operator interference term that is T (CP) violating.

The use of self-report questionnaires in an analysis of the multidimensional aspects of pain and a correlation with the psychological profile and quality of life in patients with burning mouth syndrome: A case-control study.

BackgroundThe symptomatology in Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is complex and it should be considered in accordance with a biopsychosocial model.ObjectivesTo evaluate the multidimensional aspects of pain with a complete battery of tests and to analyse its relationship with potential predictors such as mood disorders, sleep and quality of life.MethodsForty patients with BMS versus an equal number of age and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled. The VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI, PD‐Q, BDI‐II, STAI, PSQI, ESS, SF‐36 and OHIP‐14 were administered.ResultsThe scores of the VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI, PD‐Q, BDI‐II, STAI, PSQI, SF‐36 and OHIP‐14 were statistically significantly higher in the BMS patients than the controls (p < .001**). A strongly linear correlation between pain (VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI and PD‐Q) and disease onset (STAI, BDI‐II, PSQI and sub‐items of SF‐36 and OHIP‐14) was found. In the multiple regression analysis, the contributions of the BDI‐II and OHIP‐14 were found to be statistically significant with the SF‐MPQ, PD‐Q and BPI in terms of severity and interference, while the contributions of the STAI and sleep were found to be statistically significant with the SF‐MPQ and BPI in terms of severity and interference, respectively.ConclusionsPain tests are differently correlated with mood and quality of life. Therefore, a complete analysis of the patient requires several tools to better understand the multidimensional aspects of pain in BMS.

Fatigue among post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients in Jordan: prevalence and associated factors.

During hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), patients underwent various serious prolonged treatments, including conditioning and immunosuppressive drugs, resulting in several symptoms and alterations in the patient's functioning. One of the most commonly reported symptoms is fatigue. To assess fatigue levels and associated factors during the first 100days post-HSCT among Jordanian patients. A descriptive cross-sectional design assessed fatigue and associated factors during the first 100days post-HSCT among Jordanian patients. A convenient sample was used to recruit post-HSCT patients. Data were collected using the demographic survey and the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) scale. The findings of this study demonstrated that 40.5% of the participants had severe total fatigue scores, while the mean BFI intensity average score was 5.01 and the mean interference of fatigue with patients' daily life was 5.06. In terms of fatigue interference with daily activities, the highest interference was with the patient's mood and normal work, while the lowest interference was with the walking ability. The analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the fatigue intensity and its interference with the daily activities (r = .98, p ˂.001). Besides, a significantly strong negative correlation was found between the number of days post-HSCT and fatigue scores (r = - .92, p ˂.001). Post-transplant, patients experienced increased fatigue intensity, reduced physical activity, interference with the patient's mood, and diminished functional capacity. Patients who have HSCT require a significant nursing care immediately post-transplant.

Multiplexed quantification of insulin and C-peptide by LC-MS/MS without the use of antibodies

IntroductionThe measurement of insulin and C-peptide provides a valuable tool for the clinical evaluation of hypoglycemia. In research, these biomarkers are used together to better understand hyperinsulinemia, hepatic insulin clearance, and beta cell function. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an attractive approach for the analysis of insulin and C-peptide because the platform is specific, can avoid certain limitations of immunoassays, and can be multiplexed. Previously described LC-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous quantification of insulin and C-peptide measure the intact analytes and most have relied on immunoaffinity enrichment. These approaches can be limited in terms of sensitivity and interference from auto-antibodies, respectively. We have developed a novel method that does not require antibodies and uses proteolytic digestion to yield readily ionizable proteotypic peptides that enables the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitation of insulin and C-peptide. MethodsSerum samples were precipitated with acetonitrile. Analytes were enriched using solid phase extraction and then digested with endoproteinase Glu-C. Surrogate peptides for insulin and C-peptide were analyzed using targeted LC-MS/MS. ResultsInter-day imprecision was below 20 %CV and linearity was observed down to the lower limit of quantitation for both analytes (insulin = 0.09 ng/mL, C-peptide = 0.06 ng/mL). Comparison to a commercially available insulin immunoassay (Beckman Coulter UniCel DxI 600 Access) revealed a 30% bias between methods. ConclusionA novel LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous analysis of insulin and C-peptide using Glu-C digestion was developed and evaluated. A detailed standard operating procedure is provided to help facilitate implementation in other laboratories.

Single convolutional neural network model for multiple preprocessing of Raman spectra

Raman spectra suffer from the interferences of noises, baseline drifts, and cosmic rays, which leads to errors in the subsequent analysis of the spectra. The commonly applied spectral preprocessing methods, such as wavelet transform (WT), Savitzky-Golay smooth (SG smooth), asymmetric least squares (AsLS) can only correspondingly reduce a single interference term, and the completion of preprocessing based on these traditional methods requires a series of tedious trials. Especially, each scheme can only be used for a specific data set. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is commonly used for object recognition, image super-resolution, and natural language processing. CNN has the potential to be applied to the preprocessing of chemical signals to solve problems intelligently. In this paper, we developed a method to remove all the interferences from multiple Raman spectra data sets collected from food and wastewater samples, using only a single CNN model. By optimization of hyperparameters, activity functions, and loss functions in CNN, the CNN model completely removed noises, spikes, baselines, and cosmic rays from Raman spectra and simplified the preprocessing of Raman spectra.

Impact of the interference between the resonance and continuum amplitudes on vector quarkonia decay branching fraction measurements

The measurement of the branching fraction of a heavy quarkonium decaying into light hadronic final state at $e^+e^-$ colliders is revisited. In $e^+e^-$ annihilation experiments, background contributions from the continuum amplitude and its interference with the resonance amplitude are irreducible. These effects become more and more significant as the precision of experimental measurements improves. While the former can be easily subtracted with data taken off the resonance peak, the latter depends on the relative size and phase between the resonance and continuum amplitudes. Two ratios are defined to estimate the size of these effects, $r_{R}^{f}$ for the ratio of the contribution of the interference term to the resonance term and $r_{c}^{f}$ for that to the continuum term. We find that $r_{R}^{f}$ could be as large as a few percent for narrow resonances, and both $r_{R}^{f}$ and $r_{c}^{f}$ could be large for broad resonances. This indicates that the interference effect is crucial for the measurements of the branching fractions aiming at the percent level or better precision and needs to be measured or estimated properly.

A survey on blockchain systems: Attacks, defenses, and privacy preservation

Owing to the incremental and diverse applications of cryptocurrencies and the continuous development of distributed system technology, blockchain has been broadly used in fintech, smart homes, public health, and intelligent transportation due to its properties of decentralization, collective maintenance, and immutability. Although the dynamism of blockchain abounds in various fields, concerns in terms of network communication interference and privacy leakage are gradually increasing. Because of the lack of reliable attack analysis systems, fully understanding some attacks on the blockchain, such as mining, network communication, smart contract, and privacy theft attacks, has remained challenging. Therefore, in this study, we examine the security and privacy of the blockchain and analyze possible solutions. We systematical classify the blockchain attack techniques into three categories, then discuss the corresponding attack and defense methods based on these categories. We focus on (1) the attack and defense methods of mining pool attacks for blockchain security issues, such as block withholding, 51%, pool hopping, selfish mining, and fork after withholding attacks, in the attack type of consensus excitation; (2) the attack and defense methods of network communication and smart contracts for blockchain security issues, such as distributed denial-of-service, Sybil, eclipse, and reentrancy attacks, in the attack type of middle protocol; and (3) the attack and defense methods of privacy thefts for blockchain privacy issues, such as identity privacy and transaction information attacks, in the attack type of application service. Finally, we discuss future research directions for blockchain security.

Coherent multichannel optical theorem: Quantum control of the total scattering cross section

The optical theorem is a fundamental aspect of quantum scattering theory. Here, we generalize this theorem to the case where the incident scattering state is a superposition of internal states of the collision partners, introducing additional interference contributions and, e.g., providing a route to control the total integral cross section. As in its standard form, forward scattering plays an essential role in the multichannel optical theorem, but with interference terms being related to the inelastic forward scattering amplitudes between states in the initial superposition. Using the resultant control index, we show that extensive control is possible over ultracold collisions of oxygen molecules in their rovibrational ground states, and of $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}\text{\ensuremath{-}}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ collisions, promising systems for the experimental demonstration of the quantum interference control of the total scattering cross section.

Revisiting congruency effects in the working memory Stroop task.

The working memory Stroop task is to name the color of a rectangular patch with keypress while holding a color word in working memory. Previous studies using this variant of the Stroop task have shown that congruency between the color patch and the color word significantly affects both color naming and working memory, with the worsening of task performance when the color patch is semantically incongruent rather than congruent with the color word. However, it remains unclear with regard to cognitive mechanisms underlying such congruency effects in the working memory Stroop task. By including a control condition among the congruent and incongruent conditions in a working memory Stroop task, the present study showed that nearly all of the working memory Stroop effect can be facilitation, and that interference, if present, is markedly smaller than facilitation in this form of the Stroop effect. There was also a critical contrast between the working memory and classic Stroop effects in terms of facilitation and interference, with larger facilitation and smaller interference in the working memory Stroop effect than in the classic Stroop effect. Moreover, working memory for a color word can be either facilitated or interfered with by the perceptual judgment (color naming) of an interposed color patch during the retention interval, depending on whether the color patch is semantically congruent or incongruent with the color word. Together, these results suggest that both facilitation and interference mechanisms can contribute to the overall congruency effects in the working memory Stroop task.

An Orthogonal Subspace Decomposition Method for Cross-Modal Retrieval

As a general characteristic observed in the real-world datasets, multimodal data are usually partially associated, which comprise the commonly shared information across modalities (i.e., modality-shared information) and the specific information only exists in a single modality (i.e., modality-specific information). Cross-modal retrieval methods typically use these information in multimodal data as a whole and project them into a common representation space to calculate the similarity measure. In fact, only modality-shared information can be well aligned in the learning of common representations, whereas modality-specific information usually brings about interference term and decreases the performance of cross-modal retrieval. The explicit distinction and utilization of these two kinds of multimodal information are important to cross-modal retrieval, but rarely studied in previous research. In this article, we explicitly distinguish and utilize modality-shared and modality-specific features for learning better common representations, and propose an orthogonal subspace decomposition method for cross-modal retrieval, named orthogonal subspace decomposition method. Specifically, we introduce a structure preservation loss to ensure modality-shared information to be well preserved, and optimize the intramodal discrimination loss and intermodal invariance loss to learn the semantic discriminative features for cross-modal retrieval. We conduct comprehensive experiments on four widely used benchmark datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Recent advances of electromagnetic interference shielding Mg matrix materials and their processings: A review

In terms of lightweight electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding structural materials, Mg matrix materials have proven to be the best, due to their exciting properties (e.g. low density, high specific strength, good electrical conductivity and excellent EMI shielding properties) and their wide range of applications in lightweighting in electronics, automotive and aerospace industries. Through processing, such as alloying, heat treatment, plastic deformation and composite processing, Mg matrix materials can be obtained with tailorable properties which can play a key role in designing materials for EMI shielding. This work introduces an overview of the research on the EMI shielding properties of Mg matrix materials as well as their EMI shielding mechanisms over the past few decades, focused on the influence of alloying, heat treatment, plastic deformation and composite processing for the EMI shielding properties of Mg matrix materials. At the end, conclusions and future perspectives are provided.