Terms Of Extraction Time Research Articles

Inulin extraction from Stevia rebaudiana roots in an autoclave

Inulin is a polymer of d-fructose, characterized by the presence of a terminal glucose, and are a major component of Stevia rebaudiana roots. This type of polymer has nutritional properties and technological applications, such as fat substitutes in low-calorie foods and as the coating of pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to evaluate an alternative method for inulin extraction, in terms of extraction time and yield, since the traditional method of extraction under reflux is both time and energy consuming. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design it was observed that the alternative extraction method using autoclave presented similar yields to the reflux-based method, but with a shorter extraction time, 121 °C by 17.41 min 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) analysis showed that inulin crude extract from S. rebaudiana roots obtained by autoclave extraction had a higher degree of polymerization when compared to those obtained by the traditional method. Thus, it is concluded that the proposed method using an autoclave is a faster alternative for the extraction of inulin.

A new sample preparation approach for the analysis of 98 current-use pesticides in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-MS/MS in combination with an acetonitrile-based extraction

A simple acetonitrile-based extraction method for the determination of 98 current-use pesticides (CUPs) in soil and herbaceous vegetation using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS is reported. The method was optimized in terms of extraction time, buffer (ammonium formate) ratio, and graphitized carbon black (GCB) ratio for the clean-up of vegetation. The validated method yielded accuracy in terms of percentage recovery of 71–125% (soil) and 70–117% (vegetation) for the majority of 98 CUPs. The precision in terms of relative standard deviation was at 1–14% (soil), and 1–13% (vegetation). Matrix-matched calibration curves exhibited good linearities (R2 > 0.99). The limits of quantitation ranged between 0.008 and 21.5 μg kg−1 in soil and vegetation. The reported method was applied to soils and vegetation from 13 agricultural sites across Germany. Overall, 44 of the 98 common CUPs were detected in our samples and the qualitative load is well above the average for arable soils in the EU.

Unraveling the impact of the capsule material on the aroma of brewed coffee by headspace analysis using a HiSorb probe followed by reverse fill/flush flow modulation GC×GC-MS.

The present paper discusses the use of a high-concentration-capacity tool, HiSorb, to investigate the impact of capsule material on the aroma profile of espresso-brewed coffee. The specific high-concentration-capacity probe used is characterized by a sorbent volume (63 μL) intermediate between the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber (0.6 μL) and the stir-bar sorptive extraction rod (126 μL). The extraction performance of the HiSorb was compared, in terms of both absolute signal and compound coverage, with both an equivalent sorbent (polydimethylsiloxane) and a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane SPME fiber using both targeted and untargeted approaches. The HiSorb showed superior extraction compared with the SPME fibers. The HiSorb was then optimized in terms of extraction time and temperature and used to investigate the volatile profile of 23 espresso-brewed coffees prepared with capsules made of different materials-aluminum, compostable, and aluminum multilayer pack-prepared using a refillable capsule. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with a reverse fill/flush flow modulator and coupled to mass spectrometry was used to obtain a chromatographic fingerprint of the volatile profile of the brewed coffee. The data were aligned and compared using a tile-based approach, and the results were obtained by performing raw data mining within the same software platform. The data mining enabled the extraction of informative features responsible for the differentiation between the different capsule materials, showing a significant depletion in aroma intensity in the compostable capsule.

Optimization of ultrasound procedure for the sustainable production of oil from plum seeds

In this study, the energy-efficient advanced procedure for the production of oil from plum seeds was proposed. The optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of oil was carried out using the response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design. The microwave pretreatment (MWP) of 460 W for 3 min was also applied to reduce the total extraction time. The extraction time (15 – 45 min), liquid-to-solid ratio (4 – 10 mL g−1), and extraction temperature (40 – 60 °C) were defined as the factors. The oil yield was considered a response in this optimization study. The ultrasonic bath of 150 W and 40 kHz was used for the production of cavitation energy during the extraction. The optimal conditions were the extraction time of 42 min, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL g−1, and the extraction temperature of 50 °C. Based on quality analysis, it was concluded that the oil obtained by MWP-UAE had adequate physico-chemical properties. The MWP-UAE was an efficient extraction technique in terms of extraction time and energy consumption.

A light-activated magnetic bead strategy utilized in spatio-temporal controllable exosomes isolation.

Tumor-derived exosomes are considered as a key biomarker in the field of liquid biopsy. However, conventional separation techniques such as ultracentrifugation, co-precipitation and column chromatography cannot isolate samples with high throughput, while traditional immunomagnetic separation techniques, due to steric effect of magnetic beads, reducing sensitivity of exosomes optical detection. Herein, we provide a novel and simple nanoplatform for spatiotemporally controlling extraction and elution of exosomes via magnetic separation and light-activated cargo release. In this system, magnetic beads are co-modified by photoresponsive groups -nitrobenzyl group and aptamers that are compatible with CD63-a highly expressed exosomal surface-specific protein. Through exosomes extracted from cell model and nude mice xenograft tumor model morphological characterization and proteomic analysis, results showed that our novel magnetic bead system outperformed current ultracentrifugation in serum exosome extraction in terms of extraction time, yield, and proportion of populations with high CD63 expression. This strategy may be a powerful tool for exosome isolation in clinical liquid biopsies of cancer disease.

Validation of a modified QuEChERS method for the extraction of multiple classes of pharmaceuticals from soils

BackgroundThe quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method can be employed for multi-residue analyses instead of traditional extraction methods due to its advantages in terms of extraction time and required equipment. A modified version of the QuEChERS method has been developed for quantifying eight pharmaceuticals belonging to different classes in three real soils with different chemical properties. Firstly, the soils have been polluted with all contaminants and the recoveries were determined by liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry. Due to similar recoveries from the three soils, the validation of the method has been carried out only on a soil by determining linearity, recovery, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values. A matrix-matched calibration for the soil has been adopted in order to avoid the matrix effect and three levels of fortification (50, 100 and 500 µg L−1) were used.ResultsThe recovery of all pharmaceuticals, with the exception of tetracycline, from any soil was between 72 and 113%. In the validation procedure, recoveries of fortified samples ranged from 80 to 99%, the relative standard deviations ranged between 1.2 and 11.8%, and the LOQ between 20 and 36.9 μg kg−1.ConclusionThe results of the present study confirmed the validity of the modified QuEChERS method for the extraction of pharmaceuticals from soils in the range 50–500 μg kg−1.Graphical

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of cold brew coffee extracts as affected by ultrasound treatment and their application in low fat pork sausage

ABSTRACT The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the organic spent coffee ground obtained from different brewing methods were investigated. Among various brewing methods, the organic spent coffee ground showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities and was selected as raw material for extracting phytochemicals using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with different temperature, time, and solvent ratios. In terms of extraction time, the TPC and antioxidant activities were continuously increased until the extraction time reached to 40 min and then dramatically decreased indicating the appropriate extraction time. The extract with highest TPC (78.85 mg garlic acid equivalent/ml antioxidant crude extracts) and antioxidant activities was obtained when extracted with UAE at 50 °C, solvent ratios of 1:20 g/ml and 40 min. The assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ATBS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were detected at 717.11 µM Trolox/antioxidant crude extracts, 711.23 µM Trolox/antioxidant crude extracts, and 2401.90 µM Ammonium ferrous sulfate/antioxidant crude extracts, respectively. When applied the antioxidant crude extracts from organic cold brew spent coffee ground into low fat pork sausage at 1.00%, the improvement of TPC and antioxidant activities was obtained. After storage for 14 days, the TPC and DPPH scavenging activity was increased to 18.07 mg garlic acid equivalent/100 g pork sausage and 159.76 µM Trolox/100 g pork sausage, respectively, while the 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values were reduced to 9.18 g malondialdehyde/100 g pork sausage. The rancidity of the sausage was ceased, and the shelf-life was prolonged when the extract was added.

GREEN SOLVENT ENHANCED MECHANICAL EXTRACTION OF PALM KERNEL OIL

Even though the mechanical extraction process offers a simple and environmentally friendly process, the recovery of oil is relatively low. Thermal pretreating the oilseed increases the oil yield but produces unwanted oil color. A new method that combines grinding and extraction using green solvents was developed to extract palm kernel oil. The performance of six different green solvents such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, and d-limonene in the extraction of palm kernel oil was determined using a controllable blender extractor (CBE), new extraction equipment modified from a household blender appliance. Furthermore, ethyl acetate, which produced the maximum oil yield, was used to study the effect of the operating parameters of the CBE. The oil yield of 34.2% was obtained in the extraction condition of the ratio of palm kernel to ethyl acetate of 1:7, the rotational speed of 5000 rpm, and 10 minutes extraction time. Compared with other green extraction methods, the CBEintensified palm kernel oil extraction could save >70% energy consumption. In terms of extraction time, the CBEintensified could extract palm kernel oil faster than existing extraction methods.

Microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

<p>Comparison between conventional and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation at different power levels has been applied for the extraction of essential oil from <i>Zingiber officinale</i> Rosc. rhizome. In addition to the collected essential oils, as the main products, hydrolats were also collected, as valuable by-products from both extraction techniques. A comparison of two applied techniques was done in terms of extraction time, extraction yield, the chemical composition of essential oils and hydrolats, and environmental impact. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation achieved a higher extraction yield (1.70, 1.70, and 1.85 % for power levels of 180, 360, and 600 W, respectively) compared to hydrodistillation (1.50 %). Furthermore, distillation time related to the energy consumption has been reduced from 144 min and 1.44 kWh for conventional hydrodistillation to 37, 32, 27 min and 0.11, 0.19, 0.27 kWh for power levels of 180, 360, and 600 W, respectively. Content of α-zingiberene in essential oil and hydrolat obtained by hydrodistillation was 29.89 and 6.87 %, while content of α-zingiberene in essential oils and hydrolats obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was higher yielding the amounts of 34.12, 34.43, and 42.00 % and 18.70, 22.60, and 32.92 % for power levels of 180, 360, and 600 W, respectively. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation has proven to be promising technique for the isolation of ginger’s essential oil regarding improved yield, reduced time and energy requirements, as well CO2 emissions while maintains oil quality.</p> <p><br /> </p>

Hydro-distillation and microwave-assisted distillation of Sideritis raeseri: Comparison of the composition of the essential oil, hydrolat and residual water extract

Sideritis raeseri is widely used as a tea in the traditional medicine of many Mediterranean, Balkan, and Middle East countries. In this study, microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) at different power levels (180 W, 360 W, and 600 W) of Sideritis raeseri essential oil was compared in terms of extraction time, yield, qualitative analysis, and operational cost with the conventional method of hydro-distillation (HD). Obtained essential oil, as well as hydrolats and residual water extracts, were chemically characterized. An extraction time of 16–32 min with MAHD at different powers provided yields of 0.61–0.67%, while HD gave 0.01% after 141 min. The main constituents in all essential oils were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and their content was higher in MAHD (32.93–51.42%) than in oil from HD (17.62%). HD oil was characterized by higher concentration of oxygenated monoterpenes (14.95%) in relation to MAHD oil (8.87–14.16%). The essential oil obtained by MAHD at 600 W has a higher content of diterpenes (13.26%) than HD oil (8.59%). All hydrolats displayed the highest content of oxygenated monoterpenes. The highest contents of 8-hydroxyflavone 7-allosylglucosides compounds in residual water extracts were obtained by applying higher (600 W) microwave power. MAHD could be selected as a more appropriate extraction technique for S. reaseri essential oil than HD with respect to the extraction time, quality, and energy savings above 99%.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Acacia Seyal Gum Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Chemical Content Identification by Raman, FTIR, and GC-TOFMS.

Acacia Seyal gum (ASG), also known as gum Arabic, is an antioxidant-rich soluble fiber. ASG has been reported to have many biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcer, and immunomodulatory activity. Extraction of bioactive compounds from ASG is commonly performed using conventional extraction methods. However, these techniques have certain limitation in terms of extraction time, energy, and solvent requirements. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be used as an alternative technique to extract bioactive compounds in less time, at low temperature, and with less energy and solvent requirements. In this study, the UAE extraction of ASG was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) was used to monitor the effect of different independent factors of ultrasound operation (sonication time, temperature, and solvent ratio) on ASG extraction yield. In addition, screening and characterization of phytochemicals in 60% ethanol ASG extract was carried out using Raman microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (GC-TOFMS) analysis. The results indicated that, under optimal conditions (extraction time 45 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, and solid–liquid ratio of 1:25 g/mL), the yield of ASG was 75.87% ± 0.10. This yield was reasonably close to the predicted yield of 75.39% suggested by the design of experiment. The ANOVA revealed that the model was highly significant due to the low probability value (p < 0.0001). Raman spectrum fingerprint detected polysaccharides, such as galactose and glucose, and protein like lysine and proline, while FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups peaks value of alkanes, aldehydes, aliphatic amines, and phenol. GC-TOFMS spectroscopic detected the presence of strong d-galactopyranose, carotenoid, and lycopene antioxidant compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the UAE technique is an efficient method to achieve a high yield of ASG extracts. The selected model is adequate to optimize the extraction of several chemical compounds reported in this study.

Isolation of isoeleutherol from microwave assisted methanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, its crystal structure elucidation and cytotoxicity evaluation

Different extraction methods (Soxhlet, Serial soxhlet, Cold, and microwave-assisted extraction) were executed for the extraction of phytochemicals from the bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Miller (Urban), an important medicinal plant in the family Iridaceae. Among the different methods, most efficient (especially in terms of extraction time) was the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using methanol as the extraction solvent. The microwave assisted methanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography and a naphthalene compound, isoeleutherol was isolated. Starting from, about two grams of the crude methanol extract, 21 mg of pure compound (isoeleutherol) was obtained as yellow needle like crystals with an Rf value of 0.53 in TLC. The structural characterization was done by Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The study also tested the cytotoxic activity of the compound against two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7) and one normal cell (Chang liver cells) line by MTT assay. Results of the cytotoxicity evaluation showed that isoeleutherol has potent activity on both the cancer cell lines with LC 50 values of 35.4 and 23.8 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Isoeleutherol exhibitted less cytotoxicity towards normal cells (Chang liver cells). At the highest concentration used (100 μg/ml), 60.99 ± 1.92% normal cells were viable. This is the first report of isolation of a compound from E. bulbosa through microwave-assisted extraction, a faster and environment friendly technique for the phytochemical extraction. The present study also reports detailed structural elucidation of isoeleutherol by X-ray crystallography for the first time.

A Methodology to Identify the Releasing of the Amide-Containing β-Glucan from the Usnea Lichen: A Spectroscopic Study

Polymer fractions from a biological matrix have been well-characterized by vibrational spectroscopy, XPS, CP/MAS 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, and SEM, and all the results had corroborated for the chemical extraction of β-glucan polymers grafted amino groups by peptide bonds (namely NH2-β-glucan) as well as a cyclic oligosaccharide. Our primary purpose was to explore the polysaccharide extraction parameters in the sample of Usnea lichen, mainly in terms of extraction time and concentration of the extractive alkaline solution, to investigate the chemical characterization of the polysaccharide fractions. The low-cost methodology adopted in this work was able to extract the materials of interest with the expected efficiency without the significant impact of chemicals on the environment. The chemical extraction of an NH2-bonded biopolymer can be a very interesting material for many applications since chemical functionalization is crucial to introducing specific properties for developing new materials. In this regard, the cyclic β-glucan described as a very porous material is highly desirable for various applications in the biomedical, biotechnological, and environmental areas.

Effective lipid extraction from undewatered microalgae liquid using subcritical dimethyl ether

BackgroundRecent studies of lipid extraction from microalgae have focused primarily on dewatered or dried samples, and the processes are simple with high lipid yield. Yet, the dewatering with drying step is energy intensive, which makes the energy input during the lipid production more than energy output from obtained lipid. Thus, exploring an extraction technique for just a thickened sample without the dewatering, drying and auxiliary operation (such as cell disruption) is very significant. Whereas lipid extraction from the thickened microalgae is complicated by the high water content involved, and traditional solvent, hence, cannot work well. Dimethyl ether (DME), a green solvent, featuring a high affinity for both water and organic compounds with an ability to penetrate the cell walls has the potential to achieve this goal.ResultsThis study investigated an energy-saving method for lipid extraction using DME as the solvent with an entrainer solution (ethanol and acetone) for flocculation-thickened microalgae. Extraction efficiency was evaluated in terms of extraction time, DME dosage, entrainer dosage, and ethanol:acetone ratio. Optimal extraction occurred after 30 min using 4.2 mL DME per 1 mL microalgae, with an entrainer dosage of 8% at 1:2 ethanol:acetone. Raw lipid yields and its lipid component (represented by fatty acid methyl ester) contents were compared against those of common extraction methods (Bligh and Dryer, and Soxhlet). Thermal gravimetry/differential thermal analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and C/H/N elemental analyses were used to examine differences in lipids extracted using each of the evaluated methods. Considering influence of trace metals on biodiesel utilization, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analyses were used to quantify trace metals in the extracted raw lipids, which revealed relatively high concentrations of Mg, Na, K, and Fe.ConclusionsOur DME-based method recovered 26.4% of total raw lipids and 54.4% of total fatty acid methyl esters at first extraction with remnants being recovered by a 2nd extraction. In additional, the DME-based approach was more economical than other methods, because it enabled simultaneous dewatering with lipid extraction and no cell disruption was required. The trace metals of raw lipids indicated a purification demand in subsequent refining process.

A simple and efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry method for the determination of fragrance materials at ultra-trace levels in water samples using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as innovative coating

The occurrence of emerging contaminants is becoming of increasing importance to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities onto the environment. The present study reports for the first time the development and validation of an efficient method for the simultaneous determination of fragrance materials in water samples based on the use of a novel multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-based solid-phase microextraction coating. Helical MWCNTs were selected as adsorbent material due to their outstanding extraction performance. The multicriteria method of desirability functions allowed the optimization of the experimental conditions in terms of extraction time and extraction temperature. Validation proved the reliability of the method for the determination of the analytes at ultra-trace levels, obtaining detection limits in the 0.2–13 ng/L range, good precision, with relative standard deviations lower than 20% and recovery rates in the 80 ± 12%–111 ± 11%. Superior enrichment factors compared to commercial fibers were also calculated. Finally, applicability to real sample analysis was demonstrated.

High-Pressure Extraction of Antioxidant-Rich Fractions from Shrubby Cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa L. Rydb.) Leaves: Process Optimization and Extract Characterization.

Dasiphora fruticosa (basionym Potentilla fruticosa) is a shrub, known in traditional medicine for centuries. Due to the wide range of pharmacological effects, interest and applications of D. fruticosa extracts are continually increasing; however, reports on optimization of extraction conditions are scarce. Herein, a multi-step high-pressure extraction process with increasing polarity solvents was developed to isolate valuable fractions from D. fruticosa leaves. Supercritical CO2 extraction recovered 2.46 g/100 g of lipophilic fraction, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Further, pressurized liquid extractions (PLE) with acetone, ethanol, and water were applied to obtain antioxidant-rich higher polarity extracts. Under optimized PLE conditions, the cumulative polar fraction yield was 29.98 g/100 g. Ethanol fraction showed the highest yield (15.3 g/100 g), TPC values (148.4 mg GAE/g), ABTS•+, and DPPH• scavenging capacity (161.1 and 151.8 mg TE/g, respectively). PLE was more efficient than conventional solid–liquid extraction in terms of extraction time, extract yields, and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Phytochemical characterization of PLE extracts by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS revealed the presence of hyperoside, ellagic acid, among other health beneficial phenolic substances. Τhis study highlights the potential of high-pressure extraction techniques to isolate antioxidant-rich fractions from D. fruticosa leaves with multipurpose applications, including the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Ultrasound-assisted one-phase solvent extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for efficient profiling of egg yolk lipids

In this research, a novel ultrasound-assisted extraction (USAE) method using a one-phase solvent (isopropanol, IPA) combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) was developed for exhaustive profiling of egg yolk lipids, which are considered to be essential nutrients that have important functions for human health. Compared with IPA-vortex extraction method, the optimized IPA-USAE method shows better performance in terms of extraction time, lipid losses, lipid recoveries and the number of lipids identified. With this established simple, high throughput and reliable analytical approach, untargeted comprehensive lipid profiling of four kinds of egg yolks was achieved, thus providing a powerful tool for nutritional research of egg lipids. Considering that the lipids contained in egg yolk are quite abundant in both quantity and species, the proposed IPA-USAE combined with LC-ESI-QToF-MS is also potentially applicable to comprehensive extraction and profiling of lipids in other biological samples.

Profiling of essential oil chemical composition of some Lamiaceae species extracted using conventional and microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools

AbstractThis study investigated the potential use of microwave energy as an effective technique for the extraction of essential oil (EO) from some plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family growing in Egypt, involving Origanum majorana L., Mentha pipereta L., Mentha longifolia L., Origanum syriacum L., Lavandula angustifolia L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., in comparison with conventional extraction using hydrodistillation (HD) approach, in terms of extraction time, oil yields, and chemical composition. The results showed that the use of microwave in a relevant technique, namely microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) required an extraction of 60 minutes, while HD required 180 minutes. In general, EO yield being extracted by MAHD was higher than those extracted by HD. Gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated noticeable quantitative changes in EOs composition extracted by MAHD and HD extraction methods. Except for O majorana L., GC/MS analysis of extracted oils using MAHD showed higher amounts of oxygenated constituents compared to HD extraction. The results of this study introduced MAHD as rapid, economical and environmental friendly extraction method. A comparative analysis was stated here between the EOs of all plant species under study on chemometric tools such as principal components analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC). In general, the PCA results showed that there is significant variation between species in the quality and quantity of EO composition. However, no significant difference is observed based on the extraction method used (HD and MAHD).

Microwave-assisted extraction of O. vulgare L. spp. hirtum essential oil: Comparison with conventional hydro-distillation

Microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) at different power levels has been applied for the extraction of essential oil from O. vulgare L. ssp. hirtum. Hydrolats and residual extracts, which present by-products, were also collected. A comparison was done with conventional hydro-distillation (HD) in terms of extraction time, extraction yield, the chemical composition of essential oils and environmental impact. MAHD proved to be a technique with many advantages compared to conventional HD. MAHD had shorter extraction time (24–45min) compared to HD (136min), better yields of essential oil (2.55–7.10 % for MAHD compared to 5.81 % for HD), higher content of oxygenated compounds (78.89–85.15 % for MAHD compared to 76.82 for HD), and a more environmentally friendly approach (electrical consumption was from 0.135–0.240kWh for MAHD compared to 1.360kWh for HD). The main component in all essential oils, as well as in hydrolats, was carvacrol. MAHD at the power level of 600W may be considered as the most promising among the tested power levels with respect to all investigated parameters. Residual extracts after HD and MAHD showed to be valuable by-products rich in phenolic compounds, with rosmarinic acid as dominant.

Development and Innovation of Extractor For Malunggay (Moringa oleifera Lamk)

This study aimed to develop and innovate an extractor for malunggay to solve its laborious and tedious processing and for product and by-products development. Particularly, innovation of existing malunggay juice extractor was done and tested in terms of efficiency, capacity, extraction time, losses and power requirement, and its technical and economic viability. The extractor was innovated for extracting malunggay juice and other similar commodities. Testing of innovated extractor was highly significant in terms of extraction time, volume of extracted juice, and percent recovery of juice extracted compared to the manual extraction process. The juice extraction of the malunggay using the innovated extractor showed a capacity of 5.5 kg/hr to almost 19 kg/hr using matured and young leaves and stalks. The mean juice recovery is 62%. The innovated extractor for malunggay has higher efficiency and capacity but has lesser processing time, losses, and power requirement. The malunggay extractor is economically viable and feasible. The extractor could extract juice from malunggay, and its meal could be converted into powder and tea and gain a minimum of ₱62/kg of malunggay. It has a return on investment of 34.11% with a payback period of 2.1 years. The fabrication of the prototype of “Agiseparator,” downsizing of the equipment, technology commercialization, adoption of a backyard planting for malunggay; health impact dissemination, determination of nutrient retention and loss during processing, and development of more products from malunggay are recommended.