Terms Of Ethnicity Research Articles

Gender and ethnicity intersect to reduce participation at a large European hybrid HIV conference

ObjectiveTo evaluate how gender and ethnicity of panel members intersect to effect audience participation at a large European hybrid conference.DesignAn observational cross-sectional study design was used to collect data at...

Проблема национального сознания в древнегреческих и раннехристианских философско-религиозных текстах

The concept of national consciousness has been a subject of considerable interest in scientific discourse, particularly concerning its manifestation in ancient Greek and early Christian philosophical-religious texts. The article examines the problem of national consciousness as reflected in ancient Greek and early Christian philosophical-religious texts. The author aims to identify the peculiarities of how ancient Greeks perceived themselves as an ethnic group and early Christians as a confessional community comprising individuals from various nationalities. To achieve this goal, the main imperatives related to the early Christians’ perception as a specific ethno-confessional group and the self-identification of ancient Greeks in ethnic terms were determined. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the peculiarity of the formation of ancient national consciousness was its limitation by political identification with the polis. Within the Greek community, each individual was primarily a citizen of a specific city-state and only then a representative of the ancient Greek community. Additionally, it was also revealed that only the overtly proselytizing nature of New Testament teachings allowed early Christians, despite significant ancient Jewish heritage, to transcend ethnic boundaries, turning Christianity into one of the world’s religions rather than remaining within the confines of an ethno-confessional community.

The Importance of a Title V Center for “People Like Me”

ABSTRACT When students can find commonalities with others at a university in terms of race, ethnicity, or first-generation status, they also build a strong identity and, in turn, find a sense of belonging. We studied a Title V student center, “The Center,” at a Hispanic-Serving Institution, using a counterspaces framework to understand how minoritized and first-generation students saw themselves reflected in a Title V center and how this reflection indicated the Title V center provided a sense of belonging. The Center was purposefully designed with the goal of reflecting students’ first-generation and/or minoritized identities. In this qualitative study, drawing from multiple Center stakeholders, we found that the undergraduate student visitors felt that other students and staff within The Center contributed to feeling a sense of belonging and support, along with providing relief from cultural isolation. This study adds to the literature about the needs of minoritized and first-generation students at universities and colleges. Specifically, this study contributes to the idea that a student center that is run by the university can purposefully employ and center People of Color while communicating the importance the university places on providing students with role models with whom the students share a racial or ethnic background.

Neoliberal nationalism and immigration policy

ABSTRACT Contemporary nationalism in the West tends to be understood in ethnic terms and associated with a bottom-up reaction to disliked effects of globalization, in particular migration. But there is also a top-down nationalism that is inherent in states` boundary-policing and – constituting membership policies. This paper draws the contours of a state-level neoliberal nationalism. Its imprint can be found in social policy, citizenship policy, and – the focus of this paper – immigration policy, in particular for the highly-skilled. Neoliberal nationalism combines diversity and meritocracy, and thus a modicum of cultural and economic liberalism. The prefix ‘neo’ flags the refashioning of political community from solidarity-based to contract-based, conditional on individual contribution and strict reciprocity.

Adaptasi Tokoh Makima Dalam Anime Chainsaw Man Pada Make Up Karakter

Anime is a typical Japanese animation which is usually characterized by colorful pictures featuring characters in various locations and stories, aimed at various types of audience. One of the famous animation in Japan is the animation Chainsaw Man. Makima is one of the most beautiful and strongest characters from the animation Chainsaw Man whose appearance is normal, has long pink hair tied back and also has a characteristic orange eyeball. Behind her beautiful and calm face, Makima is known as a very cunning and manipulative figure in the animation Chainsaw Man. Character make-up is a make-up that is applied to change a person's appearance in terms of age, character, face, ethnicity, and nation so that it matches the character being played. The purpose of this research is to apply the basis of make-up in making character make-up by adapting the character Makima, developing the knowledge and skills acquired during college, especially in the concentration of make-up.

Factors Associated With Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Outcomes

Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) achieve less favorable clinical outcomes than non-Hispanic White patients, but the source of this disparity is incompletely understood. To assess whether racial and ethnic disparities in treatment outcomes among patients with LARC could be accounted for by social determinants of health and demographic, clinical, and pathologic factors known to be associated with treatment response. The National Cancer Database was interrogated to identify patients with T3 to T4 or N1 to N2 LARC treated with neoadjuvant therapy and surgery. Patients were diagnosed between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017. Data were culled from the National Cancer Database from July 1, 2022, through December 31, 2023. Neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer followed by surgical resection. The primary outcome was the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) following neoadjuvant therapy. Secondary outcomes were rate of tumor downstaging and achievement of pN0 status. A total of 34 500 patient records were reviewed; 21 679 of the patients (62.8%) were men and 12 821 (37.2%) were women. The mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 59.7 (12.0) years. In terms of race and ethnicity, 2217 patients (6.4%) were Hispanic, 2843 (8.2%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 29 440 (85.3%) were non-Hispanic White. Hispanic patients achieved tumor downstaging (48.9% vs 51.8%; P = .01) and pN0 status (66.8% vs 68.8%; P = .02) less often than non-Hispanic White patients. Non-Hispanic Black race, but not Hispanic ethnicity, was associated with less tumor downstaging (odds ratio [OR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.94]), less frequent pN0 status (OR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.83-0.99]), and less frequent pCR (OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.72-0.92]). Other factors associated with reduced rate of pCR included rural location (OR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.69-0.93]), lack of or inadequate insurance (OR for Medicaid, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.76-0.98]; OR for no insurance, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.54-0.78]), and treatment in a low-volume center (OR for first quartile, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.62-0.87]; OR for second quartile, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.70-0.90]; OR for third quartile, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.94]). Clinical and pathologic variables associated with a decreased pCR included higher tumor grade (OR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.49-0.70]), advanced tumor stage (OR for T3, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.42-0.76]; OR for T4, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.22-0.42]), and lymph node-positive disease (OR for N1, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.77-0.89]; OR for N2, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.65-0.82]). The findings of this cohort study suggest that disparate treatment outcomes for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black patients are likely multifactorial in origin. Future investigation into additional social determinants of health and biological variables is warranted.

Placing the keystone: the LIMBIC Military and Tactical Athlete Research Study

ABSTRACT Objective The LIMBIC Military and Tactical Athletic Research Study (MATARS) framework was established to confirm and extend understanding of concussion with initial studies driven by clinical data collected between 2015 and 2020 in a collegiate sports setting. The LIMBIC MATARS framework will be leveraged to apply gold-standard and innovative research designs to advance the science of concussion. This manuscript provides the background, methodology, and initial demographic data associated with the LIMBIC MATARS. Methods Consensus-based common data elements were used to conduct a retrospective chart review, specific to collegiate athletes diagnosed with concussions between 2015 and 2020 at 11 universities. Results A final sample of 1,311 (47.8% female) concussions were diagnosed during the five-year study period from athletes participating in a variety of National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) sports. The LIMBIC MATARS demographic data, align with the NCAA and other pioneering multi-site concussion-related studies in terms of biological sex, race and ethnicity, and sport participation. Conclusion This pragmatic, methodological approach was used to address several a priori hypotheses related to concussion, align with other multi-site studies of concussion, and establish a consortium for future investigations.

Sex and Ethnic Disparities during COVID-19 Pandemic among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients

Introduction: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic that emerged in 2019. During this period, a significant disparity in hospitalization and mortality rates emerged, particularly in terms of Ethnicity and sex. Notably, this study aims to examine the influence of sex and Ethnicity on acute coronary syndrome outcomes, specifically during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed adult patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the United States in 2020. Primary outcomes included inpatient mortality and the time from admission to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Secondary outcomes encompassed the length of stay and hospital costs. The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was utilized to identify and study patients in our test group. Results: A total of 779,895 patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the year 2020 and 935,975 patients in 2019 were included in this study. Baseline findings revealed that inpatient mortality was significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019, regardless of sex and Ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.23, p-value < 0.001). Concerning primary outcomes, there was no difference in inpatient mortality for hospitalized patients of different sexes between 2019 and 2020 (STEMI: aOR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96–1.14, p-value 0.22; NSTEMI/UA aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.98–1.19, p-value 0.13). Regarding time to admission for PCI, NSTEMI/UA cases were found to be statistically significant in female patients compared to males (mean difference 0.06 days, 95% CI 0.02–0.10, p-value < 0.01) and African Americans compared to Caucasians (mean difference 0.13 days, 95% CI 0.06–0.19, p < 0.001). In terms of the length of stay, female patients had a shorter length of stay compared to males (mean difference −0.22, 95% CI −0.27 to −0.16, p-value < 0.01). Conclusions: As acute coronary syndrome is an urgent diagnosis, a global pandemic has the potential to exacerbate existing healthcare disparities related to sex and Ethnicity. This study did not reveal any difference in inpatient mortality, aligning with studies conducted prior to the pandemic. However, it highlighted significantly longer treatment times (admission to PCI) for NSTEMI/UA management in female and African American populations. These findings suggest that some disparities may have diminished during the pandemic year, warranting further research to confirm these trends in the years to come.

Methodology of Natsal-COVID Wave 2: A large, quasi-representative, longitudinal survey measuring the impact of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in Britain

Background The National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles COVID study (Natsal-COVID) was designed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on Britain’s sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Natsal-COVID Wave 1 survey and qualitative follow-up interviews were conducted in 2020. The Wave 2 survey was designed to capture one-year prevalence estimates for key SRH outcomes and measure changes over the first year of the pandemic. We describe the Wave 2 survey methodology and assess the sample representativeness. Methods Natsal-COVID Wave 2 was conducted March-April 2021; approximately one year after the start of Britain’s first national lockdown. Data were collected using an online web-panel survey administered by Ipsos. The sample comprised a longitudinal sample of Wave 1 participants who had agreed to re-contact plus a sample of participants residing in Britain, aged 18-59, including a boost sample comprising people aged 18-29. Questions covered reproductive health, relationships, sexual behaviour and SRH service use. Quotas and weighting were used to achieve a quasi-representative sample of the British population. Comparisons were made with recent national probability surveys, Natsal-3 (2010-12) and Natsal-COVID Wave 1 to understand bias. Results A total of 6,658 individuals completed the survey. In terms of gender, age, ethnicity, and rurality, the weighted Natsal-COVID Wave 2 sample was like the general population. Participants were less likely to be married or to report being in good health than the general population. The longitudinal sample (n=2,098) were broadly like participants who only took part in Wave 1 but were older. Among the sexually active, longitudinal participants were less likely to report multiple sexual partners or a new sexual partner in the past year compared to those who only took part in Wave 1. Conclusions Natsal-COVID collected longitudinal, quasi-representative population data to enable evaluation of the population-level impact of COVID-19 on SRH and to inform policy.

Short Interpregnancy Intervals Among Women Experiencing Homelessness in Colorado

Short interpregnancy intervals (SIPIs) are associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Disparities exist across socioeconomic status, but there is little information on SIPIs among women experiencing homelessness. To investigate (1) differences in rates and characteristics of SIPIs between women experiencing homelessness and domiciled women, (2) whether the association of homelessness with SIPIs differs across races and ethnicities, and (3) whether the association between SIPIs of less than 6 months (very short interpregnancy interval [VSIPIs]) and maternal and neonatal outcomes differs between participant groups. This cohort study used a Colorado statewide database linking the Colorado All Payer Claims Database, Homeless Management Information System, death records, and infant birth records. Participants included all women who gave birth between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2021. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2022, to May 10, 2023. Homelessness and race and ethnicity. The primary outcome consisted of SIPI, a binary variable indicating whether the interval between delivery and conception of the subsequent pregnancy was shorter than 18 months. The association of VSIPI with maternal and neonatal outcomes was also tested. A total of 77 494 women (mean [SD] age, 30.7 [5.3] years) were included in the analyses, of whom 636 (0.8%) were women experiencing homelessness. The mean (SD) age was 29.5 (5.4) years for women experiencing homelessness and 30.7 (5.3) years for domiciled women. In terms of race and ethnicity, 39.3% were Hispanic, 7.3% were non-Hispanic Black, and 48.4% were non-Hispanic White. Associations between homelessness and higher odds of SIPI (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.23 [95% CI, 1.04-1.46]) were found. Smaller associations between homelessness and SIPI were found among non-Hispanic Black (AOR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.37-0.96]) and non-Hispanic White (AOR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.39-0.84]) women compared with Hispanic women. A greater association of VSIPI with emergency department visits and low birth weight was found among women experiencing homelessness compared with domiciled women, although no significant differences were detected. In this cohort study of women who gave birth from 2016 to 2021, an association between homelessness and higher odds of SIPIs was found. These findings highlight the importance of conception management among women experiencing homelessness. Racial and ethnic disparities should be considered when designing interventions.

Effectiveness of a culturally tailored text messaging program for promoting cervical cancer screening in accra, Ghana: a quasi-experimental trial

IntroductionDespite breakthroughs in cervical cancer detection, resource-constrained countries continue to have a disproportionately high incidence and death rate. Mhealth has been identified as an important tool for increasing cervical cancer screening rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. We determined whether sending Ghanaian women culturally tailored one-way mobile phone SMS text messages about cervical cancer would encourage the uptake of the human papillomavirus (HPV) test.MethodsFrom August to November 2016, 88 women aged 18 to 39 living or working in an urban community (Accra, Ghana) participated in a quasi-experimental study. For 8 weeks, 32 SMS messages regarding cervical cancer were developed and sent to the personal phones of intervention arm participants (n = 42). Women in the control group (n = 46) received SMS texts with general health and lifestyle advice. Fischer’s exact tests were performed to assess cervical cancer screening uptake and associated reasons for non-uptake between the intervention and control groups (p < 0.05).ResultsAt the baseline, women differed in terms of ethnicity and wealth. After the intervention, participants’ self-reported risk factors for cervical cancer, such as early menarche, usual source of medical treatment, family history of cancer, smoking, and alcohol history, changed. None of the women in the intervention group sought cervical cancer screening after the intervention, but only one (2.2%) of the control arm participants did. Almost all the women (> 95%) agreed that an HPV test was essential and that regular healthcare check-ups could help prevent cervical cancer. Some women believed that avoiding particular foods could help prevent cervical cancer (23.8% intervention vs. 58.7% control, p < 0.001). Time constraints and out-of-pocket expenses were significant barriers to cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: A one-way SMS delivered to urban women did not increase cervical cancer screening attendance. The time spent in screening facilities and the lack of coverage by the National Health Insurance Scheme limited screening uptake. We urge for the establishment of screening centers in all healthcare facilities, as well as the inclusion of cervical cancer screening in healthcare programs through cost-sharing.

Assessing the Relationship between Radiology Department Research Funding and Institutional Community Inclusion and Investment.

Background Health care access disparities and lack of inclusion in clinical research have been well documented for marginalized populations. However, few studies exist examining the research funding of institutions that serve historically underserved groups. Purpose To assess the relationship between research funding awarded to radiology departments by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Lown Institute Hospitals Index rankings for inclusivity and community benefit. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included radiology departments awarded funding from the NIH between 2017 and 2021. The 2021 Lown Institute Hospitals Index rankings for inclusivity and community benefit were examined. The inclusivity metric measures how similar a hospital's patient population is to the surrounding community in terms of income, race and ethnicity, and education level. The community benefit metric measures charity care spending, Medicaid as a proportion of patient revenue, and other community benefit spending. Linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficients (r values) were used to evaluate the relationship between aggregate NIH radiology department research funding and measures of inclusivity and community benefit. Results Seventy-five radiology departments that received NIH funding ranging from $195 000 to $216 879 079 were included. A negative correlation was observed between the amount of radiology department research funding received and institutional rankings for serving patients from racial and/or ethnic minorities (r = -0.34; P < .001), patients with low income (r = -0.44; P < .001), and patients with lower levels of education (r = -0.46; P < .001). No correlation was observed between the amount of radiology department research funding and institutional rankings for charity care spending (r = -0.19; P = .06), community investment (r = -0.04; P = .68), and Medicaid as a proportion of patient revenue (r = -0.10; P = .22). Conclusion Radiology departments that received more NIH research funding were less likely to serve patients from racial and/or ethnic minorities and patients who had low income or lower levels of education. © RSNA, 2024 See also the editorial by Mehta and Rosen in this issue.

Upaya Gereja Mewujudkan Dialog Antar Umat Beragama dalam Konteks Kemajemukan Agama

On the one hand, religious pluralism is something that can enrich the life of the Indonesian nation, but on the other hand it can become fertile ground for disputes, divisions, even bloodshed between one religion and another as well as acts of conflict and terrorism in the name of religion. Therefore, to avoid the outbreak of conflict between religious communities which could lead to violence, every religious follower needs to make efforts for dialogue between religious communities. The aim of the research is to describe and analyze the form and process of dialogue between religious communities carried out by the church, namely the Kalimantan Evangelical Church (GKE) Sion Basarang, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province (hereinafter referred to as GKE Sion Basarang) which is one of the churches that lives in a pluralistic society both in terms of religion and ethnicity. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytic research approach. The research results show that the form of dialogue between religious communities at GKE Sion Basarang is work dialogue and theological dialogue, meanwhile there are two stages in the dialogue process between religious communities, namely the first stage takes place spontaneously because church members live side by side in a pluralistic society and the The second is systematic because it is carried out through meetings between religious leaders, namely priests and other religious leaders.

Predicting incident heart failure from population-based nationwide electronic health records: protocol for a model development and validation study

IntroductionHeart failure (HF) is increasingly common and associated with excess morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Treatment of HF can alter the disease trajectory and reduce clinical events in HF. However,...

Međudržavno posvojenje u Republici Hrvatskoj kroz prizmu slučaja posvojenja djece iz DR Konga

Intercountry and interracial adoptions are forms of international adoption that imply the difference between adopter and adoptee in geographical, racial, and ethnic terms, which makes the adoption process very complex. The recent case of intercountry adoption of children from DR Congo by Croatian citizens confirmed the globally recognized controversy, questionability, and complexity of the intercountry adoption process. The key or additional problem in this case of intercountry adoption is the fact that DR Congo is not a party to the 1993 Convention on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. The case of intercountry adoption of children from DR Congo encouraged the authors to research and analyze international and national regulations and practices relevant to intercountry adoption. In this paper, the authors specifically analyze open issues related to intercountry adoptions in Croatian legislation, more precisely the recognition of foreign court decisions on adoption, minimum standards related to the establishment and recognition of intercountry adoptions, the possibility of termination of adoption, the citizenship status of adopted children, and the children's right to access information about adoption. In conclusion, the authors propose de lege ferenda solutions for the future regulation of intercountry adoptions.

Угсаатны өвөрмөц байдлыг дахин төсөөлөх нь: Монгол улсын төрийн байгуулалт ба Хотон угсаатны ижилсэл

people have chosen to identify themselves with various cultural identities. Based on Mongolian ethnic theories and policies, as well as the geographical location in which they reside, the many identity choices they make during the identification process are examined in terms of race, ethnicity, and community. “Khoton”, as their identity, has developed from being named by the “other” to a self-identified ethnic name and has a variety of cultural attributes. This study argues that the Khotons’ shared historical memory, production activities, and cultural practices are crucial to their identity. The Khotons, as a minority community, are subject to the state system and have taken no hold in their own survival and growth discourse. They are threatened by history and the passage of time, and in order to live and evolve, they must adapt and seek themselves by modifying their relationships with others and the state.

A Qualitative Study of Breastfeeding Experiences Among Mothers Who Used Galactagogues to Increase Their Milk Supply

ObjectiveTo qualitatively describe breastfeeding experiences among mothers who used galactagogues to increase their milk supply. DesignOne-time, semistructured phone interviews. SettingUS. ParticipantsBreastfeeding mothers (n = 19) who reported ever consuming foods, beverages, or herbal supplements to increase their milk supply in a cross-sectional online survey were purposefully sampled to participate in this qualitative study. Participants were diverse in terms of race and ethnicity, education, income, infant age (0–18 months), and prior breastfeeding experience (32% first-time breastfeeding). Phenomenon of InterestReasons for trying to increase milk supply, sources of information about increasing milk supply, and strategies tried to increase milk supply. AnalysisInterviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. ResultsParticipants expressed determination and commitment to breastfeeding but unexpectedly struggled to breastfeed and increase their milk supply. They sought information from multiple sources and used individualized approaches to address milk supply concerns on the basis of recommendations from others, as well as the perceived convenience, cost, palatability, and safety of potential strategies. Conclusions and ImplicationsResults suggest a need to expand breastfeeding education and support so that lactating parents anticipate common breastfeeding challenges and are aware of evidence-based strategies for increasing their milk supply.

Uterine leiomyomata claim rate estimates and demographic characteristics by county. Florida, 2010–2019

ABSTRACT To describe the demographic characteristics and estimate the uterine leiomyomata claim rates (ULCRs) by women 18 years and older in Florida, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2010–2019 administrative claims for uterine leiomyomata and associated study variables (age, race, ethnicity, county of residence, anatomic site, length of stay, and additional diagnoses). ULCR ratios were estimated by race and ethnicity, using ULCR for non-Hispanic White women as the reference group. We identified 232,475 claims, most of which were among non-Hispanic White women in their forties. The overall ULCR estimate [95 percent CI] was 284.8 [284.21, 285.39] per 100,000 women 18 years and older, with a small, nonsignificant trend to increase over time (R 2 = .310; p = .094). Black, Hispanic, and other women of color presented with higher ULCR ratios (4.84, 1.87, and 1.58, respectively). Urban counties had significantly higher ULCRs than suburban and rural counties. While non-Hispanic White women had the highest frequency of ULCRs, women of color–especially Black women–presented with significantly higher ULCR ratios. The epidemiologic profile of uterine leiomyomata in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and geographic location points to unmet healthcare needs among specific demographic and geographic groups of women in Florida.

ABOUT THE BURAT ETHNIC COMMUNITY AND THE EXOETHNONYM BARGU-BURAT (IN CONNECTION WITH THE ETHOGENESIS PROBLEM OF THE OIRATS)

The article considers some complex and difficult issues that regularly excite the researchers’ minds when referring to the early period of the Oirats’ ethnic history. Where the original homeland (ancestral homeland) of the Oirats was, what their ethnic composition was, the Oirats were migrants or autochthons of Western Mongolia, the Buryats participated in ethnogenesis of the Oirats, the Oirat-Buryat ethnic community really existed. The author paid special atten-tion to the analysis of the ethnic term bargu-burat.

Уточнение термина «армяне-халкидониты»

The ethnic self-consciousness of the Armenian ethnos, which passed the peak of ethnogenesis at the end of the first millennium BC, was ensured by the common origin, language and territory, common historical memory, continuity of state-political formations, cultural traditions and customs. Armenia is one of the oldest Christian states, and the Christianisation of the country in the early 4th century introduced a new cementing component into the Armenian identity. Wars with Mazdean Iran and later with the Muslim world, the struggle for fatherland and the struggle for faith cemented ethno-cultural and ethno-political identity. Armenia was one of the first countries to enter the Universal Church of the Christian East. Armenians participated in three Ecumenical Councils: the Council of Nicaea (325), the Council of Constantinople (381) and the Council of Ephesus (431), but did not attend the Fourth Council of Chalcedon (451) because of the war with Iran. The acts of the Council of Chalcedon, which reached Armenia much later, divided Armenians into two confessional directions — supporters and opponents of the Chalcedonian oros; the latter suspected in it hidden Nestorianism and did not recognise the supremacy of the Patriarch of Constantinople, while their opponents accused them of heresy. The emergence of Armenian writing in the early 5th century and the phenomenon of the «Golden Age» — the unprecedented rise of Armenian literature after the invention of the alphabet — determined for centuries the ethnic identity of Armenians, the unity of which was most universally and concretely reflected in the ethnic term «Armenian» (հայ, hay, ἀρμένιος). That is why the designation of the supporters of the Chalcedonian oros as Armenians-«Romaeans» and Armenians-«Georgians» did not find an adequate explanation for a long time. The term «Chalcedonian Armenians» was introduced in the early XX century by N. Y. Marr, as a designation of Armenians, called in the sources of XI–XV centuries «Romans» or «Ivirs», depending on their belonging to the Greek or Georgian Church. This hypothesis posed an important problem in Orientalism, caused continuous discussions and, accordingly, initiated further research. In recent decades, various aspects of the problem of the Chalcedonian Armenians (political, social, administrative, theological, polemical, historiographical) have attracted the attention of researchers; however, there is a range of issues that are unexplored or controversial. The term «Chalcedonite Armenians» proposed by N. Y. Marr instead of «Armenians-Romeans» and «Armenians-Ivirs» remained the most debatable issue for a long time. The aim of this paper is to clarify the content of the term «Chalcedonian Armenians» and, accordingly, the use of double ethnonyms in medieval sources, which served the emergence of this term in Modern times, i.e. to study the chronology and authorship of these sources.