Terms Of Environmental Health Research Articles

Perception Analysis of the Transformation from a Fishery-Led to Industry-Led Island with its Human Settlement Changes: A Case Study of Liuheng Island, Zhoushan City, China

Based on the theories of industrial structure and settlement environment, this paper conducts a quantitative and qualitative study to investigate how the evolution in the industrial structure of the island affects the settlement environment with relevant statistical data, local chronicles, and questionnaire survey data. The study found that the industrial structure of Liuheng Island has transformed from a fishery-led to industry-led island, which has led to the rapid increase of urbanization on Liuheng Island, and the public service facilities have been increasingly densely distributed urban-type communities with high modernization levels, such as Longshan Community, Xuanzhuotou Community, and Taimen Community. The local residents of Liuheng Island are also satisfied with the public service facilities in terms of facility availability, transportation convenience, environmental comfort, and environmental health. For a period, the island residents were particularly concerned about the regional differences in environmental health, and the main reasons were the industrial structure upgrade towards industrialization, which would cause certain industrial waste emissions, and the pressure of commuting within the island, which would affect residents’ sense of security. This indicates that the evolution of industrial structure will directly affect the speed and quality of urban and rural settlement hardware construction and also, to a certain extent, the subjective perceptions of residents around the dense industrial areas on the state of the settlement, especially in terms of environmental health and community living safety.

Evaluation of radioactivity levels and radiological hazards of some endemic plants used as medicine in Ankara, Turkey

In this study, natural radioactivity levels (226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K) of some medicinal plant samples with known anti-oxidative properties, which are frequently consumed by animals and humans, were obtained from Ankara province and its surroundings (Mamak, Kızılcahamam, Beypazarı, Kahramankazan, and Polatlı districts) were determined using a thallium-doped sodium iodide NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometry. By using the determined natural radioactivity concentrations in the collected plant samples, the number of radiological doses that people could be exposed by consuming these plants was calculated. As a result of the study, 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K radioactivity concentration ranges of the plant samples were found be 14.69 ± 1.27–59.08 ± 3.12 Bq kg−1, 1.78 ± 0.04–50.05 ± 2.76 Bq kg−1 and 207.24 ± 34.09–826.13 ± 25.40 Bq kg−1, respectively. The highest 226Ra, 232Th, and 4 K activity concentrations were measured in Astragalus densifolius subsp. ayashensis (Kahramankazan), Astragalus kochakii (Kahramankazan) and Rumex patientia (Patience Dock) (Kahramankazan) plants, respectively. The lowest 226Ra, 232Th and,4 K activity concentration plants were determined respectively as Rumex patientia (Mamak), Lavandula angustifolia (Kızılcahamam), and Astragalus acikirensis (Polatlı). The establishment and routine repetition of environmental radioactivity monitoring programs in each region are important for human and animal health, and the results of this study gain importance for Ankara and its surroundings in terms of environmental health.

Cost-Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions under Different Implementation Scenarios: A National Perspective for Italian Urban Areas

Worldwide, national governments and private organizations are increasingly investing in Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) to foster both human well-being and biodiversity while achieving climate and environmental targets. Yet, investments in NBS remain uncoordinated among planning levels, their co-benefits underestimated, and their effectiveness undermined. This study aims to provide a spatially explicit approach to optimize the budget allocation for NBS implementation across Italian urban areas while maximizing their effectiveness in terms of environmental health. We explored three different NBS implementation scenarios oriented to (i) maximize the Ecosystem Services supply of NBS (Scenario BP), (ii) minimize costs of NBS (Scenario LC), and (iii) maximize Ecosystem Services supply of NBS at the lowest cost (Scenario CP). Once selected, we prioritized their allocation through the territory following an environmental risk index for population, and we explored the relationship between costs and effectiveness for the three scenarios. The implementation of Scenario BP costs EUR 777 billion while showing 31 billion of effectiveness. Scenario LC costs 70% less than scenario BP (EUR 206 billion) while losing 70% of its effectiveness. Scenario CP costs 60% less than Scenario BP (EUR 301 billion), offering just 20% less effectiveness. Our results show that employing the risk index for NBS allocation would allow for reducing the surface of interventions by saving 67% of the budget in the three scenarios with a negligible loss in terms of return for human health. The here-proposed approach can guide the national funds’ allocation system, improving its cost-effectiveness and equitableness.

Investigating the Environmental Health status of Schools in Jiroft city accordance with national unifying plan in 2019

Introduction: Schools are safe places in the training of human, and they play a very important role in providing a healthy and cheerful life for students. Therefore, these places should be ideal from view of health and safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental health status of schools in Jiroft city accordance with national unifying plan in 2019.
 Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study, took a census on 99 schools of Jiroft in the 2019. For gathering the data, the standard school inspection checklist of the Ministry of Health was used. The data were collected by referring to schools and via viewing and interview with officials. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software.
 Results: The results for the both urban and rural schools revealed that the highest health status was food hygiene (100%), and lowest score was related to safety status for rural schools (50%). The health status of tools and equipment was 84.61% for both urban and rural schools, while building health status in urban schools and rural schools were 87.5% and 71.87% respectively.
 Conclusion: According to the results, the environmental health and safety status of schools in Jiroft city was evaluated as favorable. The indicators of food, personal, tools and equipment hygiene in urban and rural schools, as well as the safety index in urban schools, were highly favorable. In general, in the investigation of the indicators of this research, 85.8% of schools were evaluated favorably in terms of environmental health and safety indicators. To increase the percentage of the environmental health and safety indicators, the coordination of related organizations in health and education is necessary.

How can we possibly resolve the planet's nitrogen dilemma?

Nitrogen is the most crucial element in the production of nutritious feeds and foods. The production of reactive nitrogen by means of fossil fuel has thus far been able to guarantee the protein supply for the world population. Yet, the production and massive use of fertilizer nitrogen constitute a major threat in terms of environmental health and sustainability. It is crucial to promote consumer acceptance and awareness towards proteins produced by highly effective microorganisms, and their potential to replace proteins obtained with poor nitrogen efficiencies from plants and animals. The fact that reactive fertilizer nitrogen, produced by the Haber Bosch process, consumes a significant amount of fossil fuel worldwide is of concern. Moreover, recently, the prices of fossil fuels have increased the cost of reactive nitrogen by a factor of 3 to 5 times, while international policies are fostering the transition towards a more sustainable agro-ecology by reducing mineral fertilizers inputs and increasing organic farming. The combination of these pressures and challenges opens opportunities to use the reactive nitrogen nutrient more carefully. Time has come to effectively recover used nitrogen from secondary resources and to upgrade it to a legal status of fertilizer. Organic nitrogen is a slow-release fertilizer, it has a factor of 2.5 or higher economic value per unit nitrogen as fertilizer and thus adequate technologies to produce it, for instance by implementing photobiological processes, are promising. Finally, it appears wise to start the integration in our overall feed and food supply chains of the exceptional potential of biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen produced by the nitrogenase enzyme, either in the soil or in novel biotechnology reactor systems, deserves to have a 'renaissance' in the context of planetary governance in general and the increasing number of people who desire to be fed in a sustainable way in particular.

Comprehensive sanitation situation analysis based on complete components in community-based total sanitation

Introduction: Although research to analyze the sanitation situation in Indonesia has been intensively carried out, the results of this research are not sufficient to show aspects of community behavior comprehensively based on the components in total community-based sanitation (STBM). A recent study based solely on the availability of sanitation facilities and community affordability found that weak financial support allocated to address sanitation problems was a key factor. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the sanitation situation comprehensively based on the components in STBM. Methods: This research was conducted in 34 provinces in Indonesia. All areas were selected so that a complete and comprehensive analysis could be carried out. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Basic Health Research and the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Cluster analysis using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) was performed to cluster sanitation conditions based on the parameters of healthy latrine use; handwashing behavior and facilities; safe drinking water and food management; management of household waste and its facilities; and safe household liquid waste management. Results: It is found that the value for cluster 1 does not have priority problems in terms of environmental health. There is only one indicator, namely littering, which is above the national average. While in cluster 2, the complexity of the problem is more complex where almost all indicators are above the national average, only the indicators of carelessly throwing garbage and disposing of feces are below the national average. Cluster 3 has complex problems in no defecation, no defecation, no sewerage, and littering. These areas are included in the priority sanitation intervention program; Bangka Belitung, North Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Gorontalo, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, Maluku, Central Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara. Conclusions: This study determines the classification of sanitation conditions to provide comprehensive information on which areas are included in the priority sanitation intervention program. The novelty and contribution of this research is a comprehensive analysis based on the components of STBM, which has never been done before.

Investigation of monthly residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment samples from Kirikkale Kizilirmak River Basin.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain two or more benzene rings and are categorized as general environmentally harmful pollutants. PAHs occur because of various combustion and pyrolysis processes with different environmental and anthropogenic sources. The Kizilirmak River is one of the major important water sources used for drinking water and irrigation purposes in Turkey. There are important industrial facilities around the river and PAH pollution is important in terms of environmental health. This study was carried out to determine the residues of PAHs in water and sediment samples according to month and to identify the pollution sources. Thus, water and sediment samples were collected from five different stations in the Kirikkale basin of the Kizilirmak River every 15days for a year. In this way, 120 water and 120 sediment samples were collected over a year and analyzed in terms of 16 priority PAHs according to the Environmental Protection Agency. The monthly average of the water and sediment samples was calculated. Analyses were carried out with high-performance liquid chromatography based on solid phase extraction. GC-MS was used for confirmation. Acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene were not found in the water samples. The total PAH levels in water and sediment were detected in the range of 0.04 to 1.545μg/L and 43.15-386.115μg/kg, respectively. PAHs found in water and sediment samples had pyrogenic and petrogenic origin and pollution changed significantly between autumn and winter. As a result, precautions should be taken in terms of preventing environmental pollution.

Microplastics in the environment: Recent developments in characteristic, occurrence, identification and ecological risk

Microplastics (MPs) are developing as persistent pollutants that are causing significant concern in terms of environmental health. A microplastic is a particle of plastic that is less than 5 mm in diameter, which has penetrated and harmed the environment. MPs have been the subject of numerous analyses, including several adverse assessments; however, most of these studies have focused on their presence in coastal environments. The current state of knowledge regarding the characteristics, occurrences, and potential impact of MPs in the terrestrial ecosystem is incomplete. The goal of this study is to undertake a thorough review of existing knowledge and scientific publications on MP occurrences in the environment, their fate and mobility, and their consequences, as well as to explore such discoveries. MPs have been elaborately discussed in this review in terms of their occurrences, features, and origins in the oceans, freshwater, sediments, soils, and the atmosphere, along with the data obtained from experiments and models on the fate and mobility of MPs in the environment. This paper also includes research data on the environmental toxicity, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation of MPs.

Environmental Toxicants and Preterm Birth: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Output.

Preterm birth remains a problem globally, as multiple factors contribute to its etiology and pathogenesis. One such factor is the exposure to environmental toxicants, in which recent literature has described contributory roles in disease progression. This study aims to show research trends and collaborations in papers related to environmental toxicants and preterm birth through a bibliometric analysis to determine hot spots for research as well as to identify already established themes that can point to policy making and development. Using the Scopus database, we were able to identify 956 original research articles from 72 countries between 1955 and 2021; bibliographic information was exported, analyzed, and visualized using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. There was an annual growth of research and reporting in this area, which significantly increased within the last two decades. The top countries that have published on this topic include the USA (n = 343), China (n = 103), and Australia (n = 43), with strong international collaboration in reports from China. Top journals for publication include Environmental Research (n = 53), Environmental Health Perspectives (n = 47), and Environment International (n = 46). Previous literature focused on establishing toxicants that are significantly associated with preterm birth, with current research focusing on molecular mechanisms of environmental toxicants. Overall, our bibliometric analysis gives a scoping view of the existing research landscape in terms of environmental health and preterm birth.

Assessing Responsible Care implementation for sustainability in Malaysian chemical industries

PurposeThe Responsible Care programme was first introduced in Canada in 1985 and now is implemented worldwide as one of the chemical industries' commitments to improve the industries' public image as well as their performance in health, safety and environmental aspects. In Malaysia, the Responsible Care programme has been implemented since 1994 with a current total of 148 companies pledged to implement it in their company; however, the effectiveness of the programme remains unknown. Hence, this paper aims to assess the effectiveness of the Responsible Care programme in improving performance in the environment, health and safety in terms of documentation, training, selection processes and stakeholders' engagement for the sustainability of chemical industries.Design/methodology/approachA survey was administered to the Responsible Care signatory companies in Malaysia. Of these, a total of 132 member companies either produced or provided services related to chemical products.FindingsThe majority of signatory companies agreed that the Responsible Care programme did improve their performance in the environment, health and safety. Besides that, the signatory companies were also keeping up their commitment to ensuring documentation, training, selection process and stakeholders' engagement run smoothly in line with Responsible Care's mission.Originality/valueAfter more than two decades of implementation in Malaysia, it is important to assess the Responsible Care programme's effectiveness. As an increasing number of chemical firms, without good management, it will possibly pose a danger to the environment and human health and safety. Through assessment, advances in Responsible Care management practices will considerably increase programme effectiveness in terms of environmental health and safety.

Food Waste and Nutrition Quality in the Context of Public Health: A Scoping Review.

Food waste and nutrition are intrinsically linked in terms of environmental health and public health. Despite this, it is unknown whether these topics have been previously synthesized into a review. The aim was to identify the interdisciplinary parameters that exist in public health and nutrition literature in terms of food waste and plastic waste associated with food, and to identify how these parameters currently contribute to food sustainability messaging and interventions. A rapid scoping review was conducted. Data were mapped into concepts and synthesized in a narrative review. Four main concepts were identified: (1) food waste and diet quality, nutrient losses, and environmental health, (2) food waste reduction interventions and diet quality, (3) food banks/pantries and diet/nutritional quality, and (4) food and plastic waste messaging in nutrition or dietary guidelines. Food waste is associated with nutrient wastage, and interventions to reduce food waste can successfully address food sustainability and nutrition quality. Food redistribution systems do not currently address access to sustainably sourced foods that are also nutrient-dense for lower-income communities. Opportunities for future research and practice include aligning food waste, plastic waste, and nutrition priorities together and developing better food redistribution systems to limit wastage of high-quality foods.

DUMP BUSTER - A REVIEW

This application is made in the view to support the cleanliness drive of India. According to the EPI (Environmental Protection Index) 2018, India ranks among the bottom five nations in terms of environmental health. A world bank report in 2006 mentioned that India loses 6.4% of its GDP every year because of issues related to sanitation and environmental protection. ‘Dump Buster’ will help people in tackling the issue of cleaning out garbage piles. For this application, we used some tools to detect the piles of garbage by accessing the camera for real-time detection. However, there are some protocols that users must follow, i.e., see piles of garbage and capture it real-time by the camera and after that informing to the Cleanliness Authority. In this application, the User Interface is eco-friendly which gives you the motivation to do cleanliness movement. In which, we are giving you the authority to send the waste detected picture along with the real-time address to the authority. After that, the notification is shown in the app that the complaint has been successfully resolved. We are designed this app in every language according to user preference they will use. For detecting the piles of garbage, we used the machine learning approach that helps to detect the piles of garbage. The picture should be recognizable otherwise the machine learning model doesn’t examine the wastes. We made a huge database or dataset for detecting purpose in which we distribute every single pile in a folder that makes more comfortable to the model to detect garbage piles. “Dump Buster” will help to manage the situation of cleaning wastages in India.

Making Innovation Work for a Green Future in Nigeria

This essay was a winning essay in the World Intellectual Property Organization Essay Competition 2020. According to the Environmental Performance Index of 2018, Nigeria is ranked 100 out of 180 countries, and is among the least ranking in terms of environmental health, air quality, water and sanitation. Nigeria suffers from mismanagement of solid wastes, indiscriminate pollution of water bodies, and over-dependence on fossil fuels as a primary source of energy. Also, the growing Industrial activities, particularly in the oil producing regions are a major contributor to environmental degradation. Nigeria is currently the seventh largest gas flaring nation in the world, and is known to generate over 32 million tons of solid waste annually. Sadly, 70-80% of generated solid waste is mismanaged. Consequently, Nigeria identifies with the rest of the world in the fight against climate change and global warming. This essay examines how intellectual property can help foster a culture of green innovation in Nigeria. Taking into consideration key practicalities and proffering recommendations towards this goal.

Design of Sewerage System and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Asemrowo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Asemrowo sub-district is a high-risk area in terms of environmental health. 1113 households in Asemrowo Subdistrict still defecate (BAB) openly. In Asemrowo sub-district 89.6% of the community has a private latrine. This article attempts to design a domestic sewage and wastewater treatment plant in Asemrowo District based on Surabaya City Regulation Number 12 of 2016 concerning Water Quality Management and Wastewater Control. Meanwhile, the effluent quality refers to the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia number 68 of 2016 concerning domestic wastewater quality standards. The processes of the design includes acquiring primary data from field observations, distributing community questionnaires with random sampling of 105 respondents and analyzing the quality of wastewater for references in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) design. The domestic wastewater distribution system uses Shallow Sewerage which is divided into 4 blocks. The diameter of the wastewater pipe used in this plan is 114 mm, 140 mm, 216 mm and 267 mm. WWTP used in blocks A, B and C use Aerobic Biofilter and Clarifier. As for WWTP block D, it uses Aerobic Biofilter.

Environmental Health and Safety Assessment of Schools in Khalkhal City Using Crisis Management Approach

Background: Paying attention to physical, health and safety issues in educational environments is the most effective and fundamental factor for physical, mental and psychological development of students. Therefore, one of the most important and effective health issues of the school is to observe environmental health and safety. This study was conducted with the aim of surveying the environmental health and safety of schools in Khalkhal city with a crisis management approach. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study with cross sectional design. The study population consists of all primary, middle and high schools in Khalkhal city (n=28). For sampling, census method was used. Data collection tool was an 87-item checklist that surveys the health status of schools and its classrooms in terms of health and safety facilities. It was completed by visiting schools and observing, interviews and measurements. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS and Excel software. Results: 10% of schools had newly constructed buildings and 90% had old buildings. The minimum required area per student was observed in all schools. The green space area required for each student is 0.5 square meters, which was not observed in 73.83% of schools. Only 87.5% of schools had one toilet for every 40 students. Sewage disposal in 98% of schools was hygienic, and 100% of schools had sanitary trash cans. In 60% of the schools, the toilets did not meet the hygiene standards. In 84% of the schools, the number of washbasins was proportional to the number of students (1 per 60). All the classrooms had maximum use of natural light. Moreover, in most schools, health policies, safety policies and emergency and personal hygiene standards were met. Conclusion: Most schools in Khalkhal city were at moderate level in terms of environmental health and safety and compliance with national school environmental health regulations as well as being prepared to deal with emergencies and crises which indicates a need for more attention and support from the relevant authorities for improving their status.

An evaluation of drinking-usage water quality in terms of environmental health: A case study of Siverek (Şanliurfa), Turkey.

An evaluation of drinking-usage water quality in terms of environmental health: A case study of Siverek (Şanliurfa), Turkey.

Migrant Farmworkers' Perceptions of Pesticide Risk Exposure in Adams County, Pennsylvania: A Cultural Risk Assessment

Agricultural exceptionalism, a system in which regular labor laws and standards do not apply to farm labor, makes migrant farmworkers particularly vulnerable populations—economically, socially, and in terms of environmental health. To address inequities inherent in migrant farmworker margin­aliza­tion, studies advocate for actively engaging the migrant farmworker population in the conversation surrounding these issues. We conducted 40 semi­structured interviews with migrant farmworkers in Adams County, Pennsylvania, to understand pesti­cide risk exposure perceptions and practices. We employed the Health Belief Model as our cultural risk assessment frame, using it in combination with technical risk assessment, which uses government calculations (from the Environmental Protection Agency) to quantify pesticide risk exposure. We used mixed methods analyses (quantitative and qualitative) to compare and understand farmworker demographics, perceived risk, perceived control, and risk behavior. Results show that demo­graphics —e.g., age, education, visa status—are important factors in risk perception. They also confirm observations present in many earlier studies. While trainings and educational materials are valuable to help build awareness of risk, a systemic lack of control over their circumstances make it hard for migrant farmworkers to engage in safe behavior. Results also highlight the limitations of technical risk assessment. Such calculations, however, rarely account for risk perceptions and experiences of farm­workers themselves. Acknowledging the voices of migrant farmworkers is an essential first step in rebalancing inequities of power in our food systems, and cultural risk assessment can help frame recommendations that target different stake­holders across the pesticide regulatory spectrum to ensure migrant farmworker needs and safety.

Environmental Analysis of The Impacts of Batik Waste Water Polution on The Quality of Dug Well Water in The Batik Industrial Center of Jenggot Pekalongan City

The city of Pekalongan known as "Kota Batik" is one of Batik Industrial Centers in Indonesia with 917 batik industry. There are 203 batik industries located in Jenggot Village, which is the biggest batik industrial center in Pekalongan City. The process of making batik requires a dye derived from synthetic dyes containing heavy metals. Most of the waste is directly discharged into the environment without going through the processing first. This is due to the lack of optimal management of existing WWTP as well as lack of public awareness of environmental conservation. This condition has a negative impact on the surrounding community, especially in terms of environmental health. The result of measurement of 5 (five) batik industrial waste outlets and 5 point of batik waste water in residential sewer shows almost equal number for 3 (three) parameters of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pb with average number: Cd 0.07 Mg / L, Cr 0.76 mg / L and Pb 0.78 mg / L. These three parameters exceed the maximum level of quality standard established by Government Regulation No.82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Water Pollution Control. The average result of the water quality measurement of the well digging population to the heavy metal content are: Cd 0,001 mg / L, Cr 0,002 mg / L and Pb 0.04 mg / L. Of the three parameters of heavy metals, heavy metals of Pb are on average higher than the maximum level of quality standards established by Decree of the Minister of Health Number. 492 / Menkes / Per / IV / 2010 regarding Water Quality Requirements. Potential occurrence of dug well water contamination due to infiltration of batik waste water is big enough. Survey results of 15 dug wells show that the construction of dug wells is not sufficient. There is a dug well with a damaged outer wall of 16.1%, damaged inner wall of 17.9% and a damaged well floor of 19.7%. Improper well construction impacts on the infiltration of batik waste water into the well. Survey results of physical well water quality showed 3.6% snoring, 16.1% smelly, 9.8% color and 10.7% taste. Pollution to dug well water can affect public health because it is used for daily use to drink, cook, bathe and wash because> 65% do not have other sources of clean water. The recommendation of this research is the need for waste water treatment batik starting from source through WWTP both on the household and communal scale with the role of local government as a facilitator. Society and batik industry players need to be involved in managing environmentally friendly batik industrial center.

Treatment and alternative usage possibilities of a special wastewater: Nejayote

AbstractNejayote is the wastewater of alkaline cooking process (nixtamalization) and contains high amount of organic agent. Alkaline cooking is a very old process used in processing the corn. This process improves some nutritional and technological properties of corn. However, direct delivery of postprocess occurred nejayote to the receiving environment bears a great deal of environmental risk. In addition, due to bearing the nutritional transport of the compounds found in nejayote, these compounds have the potential to be used for different purposes upon being separated from the nejayote. In this study, treatment of nejayote, pollutant content to be reduced by ecological alkaline cooking practices, and possibilities of alternative applications have been reviewed.Practical applicationsNejayote is a wastewater containing corn components such as germ parts, pericarp, cellulosic structures, proteins, calcium, and endosperm and possesses environment polluting dry matter varying in the range of approximately 1–15%. Throughout alkaline cooking process, considerable amount of nejayote occurs. For this reason, the development of alkaline cooking practices with less polluting nature, the use of nejayote to be purified or to be used in other processes prior to be disposed bears great importance in terms of environmental health.

Prophetic Preventive Medicine, An Analytical Study in Environmental Health and Safety

This study revolves around investigating prophetic sayings (ahadith) from Kutub al- Sunnah related to preventive medication, in terms of environmental health and cleanliness. It is therefore, explores the scientific facts of those ahadith. As such, the researcher defined the preventive medication, hence, studied these ahadith then chapterised them according their scientific implications. The researcher therefore analysed the authenticity and weakness of the ahadith in accordance with the rules governing the criticism of hadith by proponents of the discipline. As he investigated, matters driven from those ahadith with special reference to the preventive medication. Each hadith was then followed up accordingly with preventive scientific matters. This is then proven by contemporary scientists ' affirmations, coupled with what is empirically proven, taken into account its compliance with Shariah. Findings of the study revealed that the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) was so concerned about every aspect of human life including that of health. This was yielded from ahadith that infused preventive knowledge, which if humans could have made proper use of it, they would be prevented from many illness and healed others. This preventive scientific finding is affirmed by the modern science. As a result, the prophecy of the final prophet is clearly evident. Finally, the researcher recommended Muslim medical doctors to further explore knowledge of prophetic medication. Partly, because there are many illnesses and medications that prophet prescribed which were yet to be discovered in modern scientific discipline.