Terms Of Disclosure Research Articles

Perlakuan Akuntansi Agrikultur Berbasis Maqashid Al-Syariah

The purpose of this study was to determine how the quality of financial statement information on PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV is seen from biological assets recognition, measurement, and disclosure in terms of concept maqashid al-sharia and PSAK 69. This type of research is qualitative research with an interpretive paradigm approach. The results showed that PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV, in terms of recognition, measurement, and disclosure of biological assets, was by the applicable standards, namely the statement of PSAK 69: Agriculture. With the accounting treatment of biological assets following the applicable PSAK, the quality of financial statement information becomes relevant and reliable so that it makes it easy for users to understand financial statements. Especially for management, it can be used as the basis for making the right decisions. Judging from the concept of maqashid al-sharia, researchers have not been able to reveal the overall implementation of this concept in the work environment of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XIV. Nevertheless, in applying the maqashid al-shariah concept, the head of the accounting and reporting division has implemented managing biological assets and preparing financial reports so that the financial reports are relevant and reliable.

Gray in Muhasebe Değerleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme (An Empiric Assesment on The Accounting Values of Gray)

Purpose – In this study, it is aimed to perform an empirical evaluation of the accounting values that Gray put forward theoretically, such as professionalism, uniformity, conservatism and confidentiality. It is thought that the study will contribute to the related article since there is no empirical evaluation of the Hofstede-Gray model in the Turkish literature. Design/methodology/approach – In the study, Certified Public Accountants (CPA) operating in Aksaray province were determined as the population and a questionnaire was applied to 108 professional accountants operating in Aksaray. In the analysis of the obtained data, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Findings – The findings show that Gray's accounting values model is partially supported, but the value was loaded on two separate factors as conservative in terms of disclosure and conservative in terms of valuation / measurement. Discussion – Since the total variance value of the scale used in the study is 64.582%, it can be mentioned that there are other accounting values that have not been defined yet. In this context, it will be possible to define other undefined accounting values with the data collection technique prepared experimentally instead of the theoretical basis.

The effectiveness of corporate governance hybrid models in emerging markets: The case of the Issuer Recognition program

AbstractResearch question/issueWhat is the Issuer Recognition (IR) program, and what has been its impact as a new and replicable corporate governance hybrid form used in the Colombian Securities Exchange (CSE)?Research findings/insightsWe find that the IR program has significantly increased the information disclosure level of the adopting firms. This set of firms that were among the opaquest businesses in the region in 2010 ranked at the top in terms of disclosure in 2017. In addition, using as a benchmark the rate of implementation of the Colombian Country Code (soft law), we are able to show that the IR program serves as a strong signaling mechanism in the Colombian capital market.Theoretical/academic implicationsThe literature is not conclusive on the effectiveness of hard law and soft law regulations in the emerging markets. In this paper, we show that hybrid models, such as the innovative Colombian's IR, might serve as a solution for the effective implementation of good corporate governance practices at the country level.Practitioner/policy implicationsThe advantages and impacts of hybrid models are relatively unknown for policymakers, stock exchange promoters, and agency surveillance bodies, given the lack of empirical evidence of their application's effects. This paper seeks to increase the awareness of these models and call for their development and implementation, especially in emerging markets.

Analytical capacity of financial statements against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic

Subject. The paper explores the analytical capabilities of information disclosed in financial statements in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. The purpose is to identify the impact of the pandemic on financial statements and their analytical capabilities for investment decision-making. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical, statistical, comparative, and linguistic analysis. We analyze financial statements of Russian and foreign companies, paying special attention to the completeness of disclosed information on the impact of the pandemic on business and financial performance. We review annual financial statements for 2019, and interim reports for 2020. Results. We unveil the areas of disclosures that are most critical for the investment community and investment decision making, and vital for the analysis of financial performance and cash flows, given the unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings may be applicable to financial reporting preparation by economic entities in terms of disclosure on various forms of transformation and adaptation of businesses to the new crisis conditions; modernization of accounting rules at the level of external and internal standards in the direction of coordinating financial and non-financial reporting information; enhancement of analytical capacity of disclosures. Conclusions. The study confirms the scientific hypothesis that investors require detailed disclosure in all areas of the pandemic impact. To evaluate the going concern assumption and to forecast cash flows, users need disclosures on business strategy, the business model and its adaptability to the conditions of the new normality, sources of cash flow generation, and their use areas.

Adolescent sexual abuse victims' levels of perceived social support and delayed disclosure

Abstract Background Similar to disclosure rates, the timing of disclosure may also vary among sexual abuse (SA) victims. While some victims immediately disclose the SA, others may hide it until later in their adult lives. Objective The main aims of this study were to not only compare the perceived social support levels of SA victims who disclosed the abuse immediately versus those who delayed doing so, but also evaluate the social reactions to these reports. Methods This study comprised 116 victims who are aged between 15 and 18. The Perceived Social Support Scale was administered, and independent samples t-test analysis and the chi-square test was conducted for data analysis. Results We found no significant difference between victims who disclosed immediately and those who delayed the disclosure in terms of the perceived social support levels from families and the surrounding community. However, victims who first disclosed the SA to their family members have higher the perceived social support than victims disclosing the SA to other people. The most common reason for delayed disclosure was a fear of creating domestic problems. In addition, the victims who delayed disclosure experienced the most negative reactions from others. In the most negative reactions, victims who delayed disclosure were blamed for the SA and were labeled. Conclusions The findings of the study may guide psychosocial interventions. Therefore, professionals working with children should interact with families and the community at large to encourage adolescent victims to disclose SA and approach these victims in a suitable way following the disclosure.

Organisational responses to mandatory modern slavery disclosure legislation: a failure of experimentalist governance?

PurposeThis paper investigates how organisations are responding to mandatory modern slavery disclosure legislation. Experimentalist governance suggests that organisations faced with disclosure requirements such as those contained in the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 will compete with one another, and in doing so, improve compliance. The authors seek to understand whether this is the case.Design/methodology/approachThis study is set in the UK public sector. The authors conduct interviews with over 25% of UK universities that are within the scope of the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 and examine their reporting and disclosure under that legislation.FindingsThe authors find that, contrary to the logic of experimentalist governance, universities' disclosures as reflected in their modern slavery statements are persistently poor on detail, lack variation and have led to little meaningful action to tackle modern slavery. They show that this is due to a herding effect that results in universities responding as a sector rather than independently; a built-in incapacity to effectively manage supply chains; and insufficient attention to the issue at the board level. The authors also identity important boundary conditions of experimentalist governance.Research limitations/implicationsThe generalisability of the authors’ findings is restricted to the public sector.Practical implicationsIn contexts where disclosure under the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 is not a core offering of the sector, and where competition is limited, there is little incentive to engage in a “race to the top” in terms of disclosure. As such, pro-forma compliance prevails and the effectiveness of disclosure as a tool to drive change in supply chains to safeguard workers is relatively ineffective. Instead, organisations must develop better knowledge of their supply chains and executives and a more critical eye for modern slavery to be combatted effectively. Accountants and their systems and skills can facilitate this development.Originality/valueThis is the first investigation of the organisational processes and activities which underpin disclosures related to modern slavery disclosure legislation. This paper contributes to the accounting and disclosure modern slavery literature by investigating public sector organisations' processes, activities and responses to mandatory reporting legislation on modern slavery.

External assurance on sustainability report disclosure and firm value: evidence from Indonesia and Malaysia

We analyze the content of assurance statements on sustainability reports to examine the extent of external assurance on sustainability report disclosure in Indonesian and Malaysian listed companies and identify their impact on firm value. This research is conducted using 84 samples of listed companies from all industries, except the financial industry, for the period 2010-2016. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression is used to test the research hypothesis. The results show a significant positive effect of external assurance on sustainability report disclosure to a firm value measured by Tobins’Q. Besides, we also found that companies in Indonesia have higher disclosure in terms of external assurance for sustainability reports compared to Malaysia. This study adds new evidence to the literature on sustainability assurance in emerging countries.

Human resources disclosure in the EU Directive 2014/95/EU perspective: A systematic literature review

This paper investigates the literary corpus on the role of human resources in non-financial reporting pursuant to EU Directive 2014/95/EU. It provides a quantitative overview of the academic literature that constitutes this field, discussing whether the entry into force of the directive in 2017 on social and environmental issues extends and deepens the dissemination of human resources as a lever for sustainability. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on a database containing 108 publications in English language with a publication date from 2013 to 2019. The findings show that research published on non-financial reporting per the Directive focuses on performance, trust, and quality of disclosure in terms of social and environmental issues, while the human resources discussed in the Directive are still under investigation. Besides, considering that the Directive is in line with the 2030 Agenda, the findings also outline the existing literary framework on the and sustainability reports and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The article contributes to the existing literature systematizing the studies on the topic. It represents a start point for the scholars to develop future research on non-financial disclosure focused on human resources and related sustainable practices adopted by companies as key factors for sustainable organizations towards SDGs.

ESG practices and the cost of debt: Evidence from EU countries

Using legitimacy and institutional theories, this study investigates whether lending institutions reward firms in 15 EU countries for their environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and disclosure in terms of lowering their cost of debt capital. Our study distinguishes between ESG performance that is used to indicate an effective commitment to ESG strategies, and ESG disclosure that represents an effort to construct an image of commitment designed to positively influence stakeholders’ perceptions. Supporting a version of legitimacy theory, we find that lending institutions value both ESG performance and disclosure and integrate ESG information in their credit decisions – in that firms with stronger ESG performance have a lower cost of debt, and ESG disclosure has an equal impact on the cost of debt as ESG performance. Although these findings suggest that the market (in context) can engender more desirable social outcomes by rewarding ESG practices, it fails to distinguish between ESG performance and disclosure (which may be contrasted as the more substantive and the more symbolic). Moreover, our results also reflect upon the importance of the role that civil society and the state play in addressing and exploring the limitations of free-market regimes. Specifically, we provide evidence that the impact of ESG performance and disclosure on the cost of debt is more dominant in the stakeholder-oriented countries (where the community is more prevalent). Our main findings are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests, including an alternative measure of the cost of debt, model specifications, and different approaches to address endogeneity. We acknowledge limitations in our research method but point nevertheless to its value in supporting a critical perspective and make suggestions for future research.

Encompassing Non-Financial Reporting in A Coercive Framework for Enhancing Social Responsibility: Romanian Listed Companies’ Case

This study investigates the disclosure levels of Romanians listed companies’ pre and post the implementation of the European Directive 2014/95 (EUD) in order to explore the effects of the new regulation entered into force in January 2017, under the institutional lens. Moreover, the paper emphasises whether Romanian Energy (Oil & Gas and Utilities) listed companies are delineating, in their reports, issues regarding environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects. The empirical research performed throughout a pre/post effect analysis of the level of non-financial disclosure, followed by an exploration of its determinants using the Paired-samples t-test and regression analysis enable us to demonstrate a slight increasing in disclosure level, after the entry into force of the EUD. Moreover, Energy companies who are the most challenged by the bio-economy trend, demonstrated a considerable increasing in terms of disclosure as well as focused and awareness about ESG issues. Research findings lead to an effort increasing in order to satisfy EUD requirements, information are useful to practitioners and policy makers. According to authors best knowledge this is the first assessment of disclosure levels and its determinant pre and post directive adoption in the Romanian case, which can result useful to appreciate the effect of the EUD.

Corporate Financial Disclosure Measurement in the Empirical Accounting Literature: A Review Article

This paper develops a framework for corporate financial disclosure measurement to identify and evaluate common measures of financial disclosure employed in prior empirical accounting studies. It identifies two approaches: (i) a disclosure-based approach that investigates actual disclosure, operationalizes the concept of disclosure in terms of its main dimensions such as the quantity and quality of disclosure, and develops methods to measure them such as the disclosure index and textual analysis, and (ii) a non-disclosure-based approach that uses the values of some observable variables to proxy for disclosure such as market-based disclosure measures. The study also discusses some empirical challenges related to causal claims and the extent to which the reliability and validity of these different measures of disclosure are tested. The purposes of this review are (i) to help future researchers identify exemplars and select or develop their own suitable disclosure measures, and (ii) to identify measurement issues relating to corporate financial disclosure and provide avenues for future research.

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Italy: An Analysis of the Last Years

Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) is the process of communicating the social, ethical and environmental effects of organizations’ economic actions. It is a formal commitment to inform and involve stakeholders with an adequate flow of communication through suitable channels, focusing on relevant content. The aim is to study voluntary disclosure implemented by Italian listed companies in the last 9 years (2008-2016). The empirical survey covers data and information on 165 companies. We have analysed: 1) the extent of CSRD in Italy; 2) the characteristics of voluntary disclosure in terms of type of report published and guidelines or standards followed; 3) the main differences between the industrial sectors about the publication of non-financial reports and the types of report used. Our findings show a significant improvement in the practice of voluntary disclosure of Italian listed companies and a key role of industry in decisions regarding the quantity and quality of non-financial disclosure. The value of this research concern in the wide (in time, through the last nine years, and in space, through the different industries) point of view through which is investigated the phenomenon of CSRD in Italy before the shift from a voluntary to a legislative perspective.

Transparency and bank risk-taking in GCC Islamic banking

This study examines the impact of corporate transparency on bank risk for a sample of 29 Islamic banks operating in five Gulf Cooperation Council countries over the period 2013–2016. We construct a transparency index based on several international regulatory documents and we measure the index using content analysis on the banks' annual reports. The results reveal wide variation in terms of disclosure among Islamic banks. Only two countries, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, have a higher level of transparency. We also find a lack of transparency related to corporate governance, Sharia governance and management risk dimensions. Our regression findings using the random-effect GLS technique show that an increase in the transparency of Islamic banks has a significant impact on banks’ stability. Finally, we identify several internal and external variables that impact bank risk, namely size, efficiency, level of deposit, growth of assets, GDP growth, depth of credit information risk and concentration.

Disclosure of Diagnosis and Prognosis to Cancer Patients in Traditional Societies: A Qualitative Assessment from Lebanon

Background: The issue of when, how, and whether to disclose full information about cancer diagnosis and prognosis to patients is still debated in some parts of the world, including Lebanon. Despite formal academic emphasis on a larger autonomy for Lebanese patients in deciding the course of their disease, there has been no apparent impact on either clinical practices nor public expectations. The topic of full disclosure is rarely if ever discussed in open fora, or in mass media channels in Lebanon. Subjects and Method: Seven key stakeholders were identified and interviewed regarding obstacles to spelling out clear guidelines within our national context. The interviews were transcribed and subsequently analyzed for recurrent patterns and concepts. Results: Senior oncologists interviewed generally favored gradual disclosure and most perceived a changing trend among both patients and physicians towards more disclosure. They also agreed on a need for the formal training of residents and fellows to better communicate bad news to patients. All the interviewed physicians attested to the benefits of candid disclosure in terms of patient psychology and overall wellbeing. They also mentioned that psychological services, which may facilitate the disclosure process, are greatly under-utilized in oncology. Lawyers highlighted the vagueness of the current Lebanese legislation regarding the obligation of truthful disclosure in comparison to laws in developed countries and the implications on patient autonomy. Conclusion: The study identified the need for improvements at various levels, including interventions to modify the expectations of the Lebanese public regarding cancer disclosure and to clarify existing legislative texts. Keywords : Ethics; Legislation; Middle-East; Disclosure Correspondence: James Feghali. Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Lebanon, 1101 North Calvert Street, 610, Baltimore, Maryland, 21202. E-mail: jfeghal2@jhmi.edu. Telephone: +1-(267)-595-9995. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2019), 4(2): 109-116 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.02.06

Board Diversity in Terms of Gender: a Recommendation for Mauritius

AbstractThe increased presence of women on the boards of corporations is an international trend worth following by all countries. There are many good reasons for increasing gender diversity on boards have been evidenced by various studies such as better decisions, performance, and representation of the consumer base. However, the country of Mauritius has been lagging behind in terms of legislative initiatives to promote female representation on corporate boards. A study conducted by the Hay Group in association with the Mauritius Institute of Directors in 2015 supports this fact.The study seeks to identify the relative benefits behind the global trend of achieving gender diversity on corporate boards and on the factors that impact the representation of women on such boards. Some various kinds of regimes and initiatives that have been developed in some countries mainly Norway and the UK will be analysed to deal with the issue of underrepresentation of women on corporate boards. The purpose behind this research is to provide effective recommendations for Mauritius to achieve a greater level of gender diversity on corporate boards.The methodologies for the research are, in essence, comprised of the black letter approach which analyses the legal provisions relating to directors in Mauritius, Norway, and the UK. Journals, books, and reports amongst others will be also examined.The paper aims at responding to the research objectives set out above. In particular, a soft-law approach in terms of voluntary target and non-financial disclosure in terms of gender diversity status is suggested as a first step to resolve low representation of women on corporate boards in Mauritius.

Ethical gaps in conducting research among adult survivors of child sexual abuse: a review.

Although there have been numerous studies, especially in the last few decades, on the impact of child sexual abuse (CSA) on adult survivors, there is a dearth of studies focusing on the ethical aspects of research in this area. Against this background, we reviewed the literature published between January 2000 and December 2016 on the reporting of ethical guidelines followed in research on adult survivors of CSA. We conducted a PubMed (MEDLINE) and Google Scholar search to find published research, using the keywords: "child sexual abuse", "adult survivors", "research", "guidelines" and "ethics". Our findings suggest that no particular assessment method is superior in terms of disclosure of information or reduction of distress. The use of developmentally appropriate educative materials, sensitisation, and debriefing sessions have shown some benefit in reducing distress. There is a lack of legal or social consensus on mandatory legal reporting of information provided by adult survivors of sexual abuse, with most researchers working on the premise that adults have the freedom of choice. Often, a constraint among researchers is the lack of structured training or supervision in sensitive research, which may negatively impact both the participant and the researcher. Institute ethics boards and institutions currently lack the framework to consider protocols and facilitate research, and this poses serious obstacles to fostering research. In this situation, ongoing research needs to focus on ethical aspects. Together with this, we recommend certain ethical practices drawn from various studies that may be employed for participants, researchers, and institutional ethics boards.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN AKUNTANSI SYARIAH BERDASARKAN PSAK 102 PADA PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH DI PT. BANK BNI SYARIAH CABANG MAKASSAR

This study is to determine the suitability of the implementation of murabahah financing at PT. Bank BNI Syariah Makassar Branch with PSAK 102. This research is included in the type of quantitative research using the 2016 financial statement analysis method. The results show that the application of Islamic accounting based on PSAK 102 on murabahah financing in PT Bank BNI Syariah Makassar Branch in 2016, there are ten categories to be a comparison, namely the bank only provides murabahah financing by order, the bank only applies tough payments, the money is recognized as an amount received and recognized as a deduction of receivables, If the bank gets a discount from a third party ) then reducing the cost and recording the discount obtained is not recorded separately. If the murabahah contract does not exceed one year, the gain is recognized when the murabahah assets are delivered. If the murabahah contract exceeds one year, the benefits are categorized based on the level of risk. In terms of disclosure must be in accordance with PSAK 102 concerning Presentation of Sharia Financial Statements, however, the cost of the murabahah inventory is not disclosed in detail. Murabahah receivables will be presented at the net realized value, namely the murabahah receivables balance will be deducted from the allowance for receivables losses. Deferred murabahah margin is presented as a deduction for murabahah receivables.Keywords: Islamic accounting, PSAK 102, murabahah

Financial statement disclosures and environmental performance by US companies participating in the EU emissions trading system

In this study, we examine US firms that owned plants in the European Union (EU) that were among those required to participate in the EU's cap-and-trade system (EU-ETS) developed to reach emissions goals compliant with the Kyoto Protocol (Kyoto). Based on a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) interpretive release, US participants in the EU-ETS are required to disclose that involvement in their regulatory filings. Since these plants had to meet EU carbon emission standards, the research questions considered here is how successful the firms were in reducing carbon outputs and what was disclosed about their environmental performance. The results indicate that for these plants carbon emissions in 2012 declined relative to 2008 levels. And, in terms of disclosure, these firms disclosed significantly more about climate change and their EU-ETS participation during the later period than they did in 2008.

Estratégias de enfrentamento às mudanças climáticas: um estudo com as empresas listadas no Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial da B3

This research investigated strategies coping climate change evidenced by the companies listed in the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) of B3, in the period from 2011 to 2014. Therefore, there was content analysis of the answers provided in the dimension climate change questionnaire ISE. Based on the results, there is a growing trend of companies that have their corporate policy on climate change approved by senior management, which establishes GHG emission reduction targets and to assume public commitments on GHG reduction targets. In addition to using internationally accepted parameters, a significant portion of organizations submit their GHG inventories to check an independent third party. In terms of disclosure, most companies participated in the Carbon Disclosure Project. The findings indicate that companies are entering in their management models different strategies, which seek to create value for stakeholders. These results are in line with the theory of stakeholders. Through this research, there have been indications of the level of proactivity organizational in relation to the challenge of climate change. Through these results, contributes up to expand discussions on climate issues and their implications for corporate strategies for achieving sustainability.

Discriminatory Information Disclosure

A seller designs a mechanism to sell a single object to a potential buyer whose private type is his incomplete information about his valuation. The seller can disclose additional information to the buyer about his valuation without observing its realization. In both discrete-type and continuous-type settings, we show that discriminatory disclosure—releasing different amounts of additional information to different buyer types—dominates full disclosure in terms of seller revenue. An implication is that the orthogonal decomposition technique, while an important tool in dynamic mechanism design, is generally invalid when information disclosure is part of the design. (JEL D11, D82, D83)