Terms Of Design Criteria Research Articles

Harnessing Nanomaterials for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Transpired Solar Collectors: A Review of Their Integration in Phase-Change Materials

The building sector plays an important role in the global climate change mitigation objectives. The reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the building sector has been intensively investigated in the last decades, with solar thermal energy considered to be one of the most promising solutions due to its abundance and accessibility. However, the discontinuity of solar energy has led to the study of thermal energy storage to improve the thermal performance of solar thermal systems. In this review paper, the integration of various types of phase-change materials (PCMs) in transpired solar collectors (TSC) is reviewed and discussed, with an emphasis on heat transfer enhancements, including nanomaterials. Thermal energy storage applied to TSC is studied in terms of design criteria, materials technologies, and its impact on thermal conductivity. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterial technology integration in terms of thermal performance improvements. The utilization of nanomaterials in solar walls holds the potential to significantly enhance their performance. The integration of diverse materials such as graphene, graphite, metal oxides, and carbon nanoparticles can pave the way for improving thermal conductivity.

Evaluasi Kinerja Ipal Produksi Industri Crumb Rubber (Studi Kasus: PT. X Kota Jambi)

Wastewater treatment is the main element in the success of a business in environmental management and monitoring, for this reason it is necessary to carry out maintenance and evaluation so that the sustainability of environmental protection continues. The crude rubber industry (crumb rubber) generally processes rubber in several stages, starting from sorting raw materials, cleaning bokars, macro mixing, pre-drying, crushing, drying and pressing, of course, this produces waste. The research method is evaluating the quality of wastewater from each treatment unit at the WWTP production of crumb rubber, as well as evaluating the WWTP units based on design criteria that are planned and described analytic descriptively. upon admission, namely COD of 12.876 mg/L, TSS of 1.112 mg/L, BOD5 of 980 mg/L, Ammonia 2.3 mg/L, Nitrogen 96 mg/L, pH 6.3. The results at the outlet are COD 19.35 mg/L, TSS 58.67 mg/L, BOD5 35.1 mg/L, Ammonia 0.2 mg/L, Nitrogen 10 mg/L, pH 7. While the WWTP unit design inefficient in terms of design criteria, this is because the residence time is calculated too quickly, therefore it is necessary to analyze the suitability of dimensions in order to meet the required design criteria.

Experimental Behavior of Existing RC Columns Strengthened with HPFRC Jacket under Concentric and Eccentric Compressive Load

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures built before the 1970 represent a large portion of the existing European buildings stock. Their obsolescence in terms of design criteria, materials, and functionality is becoming a critical issue for guaranteeing adequate compliance with current structural codes. Recently, a new jacketing system based on the use of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) has been introduced for strengthening existing RC building members. Despite the promising aspects of the HPFRC jacketing technique, currently, a comprehensive and systematic technical framework for its implementation is still missing. In this paper, the experimental performance of RC columns strengthened with the HPFRC jacket subjected to pure axial load and combined axial load-bending moment uncoupled from shear is investigated. The test outcomes confirmed a significant improvement of the structural performance for the strengthened columns, especially for higher values of eccentricity. Finally, a standard-based practice-oriented analytical tool for designing retrofit interventions using the HPFRC jacket is proposed. The comparison between the calculated and experimental results revealed a satisfactory prediction capability.

Wave Runup for Nowshahr Breakwater at Tide and EBB Scenarios

This study investigates runup design at breakwaters and design criteria under tidal and ebb scenarios for both head and truck of Nowshahr breakwater. First part includes runup height calculations based on shore protection manuals. Based of wave height, frequency, and water depth at the toe runup height has been calculated and Second portion has been dedicated to design of head and truck of Nowshahr port based on Hudson stability formula. Collision of wave and the breakwater head, results in immediate reduction in wave energy. As wave energy propagated gradually decreases when it meets the trunk. The results showed that in both conditions weight of head would be higher than the trunk of breakwater. while, both head and trunk are designed based on high strength materials, but the head has higher degree of importance in terms of design criteria. Hudson formula is responsible for the stability of breakwater structure. Tidal case which considers a non-breaking wave as well as ebb scenario including a breaking wave has been studied to include two extreme conditions occurs to breakwaters. The results showed the higher weight of head is responsible for stability of breakwater at both conditions.

Predicting the Evenness of Road Surfaces

The design of road surfaces involves application of a sophisticated algorithm system based on mathematical calculations and engineering solutions, with the calculation of evaluation criteria. It is precisely the observance of the standardized requirements in terms of design criteria that makes it possible to consider the design of the pavement as reliable, and the road as safe and convenient for traffic during the specified service life. When calculating the strength, based on the predicted traffic intensity and the composition of the traffic flow, calculations are carried out according to the main criteria: admissible elastic deflection, shear in layers of non-reinforced materials and in asphalt concrete, as well as the ultimate tensile stresses in cast-in-situ materials with the specified reliability level. However, in the accepted concepts for calculating the strength and reliability of road pavements, only the force effect is directly taken into account. To take into account environmental factors, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive indicator of the resulting impact of all factors. The paper presents a complex of factors influencing on traffic safety, road deformations and irregularities the height of unevenness, in particular, an increase in the dynamic impact on the road and the amplitude of vibration of a car wheel on a road with an uneven surface (when detached from the road surface), the coincidence of the vibration frequency of the car with the natural frequencies of vibration of the road surface, and as a consequence, on the behavioral features of driving. The arguments have been substantiated that the predictive models do not take into account a number of factors that have a significant impact on the formation of irreversible deformation in the layers of materials of road structures.

Peyzaj Mimarlığında Cinsiyete Göre Tercih Edilen Tasarım Algısı

Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı kültürel ve sosyal olarak tanımlanmış bir kavram olan cinsiyetin peyzaj mimarlığı tasarım algısını etkileyip etkilemediğidir. Çalışmada ikinci olarak peyzaj mimarlığı çalışmalarında oluşturulan tasarımların cinsiyete göre tercihlerinin belirlenmesi ve tasarım aşamasında kullanıcı isteklerine uygun alanların oluşturulmasında anket sonuçları doğrultusunda yön gösterici olması hedeflenmektedir. Beğeni, tercih ve beraberinde gelen güzellik kavramı, cinsiyete göre kişilerde uyandırdığı etki çeşitli farklılıklar gösterir. Bu farklılıklar cinsiyete bağlı olarak renk, doku, form, fonksiyonel ve estetiksel açıdan algısal seçiciliğe yol açmaktadır. Dolayısıyla beğeninin ve tercihlerin tek bir yargı olmayıp değişkenlik göstermesi beklenmektedir. Günümüzdeki Covid-19 salgınından dolayı yüz yüze anket yapma imkanı olmadığı için, sosyal medya üzerinden, gönüllülük esasına göre mesleki gruplarda ulaşılabilen 220 kişiye online anket yapılmıştır. Anketin içeriğinde peyzaj tasarım kriterleri ve tasarım elemanları ele alınarak her bir tanım için seçilen görsellerle tercihler katılımcılara soru olarak yönetilmiştir. Değerlendirilen sonuçlara göre cinsiyete bağlı algısal tercihlerde farklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Kadın ve erkeklerin tasarım kriter ve elemanları açısından tercihleri arasında istatistiki olarak önemli fark ortaya çıkmamasının yanı sıra, her iki grubun da tercihleri doğal veya doğala yakın formlarda birleşmiştir. Oranlarda göz önüne alındığında cinsiyete göre tercih edilen tasarım algılarında bariz bir fark gözlenmemiştir.

Railway slab track systems: review and research potentials

This article reviews and summarises the major research work carried out on the performance and evolution of slab tracks from their first applications until today. An assessment of the current systems is performed, as well as an appraisal of the major challenges in terms of design criteria, track behaviour, construction and maintenance techniques. As an effective tool for predicting the behaviour of slab tracks, a detailed literature review on track modelling is presented, assessing the main gaps in the current research. An underdeveloped topic in estimating slab track responses is the track fatigue analysis, as there are few representative models. Within the framework of the European requisites for 2030/2050 rail systems, future research should develop ecological, rapid-renewal and cost-efficient slab tracks for high-demand corridors, with enhanced performance, low track maintenance and deterioration and reduced risk vulnerability. The aim of this article is to provide an investigation basis for railway researchers and engineers to address the future requirements for slab track systems.

Modernity and Tradition in the Context of Erbil Old Town

Daniel Libeskind designs and implements structures that are very different from each other and form contrasts in the designs he has made in historical buildings and circles. As in the different parts of the world, he designed a museum building in the city of Erbil with similar design philosophy. This structure shows a remarkable approach in terms of design criteria, architectural understanding and new conditions of building in historical environment. In this paper, the example of Erbil city museum was taken into consideration, new building design methodologies in the historical environment and evaluations about the concept of urban conservation were made. Daniel Lisbeskind, designed carried out in historic buildings and environment, such differential in the city texture (tissue), forming contrasts, structures were designed and applied. As with the world also designed a museum building in Erbil with similar design philosophy. This building, the design criteria, architectural understanding, main idea and in historical environment new construction conditions, it shows a remarkable approch in the context. Within this article, by taking samples Erbil city museum, historic environment new building design methodology and assessments have been made to the concept of urban conservation.

Secure receiver access control for IP multicast at the network level: Design and validation

The classical service model of IP multicast is open; anyone can receive multicast data. When using this model, it is impossible to ensure that receivers are authorized to receive the data, or (if appropriate) to generate any revenue from a service based on open multicast. This has resulted in restricted deployment of IP multicast.We have developed a secure IP multicast architecture to enforce receiver access control at two levels: application level and network level. This paper addresses the design and validation of the solution at the network level. The design starts from four assumptions, which express the independence of the network-level solution from the previous work at the application level. At the network level, receiver access control is achieved using two proposed protocols: Secure Internet Group Management Protocol (SIGMP) and Group Security Association Management (GSAM) protocol.SIGMP is an extension to IGMP, in which the messages that are related to secure groups are protected by IPsec Group Security Associations (GSAs). GSAM manages the IPsec GSAs used in SIGMP and couples the network-level access control with the application-level access control.The design requirements for SIGMP and for GSAM are expressed in terms of Design Criteria and Security Goals. These design requirements are then used to justify the final design. Several security properties of GSAM have been formally validated using AVISPA and the remaining security properties of our proposal have been analyzed.

Initial analysis on heat exchanger networks of fatty acid fractionation plant to optimize energy recovery and controllability

The objective of this paper is to present the initial analysis on the energy recovery and controllability of the existing heat integrated fatty acid fractionation plant. From this initial analysis, the existing heat integrated fatty acid fractionation plant is analysed to know the either the existing heat exchanger networks (HENs) satisfied the design criteria, or controllability criteria by using trade-off plot. According to the trade-off plot, if the existing HENs is better in terms of design criteria, then more efforts need to be invested to control the network. On the other hand, if the existing HENs is better in terms of controllability criteria, then more efforts need to be invested to reduce the energy consumption. In this study, the initial analysis means the value of the ?Tmin used for the current HENs is investigated and the controllability of the network is predicted by using trade-off plot. In order to investigate the value of the ?Tmin used for the current HENs, only the first two stages of the model-based flexible and operable HENs is used. In the Stage 1, the value of the ?Tmin is investigated by selecting the value of the ?Tmin ranging from 10 °C to 40 °C with the increment of 10 °C. Then, HEN is synthesized for the selected value of the ?Tmin. Once the networks have been synthesized, all candidates are transferred into a process simulator to test their process feasibility in Stage 2 where the unfeasible candidates will be eliminated. Then all feasible candidates will be predicted in terms of their controllability performance by using trade-off plot. Energy integrated fatty acid fractionation plant is used as a case study for this initial analysis. This paper only considers steady state controllability test without considering process dynamics.

Type-2 Fuzzy membership function design method through a piecewise-linear approach

Type-2 Fuzzy sets (T2FS) represent a large amount of uncertainty and complexity; however, these benefits are closely related to the definition of its footprint of uncertainty (FOU). The FOU can be so freely designed that difficulties are encountered when trying to compare any two of them, or conclude how a system is improved by varying FOU’s characteristics. Consequently, a parametrization method is needed, which permits a systematic analysis and comparison in terms of design criteria. This paper presents a novel method which allows the description of the FOU based on the primary membership function (MF). The provided piecewise-linear output depends only on two design parameters and the underlying primary function. A complete review about the preference for linear functions is also given as well as continuity considerations. In addition, it can be applied to an arbitrary monotonic primary MF around its mean. Close-form equations are derived for normal and Laplace distributions, as well as a regression approach to deal with sampled data where no assumptions are made about symmetry. According to the literature, such an approximation has not been published.

A review of boosting methods for imbalanced data classification

Recently, the problem of imbalanced data classification has drawn a significant amount of interest from academia, industry and government funding agencies. The fundamental issue with imbalanced data classification is the imbalanced data has posed a significant drawback of the performance of most standard learning algorithms, which assume or expect balanced class distribution or equal misclassification costs. Boosting is a meta-technique that is applicable to most learning algorithms. This paper gives a review of boosting methods for imbalanced data classification, denoted as IDBoosting (Imbalanced-data-boosting), where conventional learning algorithms can be integrated without further modifications. The main focus is on the intrinsic mechanisms without considering implementation detail. Existing methods are catalogued and each class is displayed in detail in terms of design criteria, typical algorithms and performance analysis. The essence of two IDBoosting methods is discovered followed by experimental evidence and useful reference point for future research are also given.

A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications

Thermal applications are drawing increasing attention in the solar energy research field, due to their high performance in energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency. In these applications, solar collectors and thermal energy storage systems are the two core components. This paper focuses on the latest developments and advances in solar thermal applications, providing a review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage systems. Various types of solar collectors are reviewed and discussed, including both non-concentrating collectors (low temperature applications) and concentrating collectors (high temperature applications). These are studied in terms of optical optimisation, heat loss reduction, heat recuperation enhancement and different sun-tracking mechanisms. Various types of thermal energy storage systems are also reviewed and discussed, including sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, chemical storage and cascaded storage. They are studied in terms of design criteria, material selection and different heat transfer enhancement technologies. Last but not least, existing and future solar power stations are overviewed.

54.4: Stereoscopic Depth Perception and Interocular Luminance Differences

AbstractWe investigated the effects of interocular luminance differences on stereoscopic depth perception. The stimuli were stereoscopic square‐shaped targets created from disparity embedded in a dynamic random‐dot stereogram, which eliminated other cues to depth perception. The results revealed that stereoscopic depth perception survived significant interocular differences in luminance levels, even up to differences of 60%, provided that display luminance was approximately 0.63 cd/m2 or higher. In terms of design criteria, developers of stereo displays can use a fairly large range of interocular luminance levels and still induce good stereo depth perception.

Stereoscopic depth perception survives significant interocular luminance differences

Abstract— The effects of interocular luminance differences on stereoscopic depth perception has been investigated. The stimuli were stereoscopic square‐shaped targets created from disparity embedded in a dynamic random‐dot stereogram, which eliminated other cues to depth perception. The results revealed that stereoscopic depth perception survived significant interocular differences in luminance levels, even up to differences of 60%, provided that display luminance was approximately 0.63 cd/m2 or higher. In terms of design criteria, developers of stereo displays can use a fairly large range of interocular luminance levels and still induce good stereo depth perception.