Terms Of Color Research Articles

Quantifying basic colors' salience from cross‐linguistic corpora

AbstractA corpus‐based quantitative assessment of Berlin and Kay's proposal is presented. We refine the Basic Color Terms hierarchy proposed by Berlin and Kay, through the concept of salience. A cross‐linguistic study with 57 different languages and 136 different linguistic corpora has been conducted. This study uses KonText tool and the corpora included in it. The color labels in different languages have been obtained using a unified methodology from PanLex. We have obtained an individual hierarchy for each of the languages analyzed, as well as a general hierarchy that captures the universal trend. Results show that there is a close relationship between the evolutionary stages in the Berlin and Kay proposal and their frequency in our corpora study, which we could also relate to Zipf's Law. The only color that we certify behaves differently compared to such a proposal is yellow. The main advantage of our approach compared to previous corpora studies is taking into account the anglocentric bias by using a representative typological set of different languages from the world.

Eco-Finishing of Cotton with Chitosan and Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton) Aqueous Extract for Development of Antioxidant and UV Protective Textiles

ABSTRACT Giant goldenrod (S. gigantea Aiton) is considered an invasive weed in Europe, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. In this research, the untreated and chitosan-treated cotton fabrics were functionalized with goldenrod inflorescences aqueous extract, at room temperature and 95°C. Zeta potential of fabrics was determined as a function of pH and the results showed an increased isoelectric point from 2.50 to 5.25 and amphoteric character of the chitosan-treated sample. The antioxidant activity (AA) of extract and functionalized fabrics was determined using DPPH analysis, while color and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) were determined spectroscopically before and after wash and lightfastness testing. The chitosan pretreatment and dyeing of cotton at higher temperature increased AA (from 41.19 ± 0.28 to 56.08 ± 0.25), UPF (from 33.05 to 51.59) and color strength (K/S) (from 1.74 to 2.21), providing dyed cotton with excellent UV protection and a free radical inhibition activity. The samples had good wash fastness in terms of color (ΔEab* < 1), but not in terms of UV protection (UPF value decreased after washing to 23.47). The overall lightfastness was good to excellent (the UPF values of chitosan and dyed samples did not change much after lightfastness test (UPF = 51.75).

Organoleptic test Smoothies Ambon Banana fruit (Musa Acuminata) and Cantaloupe (Cucumis Melo var. cantaloupe)

Bananas and cantaloupe are two fruits that can be found in Indonesia and are very easy to get at affordable prices and can even be grown alone. These two fruits are a good combination if processed in new ways, one of which is in the form of processed smoothies. This study aims to determine consumer assessment of the organoleptic quality of beverages smoothies Ambon bananas and cantaloupe. The method used in this study was to perform an organoleptic test on the panelists using the Hedonic Test by giving 3 drink samples smoothies Ambon bananas and cantaloupe with variations in the amount of different fruit extracts to untrained panelists. The criteria tested included color, aroma, taste, texture and overall assessment so that the best formulation was produced from several treatments. The scoring scores used were 1=Very Disliked, 2=Disliked, 3=Liked, and 4=Very Liked. The Results, F1 was the panelist’s most preferred formula in terms of color, F2 was the panelist’s most preferred formula in terms of aroma, F1 and F3 were the panelists’ most preferred formula in terms of taste, F3 was the panelist’s most preferred formula in terms of texture, F3 was the best formula the most preferred overall by the panelists. Overall, in terms of texture and taste, the panelists preferred the treatment of smoothies Ambon bananas and cantaloupe 100 ml with a ratio of 1:1:1 or F3 between Ambon bananas, cantaloupe and low-fat milk. The taste of the resulting drink is neither bitter nor astringent. In terms of color, panelists preferred F1 while for aroma, panelists preferred F2 because the aroma of bananas was stronger.

Effects of electron beam irradiation and ultrahigh-pressure treatments on the physicochemical properties, active components, and flavor volatiles of jujube jam

Jujube jam is a high-value product with versatile attributes, capable of undergoing pretreatment to prolong its shelf life while preserving its sensory and nutritional qualities. In this study, electron beam irradiation (EB; 3, 5, and 7 kGy), ultrahigh-pressure (HP; 400, 500, and 600 MPa for 6 min), and conventional thermal pasteurization treatments (PS; 80 °C for 30 min) were evaluated by examining their effects on the physicochemical properties, active components, and flavor volatiles of jujube jam. The results showed that the samples treated with nonthermal technologies significantly outperformed the thermally pasteurized treatments in terms of color (L*, a*, b*, and browning index), bioactive compounds (organic acids, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and phenolic components), and aroma components. In addition, compared with the untreated samples, EB treatment significantly increased total content of polyphenols by 15.4–26.3% and ABTS+ scavenging activity by 9.5–36.89%. HP treatment (8385.92, 10082.43, and 10032.88 μg/g) significantly increased the acetic acid content in jujube jam compared to the control sample (1940.45 μg/g), and the total content of volatile substance in the HP treated samples was significantly increased by 80.86–134.75%. Therefore, EB and HP are promising treatments for enhancing the nutritional and sensory qualities of jujube jam.

Analytical Study of Terpenoids Present in the Medicinal Extracts of Tagetes erectes L. and Tridax procumbens L. of Family Compositae

Plant used for traditional medicine contains a wide range of substances that can be helpful to treat chronic as well as infectious diseases. Tagetes erecta L. is an annual herb with family Compositae with natural pigments from its yellow/orange flowers. Tridax procumbens L. commonaly known as coat buttons or tridax daisy belongs to flowering plant species of family asteraceac. The objective of this work is to isolate the terpenoids from the extracts of these plants, and to ascertain the curative properties of terpenoids. A subclass of prenyllipids termed as terpenoids were obtained from these dried plants by extracting essential oil by following the steam distillation method. Thereafter, the terpenoids were isolated from essential oils using organic solvents. The detection was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy as peaks were identified at certain wavelengths. The study revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, and other bioactive molecules. These phytochemicals may be non nutritive chemical compounds but have many health benefits as well as important properties to prevent or to fight many common diseases. They defend the plants against illness and injuries and supply to the plants quality in terms of color, odor and taste.

The Effect of a Combination of Nitrite with Lactate, and Sorbate on Physical, Chemical, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of Beef Mortadella during Storage

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of nitrite with lactate and/or sorbate on the physical, chemical antioxidant, and sensory properties of beef mortadella during storage. Five treatments (Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4, and Tr5) of beef mortadella were prepared and stored at 4°C. Tr1 and Tr2 with 120ppm and 60ppm of nitrite (NaNO2) respectively, were controls. Tr3 was prepared with the addition of Na-nitrite and Na-lactate, Tr4 with Na-nitrite and K-sorbate, and Tr5 with a combination of all of them. Samples were tested for chemical composition, pH, hunter color, thiobarbituric acid values (TBA), residual nitrite concentration, and sensory characteristics during storage. Additionally, the residual nitrite content of 12 different meat products was estimated. Nitrite had a slight effect on the chemical composition. At the end of storage, TBA values did not exceed 2mg/Kg malondialdehyde in all treatments. However, Tr2 and Tr5 had lower TBA values. The highest pH value recorded was for Tr5 (6.33). A sharp decrease in nitrite level was found in all treatments. During storage, Tr3, Tr4, and Tr5 were more stable in terms of color than the control samples. Treatments with 60ppm nitrite only, or combined with an organic acid, were well-accepted from a sensorial aspect. Flavor and aroma scores were statistically similar with ratings between 5.89-6.47/9. Nitrite reduction in meat products is considered a markedly healthier practice.

Microplastic on Mountain Trails—a Case Study from the Carpathian and Sudetes Mountains in Poland

Microplastics are becoming an increasingly common pollutant that can pose a threat to living organisms. The aim of this research was to determine the amount, type, and diversity of microplastics along mountain trails. The study includes three mountain trails, differing in terms of length, difficulty, and number of visitors. The trails were located in the massif of Babia Góra, in the Kościeliska Valley, and Izerska Meadow. During the research, microplastics were determined in snow during the winter period. The research shows high microplastic contamination along the trails. The study area was characterized by the highest content of polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and polypropylene. The tiniest plastic below 0.5 mm dominated in all the sampling points, with a small share of sizes within the range of 3.1–4.0 mm and 4.1–5.0 mm. The isolated microplastics varied in color and shape. The conducted analyses confirm that easier, more frequented trails are characterized by a higher content of microplastics. Trails to Babia Góra, which are more demanding, are characterized by a different composition of microplastics as well as a variety of microplastics in terms of size, shape, and color. In addition, the lower-lying fragments of the examined trails were the most heavily contaminated with microplastics. The results indicate the need for further research on microplastic contamination of the soil environment along mountain trails.

Poster Session: Lexical effects on 3D color matches in short- and long-term memory.

We report a comprehensive within-subjects study of color memory, using 22 colors widely spaced in 3D color space. 10 observers made isomeric color matches on iPads (method of adjustment, 3D CIELAB-based color palette) when the test color was simultaneously present or after delays = 10 or 300 sec (random block design). To test for lexical effects on color memory, the same observers grouped 1625 Munsell samples before the memory experiment and provided focal colors and unconstrained color terms for the groups. They also named the remembered color after each 300-sec trial. Delay affected every measure of matching performance. Matches were more variable for 10-sec delays than in the simultaneous condition. Simultaneous matches were near the test colors (∆E=2.8), but the distance from the test color (bias) increased for 10-sec delays, generally in the direction of increased saturation, with variation across test colors. These measures increased little between 10 and 300 sec. To test for lexical effects, an "attraction score" measured how much matches were biased by the observers' unique focal colors. Attraction scores for simultaneous matches were near zero, but some colors showed substantial attraction to the focal colors at 10- and 300-sec delays. The 300-sec matches were highly significantly attracted to the focal colors of names provided after each trial. Observers' color idiolect complexity and test color codability were not impressively related to performance at any delay.

‘Horseback brown’. Colour semantics of equine bay, chestnut, and dun in Middle Welsh literature

ABSTRACT: This article examines a set of terms in the semantic domain of horse colours in Middle Welsh. In the absence of a Basic Colour Term (BCT) for brown in its colour system, Middle Welsh deployed a combination of specialized adjectives and contextually-restricted uses of BCTs for red and yellow to describe the full range of horse coats in the brown range. It is argued that, like other equestrian cultures, medieval Wales would have had a nuanced and sophisticated collection of descriptive terms for horses and that its small number of BCTs in no way indicates a limited discernment of colour variations.

유의어 관계 색채 형용사 사용 양상 비교: 공기 명사 분석을 중심으로

유의어 관계 색채 형용사 사용 양상 비교: 공기 명사 분석을 중심으로

유의어 관계 색채 형용사 사용 양상 비교: 공기 명사 분석을 중심으로

유의어 관계 색채 형용사 사용 양상 비교: 공기 명사 분석을 중심으로

‘Painting with words’: Color terminology and pragmatic resonance in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982)

This study delves into an analysis of how Alice Walker strategically uses color descriptions in her work ‘The Color Purple’ to intricately depict life in the rural South during the early 1900s. In literature, colors often serve as conveyors of emotion and meaning, and in this case, Walker adeptly employs them to symbolize pivotal themes encompassing race, gender empowerment, and spirituality. The researcher enriches the portrayal of characters, setting, and the overall narrative by employing a diverse spectrum of color terminologies, effectively endowing colors with character-like qualities. Beyond a mere chromatic shade, the title ‘The Color Purple’ embodies a realm saturated with the significance of color. Walker’s masterful handling of color descriptions crafts a multi-dimensional and evocative representation of the experiences of southern Black women during that epoch. The linguistic apparatus of color terminology imparts a poetic avenue for articulating concealed or unspoken facets of their lives, ultimately thrusting them into the spotlight.

Analysis Of Storability And The Level Preference Of Randang Using Different Types Of Chili

This study aims to analyze the shelf life and level of preference for beef rendang using curly red chilies and round red chilies. This research was carried out because no one had researched the storability of randang using curly red chilies and round red chilies along with the preference level of beef ribs using curly red chilies and round red chilies.is type of research is a mixed method (Mixed Method), this method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods. The study population was 3 expert panelists and 30 trained panelists. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation and questionnaires. The data analysis technique in this study used the t test. The storability of beef randang uses qualitative research methods. Based on the results of observations of storability analysis, on the 1st day the beef and bran randang were in good condition in terms of shape, aroma, taste, texture and color using curly chilies and round red chilies. On the 3rd day, beef and bran randang did not change in the two types of chili used. On the 6th day there was a change in shape, aroma, texture, color and taste which could not be tasted due to overgrown mushrooms which were found in the two types of chili used. As for the level of preference using quantitative research methods. The results of the hypothesis test showed that at a significant level of α = 0.05, it was obtained for the expert panelists that there was no significant difference between the use of curly red chilies and round red chilies. The results of the hypothesis test showed that at a significant level of α = 0.05, it was obtained for the expert panelists that there was a significant difference between the use of curly red chilies and round red chilies

Industrial textile wastewater treatment using Neolamarckia cadamba NFC filter paper via cross-flow filtration system

This study investigated the potential use of Neolamarckia cadamba as nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) filter paper for treating industrial textile wastewater via the cross-flow filtration system. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the system and create a predictive model to evaluate the performance of the NFC filter paper. Experimental results from the central composite design (CCD) showed that a high value of colour removal efficiency of 90.56 % and an optimum value of normalized flux of 0.7397 were achieved at pH 6.5 with 100 % of initial feed concentration of the textile wastewater and 60:40 cellulose dosage ratio of the NFC filter paper. Optimisation and verification experiments were conducted under the optimal conditions determined. The formation of a cake layer in the two stages of the membrane fouling mechanism under the optimum operational condition was revealed using model fitting according to Wiesner and Aptel equations and confirmed via Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. Water quality in terms of colour, pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity was monitored to determine if the treated wastewater met the discharge limits. The findings of this study demonstrated the potential of using the NFC filter paper for industrial textile wastewater treatment and provided valuable insights for optimising the operating parameters of filter papers.

Microplastic in the Snow on Sledding Hills in Green Areas of Krakow

Every year we are more and more exposed to the negative impact of microplastic. Our research aimed to determine the amount of microplastic in the snow on sledding hills in green areas of Krakow. The sledding hills in winter are very intensively used by children and it is very important to monitor the condition of these places in terms of microplastic contamination. In our research, we assessed whether children playing on sledding hills may be exposed to microplastic. Our research covered 10 sledding hills of various sizes located in the green areas of Krakow. Our research has confirmed the presence of significant amounts of microplastics in snow collected on sledding hills. Three times as much microplastic was found in the snow on the higher hills (2.78 mg/L) compared to the lower sledding hills (0.96 mg/L). In the snow collected on sledding hills from the green areas of Krakow, a large diversity of microplastic in terms of type, size, color, and shape was noted. The dominant type of microplastic found during the research was polypropylene (PP), polyurethane (PU), hydrocarbon resin (HCR), and polyester (PES). The share of two microplastic fractions of 1.1–2.0 mm and 2.1–3.0 mm accounted for over 50% of the whole amount. After melting the snow, microplastic goes to the soil surface, which can lead to changes in the properties of the soil, and due to its strong hydrophobicity, it will play an important role in the transport of toxic compounds, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Our research suggests limiting the use of plastic sleds and replacing them with wooden sleds, which will not be a source of pollution for urban green spaces used by residents regardless of the season.

Analysis of The Physical Quality of Coffee Husk Compost with The Addition of EM4 Bioactivator

Coffee production potential is matched by waste from grinding coffee cherries. However, the coffee cherry peel (husk) is rich in essential nutrients for plant growth, including potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Therefore, the purpose of this research was conducted to determine the physical quality of coffee husk compost given the addition of EM4 bioactivator. This study consisted of 2 treatments and 4 replications, namely control (coffee husk + sawdust + goat manure) and EM4 (coffee husk + sawdust + goat manure + EM4). Observations were made every 3 days until the compost was ripe with the parameters of temperature, humidity, color, smell, and texture. The results showed that the entire coffee husk compost had matured within 36 days and exhibited physical characteristics according to SNI 19-7030-2004. According to the matured compost speed, treatment with mixing compost materials using EM4 shows a faster time than without EM4. In addition, the addition of EM4 gives better results in terms of texture, color, and smell compared to compost without EM4

Учебникът по немски език на д-р Ботю Шанов в контекста на българската лингводидактология

Dr. Botyu Shanov's German textbook is a contribution to historical studies of foreign language teaching in Bulgaria; it provides important evidence reflecting to a considerable extent the major problems of Bulgarian linguistic didactology in the first half of the 20th century and it can be interpreted with regard to the goals of numerous studies in the vein of modern linguistic didactology. The textbook comprises 33 lesson units which introduce students to “traditional” elementary level topics: the classroom and objects in everyday school life, color terms, some character traits, clothing, numbers, etc. The textbook also provides a general overview of basic elements of German grammar in the form of short unit notes.

Семантические универсалии в эволюции цветообозначений общеславянского и пратюркского языков

The aim of the research is to identify semantic universals in the evolution of colour terms in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages. The paper analyses the semantics of the Indo-European proto-forms of Proto-Slavic colour terms and the Altaic proto-forms of Proto-Turkic colour terms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that a comparative analysis of the semantics of the oldest proto-forms of colour terms belonging to two different language families is carried out. Traditionally, these names are considered an example illustrating the national specifics of the reflection of the surrounding reality in the language of a particular people, however, a systematic study of the semantics of colour terms in the diachronic aspect reveals similar features indicating the presence of fundamental differences between modern and ancient perception characteristic of different languages. To identify such semantic universals, the researchers carried out a component analysis of the semantics of the ancient proto-forms that had developed the meaning of the colours white, black, red, blue, green and yellow and their shades in the Proto-Slavic and Proto-Turkic languages. As a result, the following semantic universals have been identified: the absence of an initial semantic connection with the reference object, the presence of a semantic connection with light, the syncretism of the denoted colour tone.

Formulation of Watermelon Rind (Citrullus vulgaris schard) and Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Jam as Functional Food Rich in Antioxidants

The body's immune system is one of the natural defenses in the human body, functioning to ward off various diseases, including those that emerged after the Covid-19 pandemic. One plant with potential as an antioxidant and easily found in the environment is watermelon. Jam made from watermelon rind and secang wood, with various formulations, namely 100% watermelon rind: 0% secang (F1), 90% watermelon rind: 10% secang (F2), 80% watermelon rind: 2% secang (F3), and 70% watermelon rind: 3% secang (F4), is expected to possess good antioxidant properties. A promising antioxidant formulation for watermelon rind jam and secang is the one with 70% watermelon rind and 30% secang (F4), having an IC50 value of 144.27 g/mL, which is classified as a moderate antioxidant. Among the four jam formulations, panelists preferred the jam formulation (F4) without the addition of sweetened condensed milk in terms of color and texture. However, for the jam formulation (F4) with the addition of sweetened condensed milk, panelists favored it in terms of aroma and taste. The jam formulation (F4) meets the quality standards for fruit jam based on INS 3746:2008, including total plate count, arsenic, and tin categories.

The Experimental Study of the Image of Russian Color Term Blue in the Consciousness of Russian Culture Bearers

The article is devoted to the study of the color term blue. This color occupies an important place in the color picture of the world of representatives of Russian culture, which determines the relevance of the empirical study of the image of this color term from the point of view of psycholinguistics. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of A.A. Zalevskaya, A.P. Vasilevich, E.I. Goroshko.When organizing and conducting the research, we assumed that individual and cultural knowledge about color are united in the linguistic consciousness. So, any image in the consciousness of an individual has its cultural and personal component. The main methods used in the work are associative experiment, semantic differential, factorial and definitional analyses. We used the data from related sciences in the process of analyzing the results of the study. The study was conducted on the basis of Southwest State University among full-time and part-time students.The work shows the structure of the associative field of the color term blue in different time periods, which al-lows us to clearly demonstrate the dynamics of changes in this field over the past thirty years.The article also examines the gender structure of the associative field of the color term blue, highlights general gender-neutral associations, as well as associations that are typically female or typically male. In addition, a factor analysis of the results of the semantic differential is carried out from the point of view of the gender characteristics of the perception of color term blue.The methodology of organizing and conducting experimental research described in the paper can be success-fully used for psycholinguistic research of images of various stimulus words. The data obtained during the experiment can be used not only in linguistics, but also in marketing, psychology and advertising.