Terms Of Clauses Research Articles

Effects of cognitive task complexity and online planning on second language learners' argumentative writing.

Based on Kellogg's writing model, Skehan's Limited Attentional Capacity Model (LACM), and Robinson's Cognition Hypothesis, our study investigated the effects of cognitive task complexity on syntactic complexity, lexical complexity, accuracy, fluency, and functional adequacy in Chinese L2 students' argumentative writing, when students were under an online planning condition. Sixty-eight participants from a Chinese university were recruited to complete two writing tasks with task complexity varied in terms of [+ argument elements]. The findings showed that increasing task complexity led to decreased subordination in terms of clauses per T-unit and dependent clauses per clause, increased phrasal elaboration in terms of coordinate phrases per clause, and no changes in mean length of T-unit, T-units per sentence, mean length of clause, and complex nominals per clause. Neither significant differences in accuracy nor fluency were found as a function of increasing task complexity. Detrimental effects on functional adequacy in content, organization, and overall scores were identified with the increases in task complexity. The trade-offs between syntactic and lexical complexity and between syntactic complexity and functional adequacy support the basic principle of Skehan's LACM that human's information processing capacity is limited and Kellogg's claim that learners have a limited central executive capacity in writing. Implications of the results of this research are discussed.

Anaphoric Distance in Oral and Written Language: Experimental Evidence

We investigate the variation in oral and written language in terms of anaphoric distance (i.e., the textual distance between anaphors and their antecedents), expanding corpus-based research with experimental evidence. Contrastive corpus studies demonstrate that oral genres include longer average anaphoric distance than written genres, if the distance is measured in terms of clauses (Fox, 1987; Aktaş & Stede, 2020). We designed an experiment in order to examine the contrasts in oral and written mediums, using the same genre. We aim to gain more insight about the impact of the medium, in a situation where both mediums convey a similar level of spontaneity, informality and interactivity. We designed a story continuation study, where the participants are recruited via crowdsourcing. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind, where anaphoric distance is manipulated systematically in a language production experiment in order to examine medium distinctions. We observed that participants use more pronouns in oral medium than in written medium if the anaphoric distance is long. This result is in line with the implications of the earlier corpus-based research. In addition, our results indicate that anaphoric distance has a larger effect in referential choice for the written medium.

Accuracy assessment of the blood glucose meter «Satellite Express» for glycemic control in children with diabetes

Monitoring glycemic control in diabetes includes daily measurements of glucose levels at home, along with periodic monitoring of glycemia indicators on the whole. The main purpose of monitoring glycemic control is to accurately and authentically assess the glycemic level reached by each patient in order to ensure the glycemic goals achievement. Glycemic control assessment at a certain point in time is best achieved by self-monitoring the level of glucose in the blood, in that allows you to assess the presence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia to optimize the treatment strategy. Accuracy assessment of a medical device «Portable blood glucose concentration meter with electrochemical single-use strip PKG-03 «Satellite Express» for glycemic control of children with diabetes. In a group of children with diabetes (n=105, age from 1 month to 17 years), simultaneously was taken capillary blood from one drop to assess the accuracy of glycemia levels on the «Satellite Express» glucose meter and on the laboratory glucose and lactate analyzer SUPER GL. In a comparative analysis of 660 blood samples on the Clark error scale, was found that all deviations of glycemia values obtained with the «Satellite Express» glucose meter were in zones A (99.7% — clinically correct values) and B (0.3% — safe deviations). The limits of permissible systematic error of measurements that meet the requirements of the National Standard of Russian Federation GOST R ISO 15197-2015 in terms of clause 6.3 System Accuracy amounted to 96.8% of deviations of glucose meter indications from reference values, which matches to areas of clinically correct and safe deviations. Using the «Satellite Express» glucose meter in clinical practice makes it possible to control glycemia qualitatively and it is safe for children aged from 1 month to 17 years.

Solving complex problems using model transformations: from set constraint modeling to SAT instance solving

On the one hand, solvers for the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT) can deal with huge instances composed of millions of variables and clauses. On the other hand, Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP) can model problems as constraints over a set of variables with non-empty domains. They require combinatorial search methods as well as heuristics to be solved in a reasonable time.In this article, we present a technique that benefits from both expressive CSP modeling and efficient SAT solving. We model problems as CSP set constraints. Then, a propagation algorithm reduces the domains of variables by removing values that cannot participate in any valid assignment. The reduced CSP set constraints are transformed into a set of suitable SAT instances. They may be simplified by a preprocessing method before applying a standard SAT solver for computing their solutions.The practical usefulness of this technique is illustrated with two well-known problems: a) the Social Golfer, and b) the Sports Tournament Scheduling. We obtained competitive results either compared with ad hoc solvers or with hand-written SAT instances. Compared with direct SAT modeling, the proposed technique offers higher expressiveness, is less error-prone, and is relatively simpler to apply. The automatically generated propositional satisfiability instances are rather small in terms of clauses and variables. Hence, applying the constraint propagation phase, even huge instances of our problems can be tackled and efficiently solved.

A view-based monitoring for usage control in web services

Quality of service (QoS) can be a critical element for achieving the business goals of a service provider, and accepting a service by the customer. The criticality is more pronounced when the service provider handles the non-functional QoS attribute of privacy, i.e., privacy related to the customer's personal data. In this regard, the customer needs some guarantee(s) from the service provider about confidentiality management, leading to overall quality characterization of the provided service. A service level agreement (SLA) is primarily intended to specify (in terms of clauses) the level of such non-functional QoS delivered to the customer. The aim is to provide customers with tools that show the fulfillment of QoS guarantees, through SLA monitoring process. In this paper, we address the problem of usage control of private data in service based applications ensuring end-to-end QoS capabilities. We propose a query containment based approach to support the monitoring of privacy-aware SLA compliance, that spells out a customer's privacy rights, and shows how the customer's private information must be handled by a Web service provider. We introduce the private data usage flow model upon which the monitoring is performed to observe the data usage flow, and capture the privacy vulnerabilities that may lead to non-compliance. The model is built on top of (i) properties and time-related privacy requirements to be monitored, and (ii) a set of identified privacy violations. As proof of concept, a privacy aware SLA monitoring system, which is an easy-to-use, and efficient tool for observing the dynamic private data usage flow is developed. Experiment results indicate the relevance and applicability of the proposed approach.

Accelerated Deletion-based Extraction of Minimal Unsatisfiable Cores

Various technologies are based on the capability to find small unsatisfiable cores given an unsatisfiable CNF formula, i.e., a subset of the clauses that are unsatisfiable regardless of the rest of the formula. If that subset is irreducible, it is called a Minimal Unsatisfiable Core (MUC). In many cases, the MUC is required not in terms of clauses, rather in terms of a preknown user-given set of high-level constraints, where each such constraint is a conjunction of clauses. We call the problem of minimizing the participation of such constraints high-level minimal unsatisfiable core (HLMUC) extraction. All the current state-of-the-art tools for MUC- and HLMUC-extraction are deletion-based, which means that they iteratively try to delete clauses from the core. We propose nine optimizations to this general strategy, although not all apply to both MUC and HLMUC. For both cases we achieved over a 2X improvement in run time comparing to the state-of-the-art and a reduction in the core size, when applied to a benchmark set consisting of hundreds of industrial test cases. These techniques are implemented in our award-winning solvers HaifaMUC and HaifaHLMUC.

Narrative clause organization of Catalan and English storytelling

This paper presents a comparative analysis of Catalan and English narrative clause organization based on Labov (1972) structural pattern of oral narrative. The study aims to specify the regularities present in the storytelling of past personal experiences in both languages, thoroughly discussed through examples taken from a corpus of Catalan and English oral narratives elicited from native adult speakers. The segmentation of the narratives following Labov's model makes it possible to observe the similarities and differences in terms of clause and segment organization in the two languages. Although the hypothesis held at the beginning of the study is that in both languages a narrative will evolve similarly, the results show that in terms of pure and combined segments this is not the case: English narrators tend to embed their evaluation combined with action clauses, whereas Catalan narrators do it in separate chunks mostly. In addition, data show that, in terms of external and internal evaluation, English presents a much higher rate of combined internal evaluation segments than Catalan.

Issues of non-determinism in PROLOG and the Committed Choice Non-Deterministic logic languages

Issues of logic programming have always been bound with those of search. Logic programs are generally thought of as a logical specification of the problem (the declarative reading) in terms of clauses. The inference mechanism of the given logic language provides a means by which the clauses can be used to prove a query to the system (procedural interpretation). The problem of search can be related into forms of non-determinism. That is how to select a possible solution path (clause). It is this criteria that is used to consider the issues of search in PROLOG and the Committed Choice Non-Deterministic execution models.