French Term Research Articles

Die Wortgeschichte von fr. banqueroute, dt. Bankrott und it. bancarotta

Abstract The custom of breaking the table over which an insolvent or fraudulent money changer transacts his business, thereby making his insolvency obvious, was described in medieval times in Italy with the word field of It. rompere (il banco) (recorded since 1392) and Medieval Latin (bancherium) rumpere (c1407). That practice was adopted also in France where it was initially referred to with the phrase (faire) banque route or (much less frequently) (faire) banque rompue (both recorded for the first time in 1455). Subsequently, the French term entered German as Bankrott (first in 1530) and somewhat later Italian as bancarotta (1561).

An attempt to deconstruct the French "syndrome de glissement"

The "syndrome de glissement" is a French term used to describe end-of-life situations where the elderly person becomes adynamic and any therapeutic intervention seems ineffective until the patient dies. It is close to failure to thrive. Although its use, which is widespread, seems appropriate to briefly describe a complex situation, it has the major disadvantage of leading to an absence of clinical and therapeutic approach, which represents a loss of chance for the patient. In clinical practice, we consider that what is referred to as a sliding syndrome is actually a situation of apathy associated with a deterioration in general condition. A diagnostic approach should therefore look for all organic pathologies that associate deterioration in general condition and apathy, and neuropsychiatric situations such as episodes of major depression that produce such symptoms. Once these diagnoses have been ruled out, the person should be considered for palliative care and benefit from the expertise that goes with this practice. Any elderly person in a situation resembling what is known as a syndrome de glissement should therefore benefit from a rigorous clinical approach, and not be considered beyond any therapeutic resources. It is a matter of dignity and quality of care.

Kafka on the Page: On the Relationship of Drawings, Writing, and the Page in Franz Kafka’s Draftsmanship

This essay emphasizes Franz Kafka’s use of the page surface when analyzing the relationship between his draftsmanship and writing. The context of the page, including its size, orientation, margins, and blank spaces, becomes relevant when examining the mise en page, i.e., the placement of drawings and text on a page or sheet of paper. In the early twentieth century, the page and its characteristics, ranging from the materiality of the paper to the mise en page (the French term for “layout”), had been a focus in book design. However, in art history, this term is not commonly used to assess the composition of drawings, as often the type of paper, drawing instruments, or the paper’s color and receptivity to ink have been foregrounded. In literary studies, and mainly in genetic criticism that analyzes drafts and other preparatory documents in addition to the finalized text, the mise en page is also not of primary interest. In Kafka’s case, however, considering his use of the page surface extends existing analyses focusing on the text-image relationship regarding Kafka’s draftsmanship. Furthermore, this focus on the mise en page demonstrates that examining the page’s context can also enhance the study of sketches that other writers, such as Samuel Beckett and Paul Valéry, added to their texts.

French Culinary Term Categorization in Essential of Professional Cooking’s Book

The book entitled essentials of professional cooking is a book that is very suitable to be used as a reference for culinary lovers, cooks or especially for beginners in cooking, but, dishes originating from western countries generally use French term. French cooking terms are still widely found in western cookbooks, the fact is that every region has cooking terms according to the language they use, where these terms are used for communication when working in the kitchen. Cooking terms in French have become well-known in every food and beverage industry, it's no wonder that beginners or students often encounter cooking terms in French when working in the kitchen or reading western cookbooks. This research was conducted on a book entitled Essentials of Professional Cooking by Wayne Gisslen about categories of cooking terms in French and their meanings in English. The writer conducts this research by using descriptive method, this study is designed to get information concerning with the meaning of culinary term of French in essential professional cooking’s book and its category. In the end, the writer conducted in finding Culinary Categorization also literal meaning of French culinary term that found some forms such as Word, Compound word and Collocation also in meaning based on culinary world by using cookery encyclopedia and French-English dictionary.

Lexiques et corpus au service de la littératie océanique : propriétés et relations lexicales dans le domaine de la faune marine

Lexicons and Corpora Serving Ocean Literacy: Properties and Lexical Relations in the Field of Marine Fauna. In this article, we present the first steps of the Ocean Literacy project, which aims to promote the creation and processing of a comparable medium-sized specialised corpus (French-Italian) in the field of marine fauna as well as the creation of a lexicographic resource to describe the lexical relations between the terminological units (TUs) of the field in question, using the theoretical framework of Explanatory and Combinatorial Lexicology. After describing the methodological and theoretical choices made when compiling and processing the ZooCor (fr-it) corpus, we will proceed to the analysis of the French term candidates resulting from semi-automatic extraction using TermoStat software. We will then describe the general architecture of the lexicographic resource ZooTerm which is currently under development, and explain, with the help of a terminographical data model and concrete examples, why we chose to use lexical functions to systematically encode the relations between terms associated with the marine fauna domain. Finally, we will discuss the results and the main theoretical issues raised from this exploratory work. Keywords: lexicon, corpus, ocean literacy, marine fauna, lexical relations

On the Translation of the Names of the French Courts into Russian

Being part of the culture of a particular state, law is also always national in its content. Consequently, the peculiarity of the language of law is due to its connection with the legal system of the state, the reflection of which it is. Thus, a certain conceptual and terminological apparatus is formed, taking into account the legal features inherent in a single state.In this article, the author is limited to considering the use of translation techniques on the example of translating the names of the French judicial authorities and determining occasional correspondences in the absence of an equivalent or variant correspondence to the French term in Russian.A short analysis allows the author to argue that the complexity of translating legal terms is primarily due to differences in the legal systems of countries, difficulties in finding the necessary terms, which implies the presence of not only a sufficient vocabulary in this area, knowledge of grammar, but also an understanding of the specifics of the system. The translation should not be reduced to a free interpretation of the legal term of the original language and not literal transmission, but transcoding into the translation language with the fullest possible preservation of its meaning by means of the translation language. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the recipient in order to clearly bring the semantic content to his consciousness.

Mechanisms of torsades de pointes: an update.

Torsades de Pointes (TdP) refers to a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) with undulating QRS axis that occurs in long QT syndrome (LQTS), although the term has been used to describe polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias in which QT intervals are not prolonged, such as short-coupled variant of TdP currently known as short-coupled ventricular fibrillation (VF) and Brugada syndrome. Extensive works on LQTS-related TdP over more than 50 years since it was first recognized by Dessertennes who coined the French term meaning "twisting of the points", have led to current understanding of the electrophysiological mechanism that TdP is initiated by triggered activity due to early afterdepolarization (EAD) and maintained by reentry within a substrate of inhomogeneous repolarization. While a recently emerging notion that steep voltage gradients rather than EADs are crucial to generate premature ventricular contractions provides additions to the initiation mode, the research to elucidate the maintenance mechanism hasn't made much progress. The reentrant activity that produces the specific form of VT is not well characterized. We have conducted optical mapping in a rabbit model of electrical storm by electrical remodeling (QT prolongation) due to chronic complete atrioventricular block and demonstrated that a tissue-island with prolonged refractoriness due to enhanced late Na+ current (INa-L) contributes to the generation of drifting rotors in a unique manner, which may explain the ECG characteristic of TdP. Moreover, we have proposed that the neural Na+ channel NaV1.8-mediated INa-L may be a new player to form the substrate for TdP. Here we discuss TdP mechanisms by comparing the findings in electrical storm rabbits with recently published studies by others in simulation models and human and animal models of LQTS.

Цветовая концептосфера в английском, французском и русском языках: лингвокультурологический анализ фразеологических единиц с цветовым признаком

The aim of the study is to identify the universality, diversity and uniqueness of the color conceptual sphere in English, French and Russian linguistic cultures, implemented through phraseological units with a color feature and color terms in English, French and Russian. The paper presents a linguocultural analysis of the GREEN, GRAY, YELLOW, ORANGE, PURPLE, PINK and BROWN concepts in the three languages. The study is novel in that it is the first to identify, systematize and describe peripheral and single color concepts using the material of three languages. As a result of the research, it was found that the color conceptual sphere is more relevant for French linguistic culture than for English and Russian linguistic cultures. The peripheral concepts GREEN, GRAY, and YELLOW in the linguistic cultures under comparison are widely used to reflect character traits, appearance, physical characteristics of a person and relationships between people. The single concepts ORANGE, PURPLE, PINK and BROWN mainly reflect the color characteristics of the inorganic world. Color acts as an expressor of universality, diversity and uniqueness in the construction of the color conceptual sphere in the considered linguistic cultures.

Perceção da família sobre a segurança nos cuidados à criança hospitalizada: scoping review

Introduction Patient safety is one of the fundamental pillars of the quality of healthcare. The perception of families of hospitalized children allows for an expanded understanding of the factors contributing to the occurrence of safety incidents, raising awareness among healthcare professionals and organizations for implementing safer practices. Objective To map the available scientific evidence regarding the family's perception of the safety of care provided to hospitalized children. Methods A scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations (2020), adhering to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Searches were performed on the CINAHL and MEDLINE databases (via EBSCOhost), SciELO, Scopus, and RCAAP, using descriptors and free terms in Portuguese, English, Spanish, and French, from 1999 onwards. Two independent reviewers carried out the search, study relevance analysis, data extraction, and synthesis between March and May 2022. Results Out of the 1,590 studies obtained, 29 were included as they met the eligibility criteria and addressed the objectives of the scoping review. Families reported various safety incidents, with a higher prevalence related to therapeutic administration. They frequently cited lack of communication as a contributing factor to unsafe care. Family members provided diverse suggestions for promoting safety, emphasizing increased vigilance, attention, and information transmission. Conclusion Family members of hospitalized children can identify safety incidents and contributing factors to unsafe care, offering suggestions for improvement. Understanding family members' perceptions and involving them are essential for enhancing the safety of hospitalized children. This scoping review allows healthcare professionals to reconsider their practices and recognize the importance of family involvement in care.

Amphibious Author: Abel Boyer, Iphigénie, and Huguenot Migration

This article centres on the idea of an ‘amphibious author’, an epithet applied to the London-based Huguenot writer, lexicographer, and translator Abel Boyer (1667?–1729). Cross-channel migration of word-usages corresponded with the migration of people. While the French term ‘amphibie’ was used in relation to suspected Huguenot status in early modern France, the English counterpart, ‘amphibious’, could be used to keep a French migrant writer at bay. The ‘amphibiousness’, the half-Englishness, half-Frenchness, of Abel Boyer was negotiated through his translation of Racine’s Iphigénie, a play which presents characters displaced by state politics. While Boyer adapted the surface to English taste for varied spectacle, the undercurrents of his translation – repeated emphasis on the transitional setting and character duality – reveal an interpretation which resonates with his own status. The satirical epithet is not merely a label, but a productive means of investigating the translation work and reception of a Huguenot migrant.

Figurative meanings of culinary terms in Polish and French

This article provides an overview of some examples of the figurative use of culinary terms in contemporary Polish and French. Words, phrases, and expressions in both languages contain commonly known culinary terms (e.g. Polish: kapuśniaczek, odgrzewane kotlety, wiedzieć, gdzie leżą konfitury, French: nouille, patate chaude, mettre du beurre dans les épinards) and are mostly used in colloquial language. A comparison of selected examples in both languages in terms of structure and meaning is presented. For some, it has been possible to explain the basis of the metaphor’s origin.

Les termes prévenu et accusé en droit pénal français, canadien et suisse et leurs équivalents roumains

In French criminal law, the various procedural statuses of (alledged) offenders are highly nuanced: suspect, témoin, témoin assisté, mis en examen, prévenu, accusé , etc. The concepts operationalised in this respect in the codes (Code pénal and Code de procédure pénale in partic ular) are not systematically defined, but the oppositions that structure this terminological field can easily be approached with the help of contexts and cotexts (the study of collocations proves very promising in this respect). The same is true of the opposition that is the focus of our research (prévenu vs. accusé). e two notions are culturally marked: our study will explore the differences in use (and therefore in conceptualisation / designation) of the two terms in French, Swiss and Canadian criminal law, while evoking the intercultural Romanian equivalents of the terminological system from which they derive.

COLOR PERCEPTION IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AND CULTURES (BASED ON THE FRENCH AND GERMAN LANGIAGE MATERIALS)

Purpose. This paper is devoted to consideration of the color terms in French and German idioms and paremias and determining specifics of color perception in both languages. The authors made a comprehensive analysis of French and German idioms and paremias which contain color components. Color lexics containing such colors as blue/azure, red, green, yellow, white and black serves as the object of the analysis. Color palette clearly reflects cultural diversity, a worldview of French and German people.
 Method and methodology of the work. The study is based on comparative and descriptive method and method of thematical analysis of lexical units.
 Results. The results of the conducted research let us to conclude that color terms in both French and German languages are quite diverse from the national-cultural perspective and convey a high degree of intensity. Color perception is grounded on emotional impressions. All the color terms considered in the current article have positive as well as negative assessment, more rarely neutral.
 Practical implications. The outcomes of the study can be used in teaching lexicology, phraseology, stylistics, as well as within the field of linguistic and cultural studies of France and Germany.

From Cezanne’s Petrography to Suprematist Facture

Abstract This essay focuses on the emergence and development of the concept of faktura in Russia. The term can be translated by the French term “facture” which is frequently used in art history, denoting how a thing is made. The English translation of faktura as “texture” is less satisfactory. The author argues that faktura or facture was fundamental to the development of modernism in Russia. He analyzes the statements of Kazimir Malevich and his artist colleagues concerning facture and Paul Cezanne’s works and argues that Malevich’s analysis of Cezanne’s surfaces – his pigments, colors, brushstrokes, stratigraphy – shaped modernism and sparked a shift away from tangible materi-al textures to immaterial Suprematist facture.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНЕШНИХ И ВНУТРЕННИХ ЗАКОНОВ ЯЗЫКА НА ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ТЕРМИНОВ В СИНХРОНИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

In the article, through the prism of various types of formal-content asymmetry of a linguistic sign (polysemy, synonymy), the author analyzes the change in the meaning of such French terms as quarantaine, isolement and confinement, which became relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic that has affected the whole world, under the influence of external and internal laws language development in a synchronic aspect. As a result of study, it was found that, due to the law of economy of lexical means, the language updated the terms quarantaine, isolement and confinement already in its arsenal, which, under influence of the law of evolutionary change, acquired a new meaning in the modern era, confirming the existence of a close relationship between social and linguistic changes. The law of asymmetry of the allowed native speakers to synchronously use these lexemes, which have multidimensionality, which are characterized by polysemy and synonymy in their desire to convey complex events of reality through the means of language as accurately and diversely as possible, which indicates the relationship between language and human thinking.

Dear food: Yuca’s relational role in sustaining precarious populations in Ecuador

In this article, we argue that communities’ relationship to food helps to shape their experiences of crises. The French term la vie chère – dear life – simultaneously invokes affective relations, collective valuations, and high prices, pointing to the importance of all these dimensions in understanding experiences and responses to rising costs of living. In this sense, the ways through which people apprehend and experience the cultivation and consumption of food influence their possibilities for material sustenance. The study compares the role of yuca, a regional word for cassava, in a coastal and in an Amazonian province of Ecuador, in order to shed light on trajectories of social reproduction in contexts of scarcity. Key to the divergent experiences of cassava in these two sites are histories of colonization and exploitation of land and people that shape social and human–nature relations, as well as expert studies that define and reinforce the tuber’s relational role in diverse ecologies.

Wykorzystanie korpusów tekstowych w nauczaniu języka francuskiego na przykładzie analizy kontrastywnej polsko-francuskiej

This paper outlines the theoretical background of data-driven learning (DDL) and its hands-on application in French Language Teaching, as well as the didactic potential of using text corpora functionalities to extract collocations. The second part focuses on the analysis of a project conducted among students of Romance Philology. Its objective was a corpus analysis of selected French terms and their Polish equivalents on the theme of social issues. The study reported a good understanding of the principles of corpus analysis by the students and an attempt to draw conclusions based on word frequency and extracted collocations. It was found that DDL could effectively deepen the development of lexical competence, especially as regards lexical combinations. Another conclusion points out that this approach allows the acquisition of extralinguistic competences – the student’s autonomy in learning a foreign language, critical thinking and heuristic skills.

Francisation of Sponsor, Coach, and Start-up – the Perspective of the French Linguistic Policy

The article concerns one of the important elements of the cultural policies implemented in France and Quebec, that is, their linguistic policies. Although they are two distinct, French-speaking territories on two sides of the Atlantic, their policies share some important elements. The article focuses on one of them – the approach to foreign terms, which today are mostly American terms, permeating into the French language and the French terms recommended by special governmental organisations in France and Quebec that are supposed to replace these foreign terms. After a brief outline of the two policies and general principles of francisation of foreign terms, the work-ings of the process of francisation are analysed. The object of analysis are terms recommended as equi-valents of three English terms from the area of management and marketing: sponsor, coach, and start-up. Adopting the linguistic point of view, it is shown that francisation involves a reference to many di-verse dimensions – involving both the structural, cultural, and conceptual level.

The Penetration of French Terms into the English-Speaking Diplomatic Discourse

Key words: interrelation, penetration, diplomatic terms and phrases, borrowings, interaction, French influence, international relations, vocabulary, political discourse, negotiations, loan words In the history of the English language, French has long been considered to be the ideal “donor” language. Since the Norman Conquest, French has brought new words to the English vocabulary. Many studies of the language and its evolution have focused their linguistic attention on the French effect on the lexicon of English. Vocabulary has always been the most dynamic aspect of a language. France was a major military, economic, and cultural power for hundreds of years, and as a result, French became the universal language of politics. Diplomatic correspondence between various nations was conducted in French. The French language is still well-represented in the terminology of diplomacy. At one time the famous British diplomat Harold Nicholson called French the language of “geometric precision”. French, with its accuracy, lexical composition and syntax, have contributed, like other languages, to the improvement of diplomatic negotiations conducted in English. And what does diplomacy mean if not the art of negotiation, in which language plays a key role. English, having proven itself in the field of science, in the field of diplomacy, shows the huge impact of French especially through its vocabulary. The French language, thanks to its precision and clarity, clearly indicates the great influence on English. French influence on English has proven many times its legal precision that suits international negotiations. After so many years of dominating international relations French has had directly a great impact on the English diplomatic practice.

Analysis of French Language Training Needs for Tourism Actors in Nusa Penida

This research is intended to review and characterize the French language training requirements for Nusa Penida tour operators to develop their foreign language skills. In Klungkung Regency, Nusa Penida Island which is located in the south of Bali Island is managed as a Regency. Dubbed “Bali Is Called Nusa Penida The Best Destination for Backpackers,” it ranks first out of 20 countries as the biggest destination for tourists worldwide, beating Vietnam, Madagascar, and other ASEAN countries, according to the New Dublin Based Online and Hostel-Booking Platform.
 Comparing the number of visitors from various European countries to Bali from 2016 to 2020, the number of French tourists occupies the top position. Likewise, the island of Nusa Penida sees many French visitors. The following questions were included in a questionnaire given to 50 respondents: What topic of French are you most interested in learning? What kind of French language education are you looking for? What French term or verb would you like to learn first? What kind of substance do you need? What learning method do you prefer?
 According to the responses, speaking and oral communication skills were cited by 70% of respondents as their top learning priority, followed by outreach by 50% of respondents and courses by 36%. 44% of respondents identified greetings as a function of the language they wanted to learn, while 24% chose greetings and giving information. 48% of respondents said they wanted travel information, and 26% said they wanted information about food. 34% of respondents chose reading and writing as their preferred learning method, while 28% chose to listen.