Standard Terminology Research Articles

DNA methylation inhibitors adverse reaction characteristic analysis: an analysis based on the European spontaneous adverse event reporting system

IntroductionDNA methylation inhibitors have been approved for the prevention of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), and their safety profile is not fully characterized. This study was aimed at evaluating the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of DNA methylation inhibitors by analyzing the individual case safety reports (ICSRs) collected in the EudraVigilance (EV) database.Materials and methodsThe EV database managed by the European Medicines Agency was adopted. The standardized medical terminology set MedDRA was utilized. The ICSRs data of DNA methylation inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia originated from the EV database (2005–2024). A descriptive exploration of the combined data from EV was undertaken to assess the age, gender of patients, severity and outcome of ADR, event year, geographical origin and the qualification of the reporting source. A comprehensive assessment was made for severe ADR cases. By means of the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI), a non-proportional analysis was made for MedDRA® SOC in DNA methylation inhibitors. Statistical analysis was executed with SPSS version 23.0, and p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.ResultThe study reveals that reports related to AZACITIDINE increased from 2005 to 2023, with a slight decline in 2024, while those for DECITABINE have been on the rise since 2007. ICSRs were associated with a majority of males and individuals aged 65–85. Healthcare professionals frequently reported ICSRs related to DNA methylation inhibitors. A significant portion of these ICSRs were serious and completely resolved. The most common ADRs were identified, and certain ADRs had a higher reporting probability with AZACITIDINE (e.g., Febrile neutropenia, Anamia, etc.) and others with DECITABINE (e.g., Myelosuppression, Thrombocytopenia, etc.).ConclusionThe analysis regarding ADRs of DNA methylation inhibitors was consistent with the literature information disclosed. AZACITIDINE and DECITABINE each have ADRs with a high probability of being reported. Although the study has the advantage of using the database, it is limited by the spontaneous reporting system. Future improvements are needed to accurately evaluate the safety of the drugs.

Unifying terminology, reporting, and bowel preparation standards in colon capsule endoscopy: Nyborg Consensus

AbstractColon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is becoming increasingly popular in Europe. However, development of quality assurance and standardized terminology has not kept pace with clinical integration of this technology. As a result, there are significant variations in reporting standards, highlighting the need for a standardized terminology and framework. We used the RAND process to achieve a consensus of experts to determine the terminology in CCE, bowel cleansing assessment, and quality assurance reporting and future research priorities.A panel comprising 14 European CCE experts evaluated 45 statements during the international REFLECT symposium (Nyborg, Denmark) through three survey rounds and face-to-face and virtual discussions in the initial two rounds. Participants anonymously rated statement appropriateness.Twenty-eight consensus statements were developed. Eight statements focus on consistent terminology for confirming CCE-detected polypoid and inflammatory colonic lesions with colonoscopy. To ensure standardization and quality assurance, 13 mandatory fields were recommended for inclusion in a CCE report. Three endorsed reporting methodologies were suggested, emphasizing prompt notification for suspected malignant findings, recommending a generic disclaimer regarding stomach and small bowel visualization intentions, and establishing reporting timelines at an interdepartmental level based on urgency. Four bowel preparation scale-related statements led to the recommendation to adoptithe Colon Capsule CLEansing Assessment and Reporting (CC-CLEAR) scale as the preferred scale.This study established a framework for terminology, reporting, and assessment of bowel cleansing for CCE. Future research should focus on optimizing bowel preparation regimens and exploring artificial intelligence applications in CCE.

Incidental Finding of a Persistent Right Vitelline Artery in a 13-Year-Old Boy with Acute Appendicitis: A Case Report with Clinico-Pathological Correlation and a Comprehensive Literature Review.

The persistence of fetal vitelline structures may occur. The primary intestinal arterial supply development happens normally in this scenario, but a vitelline vascular remnant (VVR) persists. A 13-year-old boy with a history of severe and intermittent abdominal pain since early infancy presented to the Emergency Department with clinical, analytical, and ultrasonographic findings suggestive of acute appendicitis. There was no evidence of intestinal obstruction. Surgical treatment was indicated. A thick fibrovascular band from the umbilicus to the terminal ileum's mesentery was identified during laparoscopy. A gangrenous cecal appendix was also identified. A regular appendectomy and surgical excision of the band was performed. The histopathological study confirmed that it was a persistent right vitelline artery (VVR) and that the patient had acute gangrenous appendicitis. The patient evolved favorably and is currently asymptomatic and under follow-up. The literature on VVR is scarce. The present manuscript reviews the main characteristics of this embryological insult based on the preceding literature. Standardization of terminology regarding VVR will help better understand this pathology in the future.

Evaluation of a Point-of-Care-Viscoelastic Coagulation Device in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis).

Viscoelastic testing evaluates the formation and lysis of a clot over time, allowing more complete assessment of patient hemostasis in real time, whereas traditional tests, such as prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, only measure coagulation factor function. Patient-side viscoelastic coagulation monitors are easy to use, portable, and provide faster turnaround time than commercial laboratories. Viscoelastic testing requires only 0.2 mL of blood and is useful in diagnosing and treating hemostatic disorders. Currently, there is no standardized coagulation testing method across bird species. In this cross-sectional study, a viscoelastic coagulation device, the Entegrion Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor-Vet (VCM-Vet), was evaluated. Blood samples were obtained from 26 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAPs) (Amazona ventralis) under manual restraint. Results were recorded on the device as graphical output with quantitative viscoelastic measurements. Results were reported using standard rotational thromboelastometry terminology, including clotting time, clot formation time, alpha angle, maximum clot firmness, clot firmness amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes after clot formation, and clot lysis at 30 and 45 minutes. The median clotting time was 463 seconds (reference interval: 56-1635 seconds), the mean clot formation time was 704.7 seconds (reference interval: 172-1697 seconds), the mean alpha angle was 27.3 (reference interval: 7-60), and the mean maximum clot firmness was 15.4 (reference interval: 7-25). Statistical analysis found that all parameters were normally distributed aside from clotting time in seconds. There was no appreciable breakdown of the clot during the 60-minute device runtime, and there was no significant difference in any parameter based on sex. The VCM-Vet produced clotting times for this population of HAPs and enabled the creation of reference intervals. Based on our findings, the VCM-Vet can be used to assess clot potential in HAPs and possibly other avian species.

Best Practice Guidelines for Collecting Microbiome Samples in Research Studies.

Microbiome research has the potential to provide valuable information regarding the complex relationship between microbial communities and the human body. To help facilitate the translation of this potentially revolutionary research to clinical medicine, common guidelines and best practices are necessary. These guidelines should be based on the key findings of recent research in the field and address the primary areas of discrepancy in the previously published literature. Based on this review's findings, future microbiome research should adopt a consistent and clear approach to nomenclature, using standardized terminology to mitigate confusion. Additionally, only sample collection methods proven to reduce the risk of contamination should be utilized. While sample storage often creates difficulty in microbiome research, there are proven techniques that can improve results. With the wide array of research methodologies in the literature, standardization of metadata collection, kits, and analysis software could also be beneficial. Finally, documentation and records are critical in ensuring reproducibility, as is the case with all basic research. This brief review provides a foundation for evidence-based guidelines in microbiome research. PATIENT SUMMARY: This report outlines general guidelines and best practices for conducting microbiome research, which could significantly advance the field of medicine.

A Critical Analysis of the Chinese Translation of “Zero Report”—Towards the Standardization of Terminology from the Perspective of Global Health Communication

A Critical Analysis of the Chinese Translation of “Zero Report”—Towards the Standardization of Terminology from the Perspective of Global Health Communication

Development and publication of a multilingual chemical dictionary: A collaborative approach to terminology standardization

The Chemical Dictionary, a collaborative effort by the Lexicographic Centre "Georgi Stardelov" at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Society of Chemists and Technologists of Macedonia, is a significant contribution to the standardization and accessibility of chemical terminology. The dictionary comprises 3,743 entries, each featuring a lemma, a concise definition, translation equivalents in four languages, and, in some cases, illustrative content. This multilingual and multidisciplinary approach addresses the growing need for uniformity in chemical language across educational, research, and professional contexts. Published in two volumes of approximately 500 pages each, the dictionary adheres to international standards, including IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature, ensuring its global relevance and accuracy. Its development involved extensive efforts from a multidisciplinary team of chemists, terminologists, and linguists who collaborated extensively from 2019 to 2024. The rigorous process included terminology extraction, definition refinement, and linguistic harmonization. In addition to the print edition, the dictionary will be available online at https://term.manu.edu.mk/chemistry, utilizing the Lexonomy platform. This digital version offers advanced search capabilities, cross-referencing, and multilingual navigation, making it an indispensable resource for educators, researchers, and students.

Cortical hemodynamics of electrographic status epilepticus in the critically ill.

The pathophysiological mechanisms of status epilepticus (SE) underlying potential brain injury remain largely unclear. This study aims to employ functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with video-electroencephalography (vEEG) to monitor brain hemodynamics continuously and non-invasively in critically ill adult patients experiencing electrographic SE. Our primary focus is to investigate neurovascular coupling and cerebrovascular changes associated with seizures, particularly during recurring and/or prolonged episodes. Eleven critically ill adult patients underwent simultaneous vEEG-fNIRS with large cortical coverage. Data from seven patients with identified electrographic SE were analyzed. The timing of recorded seizures was marked using standardized critical care EEG terminology. A general linear model was employed to extract the hemodynamic response to seizures from the fNIRS recordings. Linear mixed-effects models were utilized to correlate hemodynamic responses with seizure characteristics. A total of >200 h of monitoring and >1000 seizures were recorded. In most patients, an increase in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and a decrease in deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) were observed during shorter-duration seizures. Although a similar response could also be seen initially for longer-duration seizures, this hemodynamic change was often followed by a progressive decline in HbO concentration and an increase in HbR. At the systemic level, no significant difference in peripheral oxygenation occurred during seizures, and only small changes in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate occurred in four and two patients, respectively. We demonstrate the feasibility of using multichannel vEEG-fNIRS to measure the hemodynamic changes associated with electrographic seizures in critically ill adult patients. Our findings suggest that disrupted neurovascular coupling is more prevalent during prolonged seizures compared to recurrent short-duration seizures. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between neuronal activity and hemodynamics during critical care seizures.

Urothelial carcinoma in situ with “early papillary formation” vs “lateral spread/shoulder lesion” of prior high-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma: A survey of pathologist and urologist interpretations

ABSTRACT Objectives Urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) with early papillary formation is terminology sometimes used to suggest incipient high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (PUC) but may lead to confusion between true CIS and lateral flat spread of PUC. Methods It remains unclear how pathologists and urologists interpret this scenario, so a survey was circulated to 68 pathologists (group 1 = 28 academic genitourinary pathologists; group 2 = 17 pathologists with a self-reported genitourinary focus; group 3 = 23 pathologists self-reported as not genitourinary specialists) and 32 urologists. Results Regarding atypical urothelial lesions that appear mainly flat but contain possible papillae, group 3 was more likely to label this as CIS compared with groups 1 and 2 (35% for group 3 vs 13% for groups 1 and 2), while groups 1 and 2 more often adopted another descriptive diagnosis, such as “CIS with early papillary features” (38% for groups 1 and 2 vs 13% for group 3). Among all 3 groups, group 1 was most likely to diagnose concomitant CIS and PUC in the same specimen but in different tissue fragments (58%). Pagetoid spread was reported to favor CIS predominantly by group 1 (61%). Urologists felt that the term lateral spread/shoulder was unclear (75%) and preferred early PUC (44%) or PUC with early growth (44%). Half (53%) of urologists felt that reporting CIS instead of lateral spread of PUC would change management. Conclusions Documentation of flat lesions lacks consensus among pathologists and may benefit from standardized terminology. Moreover, the distinction between CIS and early or lateral spread of PUC is not always clear to urologists and can influence disease management.

Construction, Deployment, and Usage of the Human Reference Atlas Knowledge Graph for Linked Open Data.

The Human Reference Atlas (HRA) for the healthy, adult body is developed by a team of international, interdisciplinary experts across 20+ consortia. It provides standard terminologies and data structures for describing specimens, biological structures, and spatial positions of experimental datasets and ontology-linked reference anatomical structures (AS), cell types (CT), and biomarkers (B). We introduce the HRA Knowledge Graph (KG) as central data resource for HRA v2.2, supporting cross-scale, biological queries to Resource Description Framework graphs using SPARQL. In December 2024, the HRA KG covered 71 organs with 5,800 AS, 2,268 CTs, 2,531 Bs; it had 10,064,033 nodes, 171,250,177 edges, and a size of 125.84 GB. The HRA KG comprises 13 types of Digital Objects (DOs) using the Common Coordinate Framework Ontology to standardize core concepts and relationships across DOs. We (1) provide data and code for HRA KG construction; (2) detail HRA KG deployment by Linked Open Data principles; and (3) illustrate HRA KG usage via application programming interfaces, user interfaces, and data products. A companion website is at https://cns-iu.github.io/hra-kg-supporting-information.

Hematopoietic adverse events associated with PARP Inhibitors:A FAERS database study

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify and analyze hematopoietic adverse drug reaction (ADR) signals associated with Olaparib, Niraparib, Rucaparib, and Talazoparib – poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors – using data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, providing guidance for rational clinical use. Methods ASCII data related to the target drugs were extracted from the FAERS database, covering the period from Q1 2019 to Q2 2024. Standardized MedDRA queries (SMQ) and Preferred Terms (PT) from the MedDRA Adverse Drug Reaction glossary were used for international terminology standardization and localization. ADR signals were screened using the Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR), and the comprehensive MHRA method. The composition ratios of the SMQ data for the four drugs were compared. Results The study found that hematopoietic adverse reactions for the four PARP inhibitors were concentrated within 30 days post-treatment, with some latency observed, indicating the need for both short-term and long-term monitoring of hematopoietic cells. The most common hematopoietic system adverse events involved cytopenia and leukopenia. Niraparib had the highest number of adverse events and the strongest signal intensity. Both Olaparib and Talazoparib exhibited strong hematotoxicity signals, necessitating careful consideration of their safety profiles. Conclusion Significant differences exist in the number, occurrence, and duration of adverse reactions among the four PARP inhibitors. Clinicians should tailor treatment plans to individual patient conditions to enhance the rationality and safety of PARP inhibitor use.

Multi-stakeholder sessions on major innovation topics in rare disease clinical trials

BackgroundThe European Joint Programme on Rare Diseases aims to enhance the rare diseases research ecosystem by bringing together stakeholders such as research funders, institutions and patient organizations. Work Package 20 focuses on the validation, use and development of innovative methodologies for rare disease clinical trials. This paper reports on the outcomes of a retreat held in April 2023, where areas for innovation and educational needs in rare disease clinical trials were discussed in multi-stakeholder sessions.MethodsMulti-stakeholder sessions covered the topics: Future Educational System, Randomization in Rare Disease Clinical Trials, Endpoints in Rare Disease Clinical Trials and Using History Course Data. The sessions began with expert presentations to set the scene, followed by guided discussions facilitated by questions on a collaborative digital whiteboard. Participants wrote responses, which were then discussed live with the experts.ResultsTraining is needed for diverse stakeholders in rare disease clinical trials to enhance understanding and drive innovation. Challenges include a lack of standardized terminology for multiple endpoints, inadequate understanding of randomization in small sample studies and various obstacles in effectively using natural history data.ConclusionCreating a comprehensive and sustainable educational program for rare diseases clinical trial methodology requires strategic collaboration and adherence to FAIR principles. The workshop highlighted the need for innovations for topics in areas such as handling missing data, optimizing the extraction of information from small samples, remote endpoint measurement and new randomized inference techniques. Additionally, integrating innovations into tailored training programs is crucial for advancing the field.

Strategies to Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care for Chronic Conditions : An Evidence Map of Research From 2017 to 2024.

Racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care persist in the United States, adversely affecting outcomes in prevention and treatment of chronic conditions among adults. To map interventions aimed at reducing racial and ethnic disparities and improving health outcomes in the prevention and treatment of chronic conditions in adults. Searches of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus from January 2017 to April 2024, supplemented with gray literature. U.S.-based studies of interventions targeting racial and ethnic disparities in adults with chronic conditions. Information on intervention types, targets, outcomes, study designs, study settings, chronic conditions, and delivery personnel was extracted and categorized. Among 174 unique studies, 12 intervention types were identified, with self-management support and patient navigation the most common. Most interventions targeted patient behaviors; few studies addressed disparities directly or focused on underrepresented racial and ethnic marginalized groups. The lack of standardized terminology and the underrepresentation of certain racial and ethnic groups limit the evidence base. Although the literature search accurately reflects the current state of the literature, it also limits the body of evidence by excluding health disparities research conducted before January 2017, so significant findings from earlier studies may have been overlooked. The literature highlights diverse interventions targeting health disparities, but few studies evaluated their effectiveness in reducing the health disparities gaps. There is an urgent need for research focused on underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, particularly in promising areas such as patient navigation for cancer and diabetes self-management. Future research should prioritize robust study designs to assess the long-term effect and broader applicability of interventions, thus helping organizations and stakeholders to tailor strategies to community-specific needs. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

LI-RADS in 2024: recent updates, planned refinements, and future directions.

Initially released in 2011, liver imaging reporting and data (LI-RADS) CT/MRI diagnostic algorithm categorizes hepatic observations on an ordinal scale based on the probability of hepatocellular carcinoma, malignancy, or benignity, and guides reproducible interpretation, clear communication, and standardized terminology for liver imaging. LI-RADS has significantly expanded in scope in the past decade, with the inclusion of algorithms that address screening and surveillance, diagnosis with contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and treatment response assessment with both CEUS and CT/MRI. LI-RADS algorithms undergo periodic refinements based on accumulating scientific evidence, user feedback, and technological advancements. This manuscript discusses recent LI-RADS algorithm refinements, planned updates, with a focus on LI-RADS CT/MRI diagnostic algorithm, and future goals.

Navigating Nongenetic Plasticity in Cancer Drug Resistance

Nongenetic plasticity has emerged as a key driver of cancer drug resistance, yet its precise origins, nature, and consequences are not fully clarified. This review examines technological, computational, and conceptual developments in the nongenetic determinants of drug resistance. We begin by proposing refined definitions of cellular state, fate, and plasticity. We subsequently contextualize the findings from multimodal approaches to investigate plasticity, highlighting how new single-cell lineage-tracing methods provide opportunities for quantitatively capturing state transitions, their timescales and heritability, and how they contribute to resistance mechanisms. We also draw parallels with concepts from developmental biology and microbial persistence research. Next, we cover the role that computational approaches have played in revealing the otherwise latent patterns of heterogeneity that underlie plasticity from complex datasets. We conclude by emphasizing the need for standardized terminology in this rapidly evolving field and the path from bench to bedside.

What Happens to Unused Symptom Response Kits in the Community: A Narrative Review.

Introduction: It is a common practice in Ontario to prescribe patients with advanced life-limiting illness a Symptom Response Kit (SRK), an emergency medication and medical supply kit, to manage distressing symptoms in the community toward the end of life (EOL). These are hugely beneficial to patients; however, the medications included have high risk profiles, and there is no uniform procedure in place for the return or disposal of SRKs. This narrative review aims to identify what happens to unused SRKs when no longer needed. Methodology: The literature search was conducted on Medline Ovid, Embase, and CINAHL databases in early 2022 and re-conducted from 2022 to September 15, 2023. Ontario Health at Home (OHAH) websites were also searched in early 2022 and again in January 2024. We included conference abstracts, systematic reviews, scoping reviews, and clinical trials published in the English language that discussed the use of SRK (or equivalent) in community palliative care. Results: Twenty-six studies were included, 12 (46.2%) of which originated from the United States and 3 (11.5%) from Canada. Few studies (34.6%) discussed safety. One study provided instructions given to patients and families regarding return or disposal of unused kits. There was no consistent terminology for SRKs in studies or throughout OHAH organization websites. Three OHAH organizations' websites had instructions available on procedures for disposal or return of unused kits. Conclusions: There is a paucity of research on the use of SRK, although the practice is common. There is no consensus on SRK terminology and no studies evaluating the return or safe disposal of SRKs in the community when no longer needed. Future work should establish safety regulations, disposal monitoring, supervision of use, and terminology standardization. OHAH organizations provincially are conducting innovative work in this area.

An elucidation of blended modeling from an industrial perspective

AbstractModel-Driven Engineering (MDE) has been widely adopted across various industrial sectors due to its ability to manage the complexity of modern engineering products. However, traditional modeling languages and tools are often limited to a single, specific concrete syntax, which poses challenges for the diverse stakeholders involved in the modeling process.. To address these limitations, the emerging field of blended modeling introduces the use of multiple concrete syntaxes, and in some cases, even multiple abstract syntaxes, for representing the same information. In this expert perspective, we present generalized, technology-agnostic concepts developed within a European research and development project focused on blended modeling. Specifically, we contribute a standardized terminology and ontology for blended modeling, along with a methodology for creating blended modeling environments. These concepts were developed through collaboration between academic and industrial partners, who aligned on the motivations and benefits of this approach. The insights gained from this project are not only relevant to blended MDE but also can be applied to traditional MDE practices.

Risk factors contributing to interproximal contact loss between an implant crown and a natural tooth.

Interproximal contact loss (ICL) is considered a prevalent complication for a tooth abutting an implant restoration. While numerous potential causes for ICL have been presented, there is no consensus. A review of the current literature with a focus on possible risk factors was performed. A PubMed search using keywords "implant OR dental implants OR implant supported prosthesis AND proximal contact loss OR ICL OR loss of interproximal contact OR open contact OR interproximal open contact OR adjacent natural teeth" resulted in 81 citations, 9 of which were relevant to the focus question. Additional references were culled from the reference lists in the identified articles. Systematic reviews, case series, and case reports were reviewed with a focus on causation, association, or correlation. Eight systematic reviews and 14 case series were reviewed. The prevalence of ICL has been reported to be as low as 16% and as high as 66%. ICL was more common on the mesial side of implants and when a tooth abuts a splinted implant restoration. The absence of a uniform definition to accurately describe an interproximal (IP) contact and an open IP contact is demonstrated in the literature. A lack of standardized measurement strategies that relate to a needed consensus definition further exacerbates the broad range of reported results regarding ICL. The lack of controls for almost all the ICL literature makes it difficult to draw conclusions and comparisons to unrestored, natural tooth IP contacts and the prevalence of ICL in this patient population. As a result, the available studies are inadequate to support a causal theory and the potential risk factors associated with ICL. There is a large range of reported prevalence for IP contact loss. ICL is more common when a natural tooth abutsa splinted implant restoration. ICL is more common on the mesial, as opposed to the distal, of an implant retained restoration. Consensus in the definition and measurement strategies for ICL needs to be established to provide standardized terminology and methodology. Potential risk factors such as occlusion, restorative material, and tooth contact area need to be investigated.

The 100 Most-Cited Publications in Lichen Planopilaris: A Bibliometric Analysis

Plain Language SummaryLichen planopilaris (LPP) is a rare, scarring hair loss disorder that primarily affects women between the ages of 40 and 60. LPP leads to permanent hair loss by triggering an immune reaction against hair follicles, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. LPP includes several subtypes, such as frontal fibrosing alopecia, which is characterized by hairline recession, and Graham-Little syndrome, which affects both scalp and body hair. Diagnosing LPP can be challenging due to its similarity to other conditions, requiring a combination of clinical evaluation, tissue analysis, and increasingly, dermoscopy – a noninvasive method for examining the scalp. This bibliometric analysis examined the 100 most-cited research articles on LPP to identify influential studies, emerging trends, and knowledge gaps. The analysis revealed that most studies focus on clinical presentation and tissue analysis findings, while high-level evidence remains scarce. Notably, trichoscopy, a dermoscopic technique, is becoming an important tool for diagnosing LPP, with key features like redness around hair follicles and loss of follicular openings frequently reported in the literature. However, a lack of standardized terminology and limited research on darker skin types present challenges in clinical practice. The study highlights the need for further research to standardize diagnostic criteria, improve treatment outcomes, and include a more diverse range of patient populations. Expanding the geographical and linguistic scope of LPP research could help address these gaps, ultimately improving the diagnosis and management of this complex disorder.

LI-RADS: Current Status and Future Directions.

The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a comprehensive system that uses standardized terminology, technique, interpretation, and reporting of imaging studies for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, diagnosis, and locoregional treatment response assessment. Since its initial release in 2011, LI-RADS has evolved and expanded in scope. In this article, we discuss recent updates intended to address clinical needs and mitigate current challenges.