Variety Of Terminology Research Articles

The metamorphosis of definition of punishment in international criminal law

The article is devoted to an attempt to generalise and systematise the preliminary considerations regarding the outline of the initial contours of the so-called “interdependence” of the internal content and specific formulations and expressions which are currently commonly used to refer to the concept of “punishment in international criminal law”. An assumption is suggested concerning the evolving nature of the definition of the notion of punishment in international criminal law, given the wide terminological variety of concepts and constructs present in scientific usage, which are as a rule either “located alongside” or “used instead”. At least eighteen, to a certain extent, unique and original phrases designed to describe phenomena similar to “punishment in international criminal law” are identified, among which a special emphasis is traditionally assigned to such specific syntactic units as “international punishment” and “international criminal punishment”, the use of which is quite typical and fairly evident in the modern scientific and information discourse. An assertion is made about the potential existence of a fundamental difference in the definition of the concept of punishment in international criminal law depending on the approaches to its perception, in view of the underlying method depicted in specific terms and categories: 1) through the prism of the imposition of punishment on specific individuals (“punishment of international criminals”); 2) by understanding punishment through the category of “incredible atrocities” (“punishment for international crimes”); 3) by “reading” its content from the perspective of international and national criminal justice bodies (“punishment in the law and practice of international criminal tribunals and courts, national and local institutions”); 4) comprehending its essence by inserting it into a certain setting (“punishment in international, transitional and transitional contexts”); 5) either from the standpoint and perspectives of legal norms (“punishment and international law, punishment and international criminal law”) or their violation (“punishment for violations of international criminal and international humanitarian law”). It is emphasized that further scientific investigations aimed at establishing the essence of each of the currently existing terms with a view to clarifying their content in order to develop a unified definition of the concept of punishment in international criminal law are expedient.

Scoping Review Shows the Dynamics and Complexities Inherent to the Notion of "Responsibility" in Artificial Intelligence within the Healthcare Context.

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare presents a host of ethical, legal, social, and political challenges involving various stakeholders. These challengesprompt various studies proposing frameworks and guidelines to tackle these issues, emphasizing distinct phases of AI development, deployment, and oversight. As a result, the notion of responsible AI has become widespread, incorporating ethical principles such as transparency, fairness, responsibility, and privacy.This paper explores the existing literature on AI use in healthcare to examine how it addresses, defines, and discusses the concept of responsibility. We conducted a scoping review of literature related to AI responsibility in healthcare, searching databases and reference lists between January 2017 and January 2022 for terms related to "responsibility" and "AI in healthcare", and their derivatives.Following screening, 136 articles were included. Data were grouped into four thematic categories: (1) the variety of terminology used to describe and address responsibility; (2) principles and concepts associated with responsibility; (3) stakeholders' responsibilities in AI clinical development, use, and deployment; and (4)recommendations for addressing responsibility concerns. The results show the lack of a clear definition of AI responsibility in healthcare and highlight the importance of ensuring responsible development and implementation of AI in healthcare. Further research is necessary to clarify this notion to contribute to developing frameworks regarding the type of responsibility (ethical/moral/professional, legal, and causal) of various stakeholders involved in the AI lifecycle.

A tweet sentiment classification approach using an ensemble classifier

Social media users are more receptive to products or events and share their thoughts through raw textual data, which is classified as semi-structured data. This data, which is presented using a variety of terminologies, is noisy by nature but yet contains important information and superfluous details, giving analysts a way to identify patterns and knowledge. This hidden information must be extracted from language data in order to make informed decisions and create strategic plans for entering new markets. Among the most prominent fields of study are natural language processing (NLP) and data mining techniques, especially when it comes to sentiment analysis—the process of identifying the feelings and insights concealed in the data. Twitter is one of the significant microblogging platform with millions of users. These users use Twitter to share sentiments using hash tags on different topics and to make status updates known as tweets. Twitter is therefore regarded as a significant real-time source and as one of the most active opinion indicators. The volume of information is produced by Twitter is enormous and manually scanning the entire data set is difficult process. The paper proposed an ensemble classifier to categorize emotion of the tweets on the basis of polarities such as positive and negative.In our study, we ensemble classifiers which is a combination of Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT). The data is collected from Twitter API and the Twitter data is analysed autonomously to define public view on particular topic. The features obtained after the process of dimensionality reduction using LDA undergoes the stage of feature selection using Wrapper based technique. The iterative Wrapper based technique predict score for the features, the features with low score are ignored and high score is proceeded for classification. The ensemble classifier used Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) technique where the output from the Machine Learning (ML) classifiers are combined to produce a single output. Adaboost combines the poor classifiers and extracts the prediction value to make a better classifier. The experimental results show that the proposed ensemble classifier provides better accuracy of 93.42 % that is comparatively better than existing Convolutional Bidirectional - Long Short-Term Memory (ConvBiLSTM) classifier and Hybrid Lexicon- Naïve Bayes Classifier (HL-NBC) which produce classification accuracy of 91.53 % and 89.61 % respectively.

Community interpreting and the specifics of the training of translators in the social and legal spheres

The article is dedicated to the topical issues of interpretation in the social, legal and medical spheres of activity. The author concretized the concept of communal translation, the scope of its application, and considered possible types of this translation. The object of the study is the translation in the field of social sphere, legal issues, medical care, and interaction with administrative bodies, called community interpreting. The subject of the study is the analysis of the discursive components of community interpreting on the example of the English language, the ways of implementing this translation and the problems of training community interpreters in the social and legal fields. The interpreter becomes a direct participant and intermediary in the process of interaction between different parties, that requires him to be more responsible for authenticity (i.e. completeness, accuracy and adequacy) and the quality of translation, which cannot be achieved without mobilizing all his knowledge and skills of professional activity. The article also notes that currently the training of community interpreters is not given due attention. The novelty of the research lies in the identification, analysis and generalization of the features of community interpreting, as well as in the study of the specifics of community interpreting at the present stage as a necessary component of the communicative environment of modern society. Distinctive features of communal translation are its versatility, wide coverage of various aspects of life, which lead to the use of a variety of terminology, different types of discourses and speech styles, the presence of slang, dialects, and abbreviations of different subjects. The specialists, who carry out this type of translation, must possess socio-cultural competence along with language and speech knowledge and skills.

Community interpreting and the specifics of the training of translators in the social and legal spheres

The article is dedicated to the topical issues of interpretation in the social, legal and medical spheres of activity. The author concretized the concept of communal translation, the scope of its application, and considered possible types of this translation. The object of the study is the translation in the field of social sphere, legal issues, medical care, and interaction with administrative bodies, called community interpreting. The subject of the study is the analysis of the discursive components of community interpreting on the example of the English language, the ways of implementing this translation and the problems of training community interpreters in the social and legal fields. The interpreter becomes a direct participant and intermediary in the process of interaction between different parties, that requires him to be more responsible for authenticity (i.e. completeness, accuracy and adequacy) and the quality of translation, which cannot be achieved without mobilizing all his knowledge and skills of professional activity. The article also notes that currently the training of community interpreters is not given due attention. The novelty of the research lies in the identification, analysis and generalization of the features of community interpreting, as well as in the study of the specifics of community interpreting at the present stage as a necessary component of the communicative environment of modern society. Distinctive features of communal translation are its versatility, wide coverage of various aspects of life, which lead to the use of a variety of terminology, different types of discourses and speech styles, the presence of slang, dialects, and abbreviations of different subjects. The specialists, who carry out this type of translation, must possess socio-cultural competence along with language and speech knowledge and skills.

О непонятном в понятии доказательств

The article is devoted to the concept of evidence in criminal proceedings. The author draws attention to the variety of terminology. Tries to find out the reason for the different meanings that are put into the terms “proof” and “evidence”. The question of the necessity of the concept of evidence in the text of the criminal procedure law is considered. To explain the nature of the concept of evidence, the work of processualists who formed this concept before the information model of evidence was strengthened is used. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the development of the theory of evidence and the historical continuity of its provisions, there is still a lot of uncertainty in the concept of evidence.

Fomentar el uso de la metodología CLIL para promeover el aprendizaje de vocabulario en contexto

Introducción CLIL is a powerful methodology to improve the fluency and the oral communication skill of any learner. It also provides learners an opportunity to study content from different perspectives and complements other subjects rather than competing with them. Further, it motivates and boost learners’ confidence in both, language and subject matter, and develop thinking skills from the start. CLIL helps in bringing updated practices into the curriculum since students learn one or more of their school subjects in a targeted language, frequently in another second language. Moreover, in order to master a language, a learner must have a large repertoire of words in mind to be able to understand the language. Vocabulary is a centre part of language ability and generates the foundation for learning how well scholars speak, read, write, and listen. It is without a doubt that vocabulary is seen as a key to all language skills since it covers all lexical items learners need to know to meet their numerous educational and general needs. Objetivos The goal of this research work as to determine the importance of using the CLIL methodology in an EFL class to increase students’ vocabulary learning of students from Unidad Educativa UK. In orderr to achieve this, it was importan to to conceptualise the fundamental theory of CLIL methodology, to analyse the essential theory of vocabulary learning and to identify the strategies and activity students have been exposed to learn vocabulary within the CLIL methodology. Método Cuantitativo, descriptivo no experimental. Principales resultados Results come from the survey applied to students, and it is important to mention that the questions analyzed were the most relevant in relation to the main four ones mentioned before: subject that most help student to learn the English language, students develop a project at the end of each term, Students not only learn the language but also the English culture and students work cooperatively in the classroom, students have learned vocabulary due to Maths, Science, Language, and Social Studies during their school life. After all, the questions were multiple choice questions as well as using a Likert scale. Never (1) Rarely (2) Sometimes (3 ) Often ( 4) Always (5). After analyzing them, it is deduce that most learners learn English in the language class with an average of 86,7. Consequently English is best learned in the language class than in the Math and Social Studies. Further, students develop a project at the end of each term in order to expose students to the language, it reflects that goals are planned for the long term because things cannot be achieved overnight with a mean of 3,47. In addition, English culture is learnt by students with a mean of 3,17. Therefore, it can be concluded that the institution really cares about preparing students to get used to the English culture when they go abroad. Last but not least, learners work cooperatively most of the time with a mean of 3,93. Consequently, students have the chance to share knowledge and ideas which is very helpful to practice the language. In relation to the language skills, results displayed that students have improved their language skills since they were exposed to many situations where they argued their points of view about the different topics of the subjects. Moreover, learners learnt a vast variety of terminology from each subject due to it helped them to learn new words. Conclusiones CLIL is a modern method that aims at teaching subjects such as Science, Math, Social Studies, but mainly Language. Additionally, students have the chance to learn vocabulary by employing various strategies and activities as the following ones: they used memory, cognitive, metacognitive, and activation strategies. Nevertheless, memory, cognitive, and activation strategies are the most used. To illustrate that, relating information to a specific word using synonyms was the most used activity. By comparison, the metacognitive strategy was the least used one. In that sense, concerning information to a certain word by using antonyms was the least used activity. In addition, projects are planned and presented at the end of each semester to familiarize students with the language. Also, because English is an international language, students learn English in context as they learn English culture. Finally, students have the opportunity to collaborate and share their knowledge and ideas which is very useful for language practice.

Metonymization Procedures in Artificial Intelligence (in English and Romanian Languages)

In this article, we address term creation in 3 terms from the domain of artificial intelligence, which are representative and revelatory for the study of reterminologization in the triad of the specialized domains of emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence and artificial intelligence. The study of reterminologization in the announced triad traces conceptual interferences to state-of-the-art terms created in the domain of artificial intelligence, in particular, through metonymization. The domain of artificial intelligence is a dynamic and prolific one, with a terminological variety that allows the study of conceptual interferences inspired from the domain of human intelligence. The terms that are subject to analysis in the article have a high degree of complexity and conceptually encompass the triad of emotional, cognitive and artificial intelligence.

Refining urban design governance: an investigation of the urban design assessment processes in Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT This article investigates the urban design decision-making processes within Aotearoa New Zealand. It analyses the documents and terminologies in urban design assessments of residential developments and maps the professions that prepare them. It draws data from four cities: Auckland, Tauranga, Wellington, and Christchurch. The findings reveal a core of referenced documentation but uncertainty regarding supplementary documents, a variety of terminologies, and a range of expertise and qualifications of those preparing the assessments. These findings suggest that further guidance and prescribed professional standards are desirable to refine the governance of the urban design sector in Aotearoa New Zealand.

A comprehensive taxonomy for explainable artificial intelligence: a systematic survey of surveys on methods and concepts

In the meantime, a wide variety of terminologies, motivations, approaches, and evaluation criteria have been developed within the research field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). With the amount of XAI methods vastly growing, a taxonomy of methods is needed by researchers as well as practitioners: To grasp the breadth of the topic, compare methods, and to select the right XAI method based on traits required by a specific use-case context. Many taxonomies for XAI methods of varying level of detail and depth can be found in the literature. While they often have a different focus, they also exhibit many points of overlap. This paper unifies these efforts and provides a complete taxonomy of XAI methods with respect to notions present in the current state of research. In a structured literature analysis and meta-study, we identified and reviewed more than 50 of the most cited and current surveys on XAI methods, metrics, and method traits. After summarizing them in a survey of surveys, we merge terminologies and concepts of the articles into a unified structured taxonomy. Single concepts therein are illustrated by more than 50 diverse selected example methods in total, which we categorize accordingly. The taxonomy may serve both beginners, researchers, and practitioners as a reference and wide-ranging overview of XAI method traits and aspects. Hence, it provides foundations for targeted, use-case-oriented, and context-sensitive future research.

Attack Detection for Medical Cyber-Physical Systems–A Systematic Literature Review

The threat situation due to cyber attacks in hospitals is emerging and patient life is at risk. One significant source of potential vulnerabilities is medical cyber-physical systems (MCPS). Detecting intrusions in this environment faces challenges different from other domains, mainly due to the heterogeneity of devices, the diversity of connectivity types, and the variety of terminology. To summarize existing results, we conducted a structured literature review (SLR) following the guidelines of Kitchenham et al. for SLRs in software engineering. We developed six research questions regarding detection approach, detection location, included features, adversarial focus, utilized datasets, and intrusion prevention. We identified that most researchers focused on an anomaly-based detection approach at the network layer. The primary focus was on the detection of malicious insiders. While several researchers used publicly available datasets for training and testing their algorithms, the lack of suitable datasets resulted in the development of testbeds consisting of various medical devices. Based on the results, we formulated five future research topics. First, the special conditions of hospital networks, the MCPS deployed within them, and the contrasts to other IT and OT environments should be examined. Thereupon, MCPS-specific datasets should be created that allow researchers to address the health domain’s unique requirements and possibilities. At the same time, endeavors aimed at standardization in this area should be supported and expanded. Moreover, the use of medical context for attack detection should be further explored. Last but not least, efforts for MCPS-tailored intrusion prevention should be intensified. This way, the emerging threat landscape can be addressed, IT security in hospitals can be improved, and patient health can be protected.

From Eunuchs to Transgenders: the Issue of “Third Gender” Terminology in Pakistan

The research focuses on the specifics of defining and classifying individuals with non-binary gender identity in Pakistan. On the one hand, within Muslim society which is oriented toward traditional values such persons are largely marginalized and perceived as a wholesomely negative phenomenon, scrutinizing which is reprehensible per se. However, we have determined a considerable number of terms which are applied to “third gender” (and applied rather randomly, due to the disparaging attitude to such people). The main reason behind existing terminological variety is that the “third gender” is traditionally viewed in Pakistan through the prism of hijra – unique South Asian communities that include those who, while not being biological females, are unwilling or unable to act according to societal expectations from the male gender. Thus, the unsystematic character of contemporary approach to non-binary gender discourse in Pakistan is predetermined by deep historical roots of this phenomenon and its autonomous development in the region. Upon analyzing a broad range of sources, we classified their suggested terms for “third gender” in the light of theoretical works on gender. It allowed us to establish five discourses (physiological, psychological, Islamic, colonial, legal) with their own specific nomenclature, the practical applicability of which was assessed in this article. Comparative analysis of existing classifications demonstrates that various nomenclatures exist autonomously, which considerably hinders the unification of terminology. This situation can be regarded as an instance of a larger problem within Pakistani society – namely, incoordination of different societal fields and mechanisms of political and legal action.

Fixed Coordinative Expressions in English Language Teaching

The article considers a special subclass of phraseological units of the English language, known as binomials. The author highlights their main structural, functional, and semantic characteristics. The article reviews the issues of teaching these language units within the framework of school education, as well as the problems that arise when teaching professional communication in English at the university level. Based on the generalization of the experience of teaching English at school and university, the author explains that this type of phraseological units does not receive sufficient coverage in the education process. It is argued that students do not develop an understanding of the linguistic specificity of this type of phraseological units, which is demonstrated by the example of the so-called “paired synonyms”. The article gives several reasons, including a variety of terminology, which, in the author’s opinion, contribute to this state of affairs. The article discusses individual solutions to the issues raised. Among other things, it is pointed out that, within the framework of the English language teaching at school, it is necessary to create a separate phraseological minimum and develop a system of special exercises that would contribute to the active use of the most common language units of this type in the speech of English language learners.

Дорога как предмет концептуальной рефлексии

This article is dedicated to making sense of the cultural term “road” in research literature. Also, the author makes a disclosure of different “road” term interpretations in various scientific articles. The necessity of this analysis is contingent on terminological variety, which leads to problems while using terms even in one and the same article. In this article we are trying to highlight a dominant term for different fields of knowledge for the word “road”. It turns out that in ethnologist articles specialists describe the road as an archetype, a mythologeme. The archetype of the road as a sort of spatial archetype appeared in the collective mind and outspoken in ethnic texts; traditions and rituals play an important role in the world view of different nations. Describing a road as a mythologeme allows to give it a sacral meaning, a road as a way to the “other world”, the borderland between ‘us’ and ‘them’, a dark place. In literary articles the road is viewed as chronotopos, assembling spatial and time relationship in literary texts. A number of researchers highlight that the “road” chronotopos as a storyline creator and organizer is reflected in Russian literature of XIX-XXI centuries and act independently in the texts of different periods and different authors. The analysis of the road as a metaphor can also be found in linguistic research. Authors suggest different ways of metaphorization, such as “way of life/way of death”, “way of perception”, “way of work”, “way of salvation/way of sin”, “way of creation/way of destruction”. The culturological method permits the authors to look at the road as a concept and divine the terms “road” and “way”. Within philosophy of culture a “road” had a meaning of a cultural universal relevant to different cultures, world models: mythological, religious, philosophical, artistical. Art science makes an accent on characteristic art’s image of the road. The article concludes about the importance of the phenomenon of the road as an integral part of culture at all stages of its development, as well as a fairly thorough study of the road as a cultural phenomenon, the formation of various conceptual schemes for its description in the domestic research literature.

Sustainable corporate governance: A review of research on long‐term corporate ownership and sustainability

AbstractResearch Question/IssueShort‐termism is increasingly seen as a problem for developing sustainable and responsible business. We posit that a long‐term ownership horizon is an enabling but not sufficient condition for sustainability and propose owner stewardship as an important contingency.Research Findings/InsightsWe review 161 articles on the relationship between corporate ownership and sustainability/CSR, published during 2017–2021 and not covered by previous reviews. We find (1) in most cases, a positive effect of institutional ownership on sustainability, particularly for long‐term institutional investors; (2) in most cases, a positive effect of state ownership, seen as long‐term‐oriented; and (3) mixed results regarding family ownership, also seen as long‐term‐oriented. We also observe considerable heterogeneity in how prior research defines and measures the key constructs of our review.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsLong‐term ownership appears to be an enabling but not sufficient condition for corporate sustainability, and stewardship at the ownership level may be an important missing link. Furthermore, the wide variety of terminology and measures in the literature poses a challenge for knowledge accumulation. Efforts towards convergence and standardization seem important.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsAn exclusive focus on short‐termism may be misleading. Business leaders and policymakers ought to consider other parameters, such as steward ownership.

From Alien to Neighbor: The Journey of Ruth

The Tanak offers a multifaceted and often contrasting portrait of migration. For example, while in some texts the aliens are presented as a threat to fear, in others they represent one of the categories of the poor (widow, orphan, foreign) to protect and welcome (Lev 23:22; Deut 14:29; Jer 7:6). The variety of terminology indicates a complex social stratification and suggests a journey from “foreignness” to “integration.” Finally, while migration to the land of Israel is presented as synonymous with a journey of identity construction and faith, migration from the land of Israel represents a journey of self-destruction, slavery, and death. Against this background, this article examines the relationship between Israel and the “alien” as portrayed in the book of Ruth, employing rabbinic and pragmatic readings. The book is considered the result of the debate generated in Israel in the postexilic era, documented in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Jonah, about the relationship between the Jewish identity, obtained by election, and “otherness.” The article’s hypothesis is that the book of Ruth enters paradoxically in this debate, inviting its reader to the reception and the inclusion of the foreigner.

Optimizing Cache Hit Ratio in Edge Computing Using Machine Learning Techniques

Abstract: Over the past few years, computing points in cloud computing systems have begun to extend to terminal nodes in network infrastructure as more powerful and smarter devices become available. This extent to computing power has triggered a variety of terminology, including fog computers, Nano data centers, and cloudlets. Edge caching has aroused increased interest in research as mobile traffic grows rapidly and more traffic is devoted to serving content (as opposed to communication between end nodes). By placing popular content in the cache for edge servers that are closer to the end of the user, a wireless network can simultaneously achieve a smaller content delivery delay for the users and an improved spectrum and energy efficiency. Keywords: edge computing, fog computers, Nano data centers, machine learning algorithm

TERMINOLOGICAL GAPS – A CHALLENGE IN SPECIALIZED TRANSLATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD

The change of higher education paradigm, once the Republic of Moldova has become a full member of European Higher Education Area is reflected within specialized language. A lot of new terminological units penetrate through translations the Romanian education language. The specialized translators have to overcome the translaltion difficulties in good time. The terminological gaps in Romanian represent a significant challenge. Once the source terms do not have standardized target terms in the terminographical sources, the translators suggest translational neonyms, giving rise to the phonomenon of terminological variety.

Inductive content analysis: A guide for beginning qualitative researchers

Inductive content analysis (ICA), or qualitative content analysis, is a method of qualitative data analysis well-suited to use in health-related research, particularly in relatively small-scale, non-complex research done by health professionals undertaking research-focused degree courses. For those new to qualitative research, the methodological literature on ICA can be difficult to navigate, as it employs a wide variety of terminology and gives a number of different descriptions of when and how to carry it out.In this article, we describe in plain language what ICA is, highlight how it differs from deductive content analysis and thematic analysis, and discuss the key aspects to consider when making decisions about employing ICA in qualitative research. Using a study investigating practices and views around genetic testing in children as an example, we provide a clear step-by-step account of analysing text using ICA. Clear guidance on ICA will be useful for beginning researchers, especially those more familiar with quantitative biomedical and behavioural research, and for their academic and professional supervisors.

Re-focusing explainability in medicine.

Using artificial intelligence to improve patient care is a cutting-edge methodology, but its implementation in clinical routine has been limited due to significant concerns about understanding its behavior. One major barrier is the explainability dilemma and how much explanation is required to use artificial intelligence safely in healthcare. A key issue is the lack of consensus on the definition of explainability by experts, regulators, and healthcare professionals, resulting in a wide variety of terminology and expectations. This paper aims to fill the gap by defining minimal explainability standards to serve the views and needs of essential stakeholders in healthcare. In that sense, we propose to define minimal explainability criteria that can support doctors’ understanding, meet patients’ needs, and fulfill legal requirements. Therefore, explainability need not to be exhaustive but sufficient for doctors and patients to comprehend the artificial intelligence models’ clinical implications and be integrated safely into clinical practice. Thus, minimally acceptable standards for explainability are context-dependent and should respond to the specific need and potential risks of each clinical scenario for a responsible and ethical implementation of artificial intelligence.