Terminological Problems Research Articles

Intelligent Transport Systems as the Basis of de Lege Ferenda of the Transport System of the Russian Federation

Objective: to research the trends of legal regulation of using intelligent transport systems under digital transformation of the transport sector of economy, namely, the growing importance of intelligent transport systems in the future transport system of the Russian Federation.Methods: systemic-structural method is the basis for researching intelligent transport systems. It enables to study the architecture of intelligent transport systems as a complex structural unity. Also, comparative-legal method was used, aimed at illustrating the differences and similarities in the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems. Methods of legal modeling and forecasting, as well as formal-logic method, served as secondary methods to comprehensively study the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems.Results: the article presents conceptual approaches to defining the notion of “intelligent transport systems” and outlining the hierarchy of intelligent transport systems, which play a fundamental role in building the transport sector. Based on the analysis, conclusions are made about the vectors of forming transport legislation, aimed at regulating the use of intelligent transport systems.Scientific novelty: the article provides a conceptual approach to forming the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems. To this end, the issue is considered about the essential content of the notion of “intelligent transport systems” at legal and scientific levels; the current terminological problems in building the legal regulation are shown. Analysis of the architecture of intelligent transport systems allowed for the first time to formulate the basic approaches to shaping the legal regulation of its individual elements (including highly automated and fully automated transport means, “smart” infrastructure, etc.) not in isolation but as constituent parts of the whole matter.Practical significance: the presented materials and conclusions facilitate the development of legal regulation of transport industry under digital transformation. The article accentuates the legal regulation of intelligent transport systems taking into account their technical and technological features. It is the intelligent transport systems that are de lege ferenda of the transport system, which determines the vector of transformation of transport legislation. In turn, development of the legal bases allows broadening the geography of introducing technical novelties and making their application much more large-scale.

About Smart Systems in Libraries

The purpose of this article is to discuss the actual problem of using smart systems, metaphorically called “artificial intelligence technology”, “virtual reality”, etc. In addition to the terminological problem, special attention is paid at such important aspect as “digital transformation”, which is the fourth stage of automation of activity, including that of libraries. In digital transformation, the main thing is the transformation of the regulatory framework, in particular, putting it in order. Without terminologization, algorithmization and creation of an ontology of the subject area of information and library activities, it is impossible to create a professional smart system. The study bases on the categorical tensor approach. It shows that the main trend in the development of digital innovations in library and information activities is smartization, mediatization and virtualization. The basic properties of smart systems that allow analyzing the authenticity of scientific and technical texts and identifying authentic texts in them are revealed. It is noted that compression and visualization of analyzed texts can enable librarians to carry out information analysis of publicly available documents, for example, abstracts of dissertations in order to identify detonation data located in the peripheral zone. The emergence of smart systems in the form of a GPT chatbot (Generative Pretrained Transformer) will reflect in the use of professional smart systems, which, unlike anti-plagiarism systems, will identify scientific media products at the semiotic level. The presented results can intensify the discussion on the topic under consideration.

Окремі методологічні аспекти дослідження історіографії музейництва на Прикарпатті другої половини ХІХ – 30-х рр. ХХ століття

This article presents certain methodological aspects of the historiography of museums in the Precarpathian region in the period from mid-19th century to the 1930s. All terminological problems are identified. The meaning of the terms “museum work”, “museum studies”, “museology” is outlined. The chronological boundaries of the study are determined. They have two levels. The first level is the territory of the Precarpathian region, which almost completely coincides with the administrative borders of the Ivano-Frankivsk region today. The second level has a global scale – scientific works of scientists all over the world. In the scientific and historical studies of the development of museums in the Precarpathian region of the aforementioned period, the following historiographical periods can be distinguished: historiography of the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th centurу, scientific studies of the 1920s and the 1930s, Soviet (post-war) historiography, and contemporary Ukrainian historiography. In each of the above periods, there were excellent methodological approaches, ideological attitudes and epistemological capabilities.

Criminalistic activity in the structure of forensic knowledge: problems of terminology

Criminalistic activity in the structure of forensic knowledge: problems of terminology

Parental Responsibility – a Rose by any Other Name...

Parental responsibility is among the key questions in family law—what should it be called and how should it be approached? Considering various countries, there is evidently no clear consensus. Ultimately, regardless of the label attached—be it parental care, parental authority, parental responsibility, or parental rights and obligations—the driving principle must be the best interest of the child. Is it possible, or even feasible, to come to a terminological and systematic unity across different national legislations? Does it even matter how we refer to this concept, as long as the contents are up to par? The following study is devoted to a systematic and terminological problem concerning one of the most important types of family law relations—the rights and obligations of parents. In this field, Slovak family law shows a certain underdevelopment, especially in relation to European legislation.

THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSLATION

THE PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC TERMINOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSLATION

Der Gegenstandsbegriff als terminologische Hürde für Brentanos Konzeption intentionaler Inexistenz

Abstract Brentano’s use of the expression ‘intentional inexistence’ poses a considerable terminological problem. This is due not only to the expressions ‘intentional’ and ‘inexistence’ contained in it. The biggest hurdle is the liberal use of the expression ‘object’, which is encouraged by Brentano’s notion of intentional inexistent (or immanent) objects. Carlo Ierna tries to meet this problem with a strategy that allows to hold on to the notion of intentional inexistence without accepting immanent objects. The originality of his interpretation lies, as I will show in my commentary, in the fact that it tries to achieve its goal by terminological measures alone. Following the same line, I will argue that Brentano’s self-correction, made in the second edition of his Psychology, can also be interpreted in this context as a terminological move.

Classification of pathological epidermization (cholesteatoma) of the middle ear NMAO

The periodicals published over the past 5 years showed that interest in the issue of surgical treatment of chronic otitis media, including one complicated by cholesteatoma, did not wane despite the large accumulated experience of schools in otosurgery around the globe. In our opinion, there are currently some significant problems of terminology in the clinical anatomy of the ear, in particular, the nomenclature of the upper floor of tympanic cavity, which negatively affects the comparison and reproducibility of the results of surgical treatment of chronic otitis media. The critical analysis of the current classification of middle ear cholesteatoma proposed in 2017 and validated in Russia in 2021 demonstrates certain difficulties in using the pathohistological term “cholesteatoma”, as well as the basic inaccuracy in defining the concept and structure of the anterior parts of the epitympanum. The work aims to develop and present a new classification of pathological middle ear epidermization (cholesteatoma), which is based on the pathophysiology of middle ear ventilation. The modern concepts on the mechanisms of middle ear ventilation reveal its important role in developing the pathological epidermization and secondary cholesteatoma. The use of three-dimensional modelling of airway ventilation makes it substantially easier to follow the pathophysiological mechanisms of development of tympanic membrane retraction. The tympanic diaphragm consists of more than 10 composite elements. Understanding the pathophysiological principles underlies the proposed classification of pathological middle ear epidermization (cholesteatoma), which is based on the prevalence of middle ear and surrounding anatomical formation injuries. The pathological process area is coded using the abbreviation of the National Medical Association of Otorhinolaryngologists. In this abbreviation, each letter corresponds to a specific anatomical region. The tympanic diaphragm represents the boundary between the regions. Each letter is assigned an index corresponding to the degree of pathological epidermization invasion into the structures of the middle ear, temporal bone and cranial cavity. The authors provide a table, which serves as a visual aid for ease of coding the diagnosis. Examples of how to formulate a diagnosis in accordance with otoscopic illustrations are given.

A terminological problem

Abstract The term “Humboldt’s Universal”, introduced to linguistics in the 1970s, appears to be synonymous with a number of other expressions, some of which are also used to denote different phenomena (e.g. isomorphism). In this paper, the extent of the terminological problem is highlighted, and a plea is made for explanation of how the term is to be understood in the work of individual authors.

The Dynamic Vectors-Based Attention Model for Chinese Mathematical Term Extraction

Term extraction aims to extract domain-specific terminology from documents. Secondary school mathematics terminology plays a guiding role in the learning and teaching of secondary school mathematics. We found that it needs to be more corpus in this field and that there are two main issues in extracting the terms from the middle school mathematics text: polysemy of one character problem and nested terms problem. Accordingly, we have constructed a secondary school mathematics corpus and proposed a model to resolve these problems, termed BERT-LLA-CRF. Using pre-training to obtain dynamic word vectors to improve the model’s understanding of text semantics and solve the problem of multiple meanings of one word, the proposed model integrates attention mechanisms and Chinese character information to solve the nested terminology problem. The experiment results show that the proposed model effectively solves those problems and achieves good middle-school mathematics term extraction results.

About Some Terms of Regional Linguistics

The article discusses the problems of terminology of the scientific direction developing within the framework of modern humanitarian knowledge – regional linguistics. The integrative nature of regional linguistics (its relationship with geography, history, ethnography, dialectology, sociolinguistics, etc.) not 
 only forms the specifics of this discipline, the variety of terminological nominations of its key concepts and their interpretations, but also determines the multivector approaches to solving its main tasks. Within the framework of the proposed
 approach, based on the analysis of the scope of the concept of region, considered as a field structure, the external boundaries of the derived terminological nominations are clarified – regiolect, regional worldview and regional linguistic personality. The latter, in turn, are characterized against the background of universal concepts of the world picture and linguistic personality. The specifics of correlation relations between the concepts of regional linguistic personality and regional worldview are determined. The role and place of regional knowledge in the structure is characterized.

Are We Ready to Get Rid of the Terms “Chalimus” and ”Preadult” in the Caligid (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae) Life Cycle Nomenclature?

In view of recent studies, we suggest that the term "preadult" should not be used in scientific reports on Copepoda parasitic on fishes as having no explicit meaning or further justification. Consequently, the term "chalimus" with its use currently restricted in the Caligidae to at most two instars in the life cycles of species of Lepeophtheirus, also becomes redundant. In our new understanding, both the chalimus and preadult stages should be referred to as the respective copepodid stages (II through V, in integrative terminology). The terminology for the caligid copepod life cycle thereby becomes consistent with that for the homologous stages of other podoplean copepods. We see no justification for keeping "chalimus" and "preadult" even as purely practical terms. To justify this reinterpretation, we comprehensively summarize and reinterpret the patterns of instar succession reported in previous studies on the ontogeny of caligid copepods, with special attention to the frontal filament. Key concepts are illustrated in diagrams. We conclude that, using the new integrative terminology, copepods of the family Caligidae have the following stages in their life cycles: nauplius I, nauplius II (both free-living), copepodid I (infective), copepodid II (chalimus 1), copepodid III (chalimus 2), copepodid IV (chalimus 3/preadult 1), copepodid V (chalimus 4/preadult 2), and adult (parasitic). With this admittedly polemical paper, we hope to spark a discussion about this terminological problem.

Is There a Need to Widely Prescribe Antibiotics in Patients with COVID-19?

Over the past two years, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has dominated all aspects of health care around the world, often leaving other long-term public health problems in the background. Despite the fact that COVID-19 is a viral disease, the use of antibiotics in these patients was common practice, especially at the beginning of the pandemic. The use of antibiotics (ABs) in patients with the novel coronavirus infection (NCI) reaches over 70% cases. Suspected concomitant bacterial infection, lack of effective means of treating NCI, terminological problems associated with the definition of «pneumonia» may have been the motivating factor for such widespread use. The data of the conducted studies indicate that there is currently insufficient evidence for the widespread empirical use of antibiotics in the majority of hospitalized patients, as the total proportion of bacterial infections in COVID-19 is quite low. Thus, according to most researchers, combined bacterial infection is rare and is less than 10%. Unjustified prescription of ABs to patients with COVID-19 can lead to complications that could otherwise have been avoided, including increased bacterial resistance, Clostridioides difficile infection, kidney failure, and much more. The article provides information on the frequency of AB therapy at various stages of medical care. The analysis of data on the nature of antibiotics prescribed to inpatients and outpatients with COVID-19 in different countries was carried out. Recommendations from different countries on AB therapy in patients with COVID-19 are presented. Conclusion. The data reviewed confirm the discrepancy between the unjustified and excessive prescribing of antibiotics to patients with COVID-19 and the small number of evidence of associated bacterial infections.

Formation of accounting policies of a mining enterprise in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards

Failure to take into account the perceived impacts of climate change threatens business continuity, for example, in agriculture, food production, the transport sector, and the extractive industry. Building a sustainable development strategy at mining enterprises requires the establishment of scientifically based goals. This will allow them to be specified in operational plans, budgets, and forecasts as part of the strategy. The development of a formalized plan should be based on data from the accounting system, the disclosure of which depends on the adopted accounting policy of the enterprise. Despite the existing methodological and methodical developments regarding the reflection of information in the financial statements of the mining enterprise, there are still debatable issues regarding the attribution to capitalization or expenses of the current period of accruals for individual stages of exploration and evaluation, regarding the accounting of geological information, seismic operations, exploration drilling, depreciation by the production method, accounting and evaluation of hydraulic fracturing and other issues. The complexity of developing an accounting methodology is associated with problems of terminology; unclear formulation of the nature of the asset arising from mining activities; the level of aggregation of information; unclear understanding of the types of mining activities; differentiation of the processes of exploration and evaluation of natural resources at mining enterprises from research activities; recognition of an individual asset «work in progress»; subjectivity associated with assumptions about fair value measurement and other issues. The article proposes disclosure of certain provisions of the accounting policy, in particular, on investment real estate, reserves, employee benefits, capitalized costs for overburden, overburden costs, exploration and evaluation costs of minerals, quarry development costs, intangible assets, reserve for quarry reclamation, borrowing costs, income recognition.

The Civil Law Influence on the Tax Law Terminology and Legal Institutions

The purpose of this study is to analyze civil laws influence on tax law terminology and legal institutions.
 The article proves that the civil and tax law interconnection is based on unified property algorithms, which serve as the basis of most legal institutions of these branches of law. This permits civil law, as a relatively old and advanced branch of law, to have a great impact on tax law.
 In addition, this article investigates the continuation of civil and tax legal regulation that is causing civil events and legal facts to be considered in tax rules.
 The analysis of civil and tax legal terminology reveals a legal reception of the civil terms by the tax law, and some terms have changed their meanings. The author exposes problems caused by multiple meanings of legal terms and justifies the need for legal terms to be unambiguousness. It is been proven that the terminological field conception does not apply to solving the problems of civil law and tax law interconnection.
 In the concluding part of this article, an authorial methodology for solving the terminological problems is offered. This methodology involves the forms of civil laws influence on tax law.

Аналіз злочинності: проблеми термінології

Аналіз злочинності: проблеми термінології

Real world evidence studies: problems of terminology and classification

Real world evidence studies: problems of terminology and classification

Development and evaluation of a mobile-based asthma clinical decision support system to enhance evidence-based patient management in primary care

BackgroundDespite tremendous efforts, satisfactory adherence to asthma care guidelines has remained an unmet need worldwide. There is a growing body of evidence that applying informatics-based solutions such as clinical decision support systems (CDSS) could enhance guideline adherence. The main objectives of our research include proposing a framework for translating evidence into a guideline-based CDSS and developing an asthma-specific CDSS based on the proposed framework. MethodsThe stepwise framework for those who want to implement guideline-based CDSS in form of a simple-to-use application was described in this research. Nested decision tree modeling was performed in an iterative process to model patient-related decisions under expert consultation. Six expert panel members were asked to evaluate the application based on actual patient data, once based on paper-based guidelines, and once based on the expert system to calculate the accuracy of our CDSS. In the usability evaluation phase, evaluators completed tasks based on the think-aloud protocol to find usability problems. Then, to determine the level of usability a standard SUS questionnaire was applied. ResultsIn total, 28 clinical decision trees (CDTs) and more than 220 rules were necessary to cover the whole guideline. Moreover, 336 knowledge statements were extracted from the GINA guideline. After modification with feedback from seven experts, our application was developed on the Android Platform. For asthma diagnosis, CDSS had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100%, 86.71%, and 93.33%, respectively. The think-aloud usability evaluation revealed that the total problems (n = 32) were classified deductively into layout problems (43.8%), terminology problems (9.4%), data entry problems (18.8%), and comprehensiveness problems (28.1%). The overall usability score level was 90.22(±9.487), while learnability and usability scores were 4.43 and 4.52 out of 5, respectively. ConclusionThe ginasthma mobile-based CDSS can provide healthcare providers with an automated individualized action plan by combining patient data with embedded knowledge from the GINA guidelines with high accuracy.

The Aesthetics of Employing Conglomerates (Pebbles) in the Plastic Achievements of the Artist Hajar Al-Tayyar

This research is concerned with the study of (the aesthetic use of rocks (pebbles) in the plastic achievements by the artist Hajar Altayyar) and falls into two axes: the first theoretical axis is devoted to (statement of the research problem, its importance, objectives, limits, and definition of terminology). The research problem is summed up in answering this question: What are cobblestones (gravel)? Where does its beauty lie? How did the leading artist, Hajar Altayyar, employ her? Who is the actress Hajar Al Tayyar? The importance of this research was manifested in shedding light on the physical, moral and emotional beauty of the status of the rocks (pebbles) in the individual and its great impact on the artist Hajar Altayyar, which prompted her to master her simulations and employ them with many artistic achievements that bear the goal of beauty and in different methods. There was a necessary and urgent need for this study represented by pioneering In some aspects, it has not been studied in this way, and it fills an important place in national, Arab, Islamic and international libraries that deal with this type of study. This axis also included three topics: The first topic dealt with the aesthetic features of the rocks (pebbles), how they are formed, their types, colors and distinct sizes. However, the second topic touched on the role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in the development and emergence of sciences and arts. While the third topic touched on the artist Hajar Altayyar: (her origin, her job, her most important achievements, her style). As for the second axis (applied), it was concerned with the procedures, as it included (the research community and its sample models, then its method and tool, and the analysis and discussion of the sample models). Then the conclusion, which contained the results of the research, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, and then mentioned the margins and the most important sources that were adopted in this study.

О некоторых аспектах современной топономастической терминологии

The problems of modern toponymic terminology are analyzed, the difficulties caused by differences between the terminological systems of different onomastic schools, as well as the intensity and individualization of modern toponymic research in Russia, are noted. The purpose of the research is to consider the currently existing collisions in the field of toponomastic terminology with a possible attempt to resolve them. Such aspects as the belonging of toponymy to a certain scientific paradigm, euphony, synonymy, new terms, translation issues are highlighted. Methods are proposed that could make it possible to come to a certain unification of the terms used. Attempts have been made to introduce new terminological units in the field of ottoponymic derivatives, as well as the typology and classification of toponyms. It is concluded that it is necessary to generalize toponymic studies and prepare a dictionary of toponomastic terminology, including the forms of Soviet, Russian and Western scientific knowledge in toponomastics. The practical significance of the work lies in focusing the attention of specialists on certain aspects of the functioning of the modern toponomastic terminological system and in the possibility of using the proposed new terms. According to the author, the creation of a modern dictionary of toponomastic terminology would contribute to the generalization of research and the elimination of a number of terminological problems.