Terminological Dictionaries Research Articles

ASSIMILATION OF BORROWINGS IN THE LANGUAGE-RECIPIENT

In the Russian language of the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, the significant part of foreign words were German lexical borrowings. According to the degree of development of the language loanwords recipient traditionally distinguish two main groups of words - assimilated and unassimilated. One of the main bits of foreign words, allocated according to the degree of assimilation, are actually borrowing assimilated words about the skill that scientists have no disagreements. The only problem in this sense is to hold the line between borrowing and internationalism. Internationalism represented, first of all, in the terminological lexicon. By the terms-internationalism: a) socio-political lexicon: congress, constitution, minister, meeting, party, politics, revolution, republic, resolution, senate, etc.; b) scientific terminology: biology, geography, geodesy, geology, zoology, history, linguistics, mathematics, physics, etc.; c) the technical name: unit, antenna, apparatus, harvester, monoplane, tank, tractor; d) art criticism lexicon: aria, ballet, drama, genre, novella, opera, poetry, tenor, etc. When classifying loanwords must be considered the formal features (assimilation of words in the borrowing language) and functionality (use of words in the borrowing language). According to the degree of adaptation of lexical units in the system of the Russian language-recipient, both full and partial assimilation of the German-language vocabulary is possible. Partially assimilated vocabulary can be divided into the following groups: 1) German vocabulary assimilated at the graphic and grammatical levels; 2) German- language vocabulary assimilated at the grammatical level; 3) German-language vocabulary assimilated at the word-formation level; 4) German-language blotches with preceding and following Russian equivalents. The research is based on actual data obtained by different linguists, and on the results of the author's own observations.

Expectations of the Latvian Dictionary Users on the Ideal Terminological Dictionary

    While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it has to be acknowledged that there is a lack of well-designed dictionaries with introductions that explain the principles and intentions of creating the dictionary; there are no references to the resources or other indicators that are important to the dictionary user. Before publishing any dictionary, lexicographers should be aware of the target users, but there is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of the users of the terminological dictionary. A continued study into the attitudes and habits of dictionary users is needed to make clear what the public expects from a terminological dictionary, and that is why a survey was conducted among 161 Latvian bachelor, master, and doctoral students with regard to dictionary use and culture. This empirical research presents a result of a preliminary study on the opinions, attitudes, and habits of Latvian dictionary users regarding the use of terminological dictionaries and their dictionary culture. The aim of the report is to present and discuss answers to one of the open questions in the survey: “In your opinion, what characteristics should the ideal terminological dictionary have?” By mentioning some of the statements to be drawn from the survey, it should be highlighted that the dictionary user in Latvia wants the dictionaries to have an introduction that explains everything that the user is looking for. Being aware that it is almost impossible to create an ideal dictionary, a number of aspects that are relevant to the user are reflected on in the report.

ОНТОЛОГІЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ БАЗИ ЗНАНЬ З ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ПОДОРОЖЕЙ

In modern conditions of society development, increasing degree and pace of integration of information technology achievements in the field of human life, traditional approaches to building information systems become too cumbersome or cease to be effective. One of the ways to solve this problem is to develop knowledge-based systems. The work is devoted to ontological modeling of a new subject area "travel organization". The ontology is considered in the context of knowledge exchange. The created travel ontology is quite modern and relevant today. The developed ontological model of the knowledge base in this area can be implemented on thematic web resources and greatly facilitate the semantic search for information within the subject area in comparison with existing ones. A terminological dictionary from this subject area is defined using the concept of terminological system. An analysis of the possibilities of the Protege ontology development environment for modeling a specific subject area of "travel". The basic principle of ontology modeling in the form of a semantic network is chosen. The proposed network has the opportunity to expand and deepen knowledge about the subject area of "travel". The use of the Protege environment to implement the ontological model of the knowledge base allowed to use the advantages and features of the created model of "travel organization", such as: functionality, transitivity, reflectivity, structuring, completeness, reliability and consistency of information. The criterion for assessing the correctness of the ontological model of the knowledge base is chosen. Testing of the developed ontological knowledge base was carried out and a rather high level of its correctness in the process of information retrieval was confirmed. The average metric on the SUM metric for all users is equal to 82.95%, which is an acceptable indicator of the ontological knowledge base. When using the classical relational model of database organization to implement the "travel" database, the average SUM metric for 10 users is 73.68%. An example of the developed ontology in Protege is considered, a graphic representation of the basic graph of the ontological mode "travel" is given, the model includes 10 classes and subclasses, for each class and subclass 2 properties-relations and from 2 to 10 properties-data are defined, an example is given classes of the ontological model of "travel", an example of "properties-relations" of the ontological model of "travel" is given, an example of "properties-data" of the ontological model of "travel" is given. Possible directions of further development of the ontological model "travel organization" are formulated.

«Материально-техническое обеспечение РККА: 1928-1945 гг.»: к изданию Российским государственным архивом в г. Самаре нового сборника документов

The review of the documents collection prepared by O. N. Soldatova and E. S. Bogdanova at the Russian State Archives in Samara (RGA v g. Samara) notes that the issues of material and technical support of the Red Army in 1928–45 has not been sufficiently studied in historiography. It emphasizes the uniqueness of the publication covering its scientific and technological aspects. The main thematic areas are of undoubted interest: uniforms and footwear for officers and soldiers, equipment and food for the army; innovative technological developments for fastening soles of shoes; raw materials for equipment. The review highlights documents containing information on technology of filming and movie screening, conveyor ovens, use of leather substitutes, special fabrics and prepared tissues, production of bread and bakery, canned food and concentrates, freezing and transportation of products, results of experimental tests. The compilers have carried out great work to identify and analyze the archaeographic documents (including those previously classified) from 18 fonds, which are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The comprehensive treatment of army provisioning is predicated upon the choice of various types of documents: recordkeeping, plans and reports, normative, reference, photographic documents, drawings, diagrams, periodicals. An analysis of the collection architectonics has been carried out, its structural advantages are noted (archaeographic preface, terminological dictionary, object reference, index, list of published documents, list of used fonds, list of abbreviations), as well as high professional level of archaeographic preparation of documents. These characteristics bespeak of unconditional value of scientific and reference apparatus facilitating effective work with the collection. It is concluded that the documents have rich informative potential, increasing empirical base and opening opportunities for new historical and interdisciplinary research, including that of military, scientific-technical, and innovative issues.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: APPROACHES TO DEFINITION, PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

The research is dedicated to the concept of "information technology". The purpose of the article is to analyze the scientific and methodological literature, clarify the essence and structure of information technologies, generalize the classification of information technologies based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian scientists. The subject of research is the concept of "information technology". As part of the analysis of the concept of "information technology", the legislative definition of this term was considered, it was clarified how this category is disclosed in the state standards of Ukraine (in particular, DSTU 5034:2008, DSTU 2226-93, DSTU 2481-94, DSTU 7448:2013) , the wording of the definition in terminological dictionaries was analyzed, the definition of "information technology" defined by the international organization UNESCO was considered. The formulation of the concept of "information technology" in the scientific works of foreign researchers was studied. On the basis of the conducted analysis, the lack of existing definitions was identified and an aggregated definition of the concept of "information technology" was synthesized. The principles that became the basis for the formation of information technologies were analyzed. These principles remain relevant to this day. The publication contains an overview of the main structural components of information technology. Contradictions regarding the definition of the list of structural components of information technology in the works of various scientists have been studied. In addition, the publication provides an infographic of generalized approaches to the classification of information technologies. The work proposes the classification of information technologies according to their intended use, establishes typical components of information technology, and specifies twelve criteria for the classification of information technologies.

СТВОРЕННЯ ВЛАСНИХ ЛІНГВІСТИЧНИХ КОРПУСІВ

The problem of creation of own corpora of parallel texts of large volumes is investigated in the article. The technique and criteria of construction of parallel linguistic corpora are offered. As a result of our research, we created a combined corpus of 3,850,000 pairs of sentences or 65 million words of the English part, which is 10 % of the known COCA corpus or GRAC corpus. Methods for downloading material for the corpus based on the frequency list, terminological dictionaries, as well as frequency lists of words of previously self-created corpora proved to be effective. Theoretical investigations and practical researches for normalization of the corpus are carried out. The type / token ratio, the automatic readability index ARI, the average sentence length ASL, etc. were effective for the study of the corpus. The construction of graphs of the distribution of vocabulary by frequency and length of sentences in the corpus clearly illustrates the results of our research, effectively represents the material. We can also talk about the successful experience of creating narrow specialized terminological corpora as opposed to terminological dictionaries for further research of functional features, sentence models of a particular terminological system. Medical and biological corpora (about 500 thousand pairs of sentences each), as well as a polytechnic corpora for 1.3 million were compiled. A total of eight corpora were compiled, for five of them the total number of characters, words and sentences in the corpus with the corresponding summary table was calculated; the average length of sentences ASL was determined, the automatic readability index ARI were determined, the ratio type/token ratio TTR was calculated. For each corpora frequency lists of vocabulary are made, the total amount of unique vocabulary is calculated and the corresponding logarithmic graphs are constructed; proposed method of analysis of the distribution of vocabulary of the frequency dictionary of the text on the basis of graphs by dividing them into three parts: initial, middle and tail – is considered promising for us.

Die Behandlung der Wortarten in Wörterbüchern zur Lexikographie

The Treatment of Parts of Speech in Dictionaries of Lexicography. The aim of the article is to present and analyse how three dictionaries of lexicography, i.e. Lexicog­raphy. A Dictionary of Basic Terminology (1998) by Igor Burkhanov, Dictionary of Lexicography (2001) by Reinhard R.K. Hartmann and Gregory James and Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuch­forschung/Dictionary of Lexicography and Dictionary Research (2010–2020) by Herbert Ernst Wiegand et al., treat parts of speech. It is examined whether the entries contain only grammatical or also lexi­cog­raphy-related information. Then, the interconnectedness of the articles on parts of speech and other lexicographic content is scrutinised. Subsequently, entries with lexicography-related infor­mation are examined qualitatively. The article concludes with some general remarks on the description of lexicography-external terms in dictionaries of lexicography. The author postulates that both the part-of-speech articles and all other entries on terms from outside lexicography, e.g. from the field of linguistics, contain lexicographic information. It is not the function of these articles to replace analogous articles from specialised dictionaries on the disciplines concerned, and to offer the same content. In dictionaries on lexicography, lexicography should always be the focus and shape the descriptive perspective. Keywords: lexicography, linguistics, linguistic terminology, lexi­co­graphical terminology, grammar, part of speech, specialised dic­tionary, dictionary of lexicography, dictionary evaluation

Идеографический словарь архитектурно-дизайнерской терминологии русского языка

The article discusses reasons for compiling a dictionary of architectural and design terms in the Russian language. The topicality of creating it is connected with the brisk growth of design activity, the branching out of a new training program, Design of Architectural Environment, and the absence of a linguistic terminological dictionary of this professional sphere. The aim of the article is to describe the conception of an ideographic dictionary of Russian architectural and design terminology. The dictionary is based on the special language of architecture and design selected from terminological reference books, educational materials and research literature, commercial catalogues, professional weblogs, websites, and e-commerce sites. The dictionary defines not only terms, but also terminoids, preterms and quasi-terms, and pays special attention to the foreign terminological units and neologisms. This is caused by the under-investigated functional lexis of the architectural environment design sphere, variability and movability of its concepts and terms. The research methods and techniques used in the study are: the lexicographical method with the research techniques of thematic (ideographic) arrangement, definition, componential and contextual analyses. The chosen type of an ideographic dictionary defined its marco-structure: it is represented by a system of thematic groups, subgroups and microgroups, contributes to the development of a holistic professional worldview, and facilitates work with the dictionary. The microstructure shows the content of a lexical entry including core and optional components as well as its design. The core components include the headword with its variants, their stresses and pronunciation features, information on the word’s grammar, its definition and examples of its usage in professional speech. The optional components (etymology, derivatives, terminological collocations with the headword, analogues, synonyms and illustrations) are used as supplementary characteristics of a lexical item if available. Definitions are made by the principle of generic, genetic, operational and contextual explanations with elements of encyclopedic information. The dictionary is intended for linguists, terminologists, students and teachers of the disciplines of the Design of the Architectural Environment training programs, and is of interest to professionals in this field

Проектирование терминологического учебного словаря таможенной сферы: корпусный подход

The article discusses the principles of designing of a multilingual educational terminological dictionary in the customs sphere for the Russian-Belarusian-Kazakh-Kirghiz-Armenian language pairs. The dictionary is planned in electronic format and is intended for the University of Tyumen’s students majoring in Customs. A review of the existing dictionaries of the customs subject area is made. The prerequisites for compiling such a dictionary are analyzed: both in the professional customs domain and from a linguistic point of view. The thematic criteria for determining the boundaries of the discourse of the named subject area are described, the principles of modeling the elements of discourse are listed. The corpus-based study (AntConc, SketchEngine) describes the qualitative and quantitative principles of determining the coverage of discourse, algorithms for the formation of the general population and the sample size, the selection of relevant terminological units for the dictionary. Lexicographic work involves the consideration of different types of sources: (a) official documents (standards, program documents of the EAEU, regulatory legal acts, agreements on international treaties, protocols of meetings of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council); (b) official websites of the customs services of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan; (c) scientific/educational texts (summary monographs, articles in relevant specialized journals, new research in the field of customs studies); (d) dictionaries and encyclopedias. Each term has been selected on the basis of importance and usage within an area of the customs sphere. This dictionary will include various types of information: multilingual equivalents of terms, references to synonyms, antonyms, hypohyperonyms, and abbreviations. An ideographic dictionary - built using the corpus approach - will allow (a) analysing and structuring key concepts and trends in a simplified form using equivalents, pointers and links that reflect the subject area of the customs sphere; (b) collecting the minimum number of terminological units of real usage that are most effective in professional communication. (c) solving the problems posed by the different lexicalization of the same concepts in different languages. Quantitative and systemic criteria were used for this purpose. The learner’s dictionary can help students to understand and translate terminological texts, perform more effectively in a multilingual workplace, and advance knowledge in professional communication. The results can be applied not only to terminology representation, but also to terminography, documentation and translation. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Comparative analysis of the functional and structural organization of modern electronic translational terminological dictionaries

Comparative analysis of the functional and structural organization of modern electronic translational terminological dictionaries

Principles of creating an electronic dictionary of grammatical terms

The development of science and technology, the activation of scientific communication, and the sharp increase in the volume of scientific and technical information have focused the attention of scientists on conducting theoretical, practical and analytical researches on the language of scientific communication, and as a first step in this, creating field terminological dictionaries, improving and automating existing dictionaries. The growing role of science in the world civilization, the increase in the amount of collected, processed and disseminated knowledge showed the necessity of conducting new researches in the field of terminology and terminography. It is known that the creation, systematization, automation of the base of field terms, their reflection in a compatible corpus, which is considered one of the core issues of modern and applied linguistics, and the determination of the position of the terms of their own layer in it, will serve as a source for further research in this direction.

Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai

Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai

THE THEATRICAL AND CRITICAL JOURNALISM OF “YOUNG MUSE” THROUGH THE PRISM OF MODERNIST VISIONS IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The early 20th century in world art was a vibrant period as it inspired enthusiasm for everything from eStablished traditions, and relinquished widely accepted norms of artiStic interpretation. Modernism and the avant-garde gradually transformed all artiStic fields, shaping a new rhetoric for Stage art and, consequently, theatrical criticism. It was during this period that Ukrainian theatrical criticism emerged, one of the branches of theater Studies. As an active participant in the process, it formulated the terminological dictionary and phraseology of theatrical criticism. The key theater Studies processes of the firSt decade of the 20th century took place within the “Young Muse” group, which included well-known Ukrainian theater theoriSts such as S. Charnetsky, M. Rudnytsky, V. Birchak, P. Karmansky, B. Lepy, O. Lutsky, and S. Tverdokhlib. They advanced theatrical criticism in Galicia, developed concepts for representing Stage art in Ukraine, and viewed it through the prism of the pan-European theater Studies paradigm from the late 19th to the early 20th century. The text suggeSts that through the textual analysis of reviews by the “young generation” literary movement, the focus was typically on the play’s title and its author. The discussions revolved around the dramaturgy, mentioning directors, actors, Stage decorations, and occasionally the audience’s reactions. The themes of these reviews were aimed at describing the theatrical consciousness of the era, and the StyliStic expression captured new theatrical terminology and phraseology. The semantic interpretation of these elements always requires a broader context of Study. The publications by the “young generation” are intereSting not only in terms of the Structure of theatrical-critical texts but also in the information that shapes the model of theater in Galicia in the firSt half of the 20th century. This model can be further explored in accordance with its evolution. The “Young Muse” generation of theater critics has taken a significant place in the formation and development of theater Studies as a science. They hold a prominent position in the sourcebased content of the hiStory of Ukrainian theater in Galicia.

Review of Viktor Ivanovych Shpak’s reference book Terminological Dictionary of Publishing Business: Editor’s Book

The reference book “Terminological Dictionary of Publishing Business: Editor’s Book” by Viktor Shpak was published in 2020. Its author, Viktor Ivanovych Shpak, is a Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Publishing Department of the Institute of Journalism at the Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. The area of scientific interests of the researcher includes the history of publishing in modern Ukraine, small business of the Ukrainian publishing industry, economics of publishing, management of publishing business, the printing in modern Ukraine, training for the publishing industry, public organizations of the publishing industry.

A Brief Comparative Analysis of Two Bilingual Dictionaries of Islamic Finance and Economy

With the growth of Islamic banking and new research into Islamic economy, the need to investigate related Islamic terms in these fields has become very important for concerned bodies. To date, there has not been adequate research to shed light on bilingual dictionaries on Islamic finance and economy. Two bilingual dictionaries (Arabic –English) that have a substantial number of entries on Islamic finance and economy terms (IFETs) are Mu'jam Lughat Al Fuqahā' (‘Dictionary of Islamic Legal Terminology’) (1988) and ISRA Compendium for Islamic Finance Terms (2010). The current paper aims to provide a brief comparative analysis of some salient aspects with regard to the introductory matter, main content and appendixes of these two specialized, bilingual dictionaries. It also attempts to investigate whether a certain set of randomly selected IFETs are included in the two selected dictionaries to generally gauge the extent of the semantic content of these dictionaries. For those involved in work related to Islamic finance and economy like translators, researchers, students and other professionals in the field, the analysis here will bring to awareness the extent of the usefulness of these two dictionaries by highlighting their merits and demerits. The study concludes by making recommendations for improvements that can be made to future bilingual dictionary publications dealing with IFETs.

Struktura leksykonu terminologicznego a konstruowanie terminograficzne

The article discusses selected parameters of the terminological lexicon’s (TL) structure and their significance for the construction of terminological dictionaries and other terminographic products. The above parameters include TL as a component of the terminological macrosystem, the conceptual structure of TL, the lexical structure of TL, the onomasiological structure of TL, and the type of semantic grid. The conducted analysis allows one to conclude that the degree of the terminographic relevance of certain aspects of the TL structure is heterogeneous and varies depending on the type of dictionary and other factors.

Метод извлечения русскоязычных многокомпонентных терминов из научно-технических текстов

The article presents a method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms from scientific and technical texts based on structural models of terminological collocations. The existing approaches to term extraction on the basis of the method of stable word combination extraction, statistical and hybrid methods are described, and the linguistic aspects of terminology, not covered by the listed methods, are noted. The lexical composition of scientific and technical texts is characterized, the classification of special vocabulary in scientific and technical texts is given. The structural features of terminological vocabulary have been studied. The most productive models of multi-component terminological word combinations in Russian are presented. A method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms from scientific and technical texts is offered, and its stages are described. It is shown that the first stage involves morphological and syntactic analysis of the text by attributing to each word its grammatical characteristics. Then there is the exclusion of parts of speech, which can not be part of the Russian multisyllabic terms, as well as stop-words, which together with the term form free word combinations. The resulting word chains are further correlated with the templates of terminological word combinations available in the database of structural models of terms, as well as the terminological dictionary for the presence of the studied candidate term. The necessity of involving a terminologist to resolve ambiguous cases is substantiated. Each step of the method for extracting Russian-language multicomponent terms in scientific and technical texts is illustrated by examples. Further research perspectives are listed, and the necessity of complicating the methods of text extraction, by further classification of terminological vocabulary according to formal and semantic structures, types of anthropomorphic terms, nomenclatural names, normativity/non-normativity of terminological units is substantiated.

Polish-English Basic Dictionary of Archaeological Terminology of Modern Tobacco Pipe Findings with Elements of Pipe Production and Tobacco Smoking in the Modern Period

The aim of this work is to present the translation of professional terminology concerning tobacco pipes acquired by excavation methods, supplementing the already existing term base of concepts with a Polish-English translation, important in the context of the current research on this subject. This dictionary is a translation of the basic terms used in English-language works (also used in works of researchers from Central and Eastern Europe) concerning descriptions of tobacco pipe remains (based on finds of stub-stemmed pipes, one-piece clay pipes and porcelain pipes) in archaeological research, the production of such paraphernalia and elements of history of tobacco smoking, which were additionally supplemented with terms currently used in Polish archaeological literature. This dictionary should be treated as a contribution to further work on standardisation of European archaeological terminology, which should provide an aid for both specialists and enthusiasts reaching for professional literature on antique pipes.

Логістичний потенціал: до питання термінології

The article emphasizes Ukrainian terminology streamlining importance for the area of logistics and supply chain management. It is noted that cooperation of linguists-terminologists and logistics specialists should be considered as a prerequisite for terminological work of high quality. First group’s responsibilities include elaboration and presentation of the term resulting into reducing its semantic content by fitting the scope into boundaries of vocabulary definition; logistics professionals on the other hand are responsible for developing scientific discourse maximizing scientific concept contents. Logistics terminology problem gets into focus of every searcher researching logistics and supply chain management problems. Exploration results are rather representing semantic content of a term than polishing it by aiming at unambiguous and clear definition of the term, its conciseness. The streamlining of Ukrainian terminology in logistics is likely to draw experts’ attention to qualitative component of the problem concerning terms unification. And it seems reasonable to start with common terms, such as "logistics potential" being the object of this study. The paper aims at supplementing the scientific discourse on the term "logistics potential" with its subsequent unification. General objectives include (1) carrying out a comparative and critical analysis for the scientific concept of "logistics potential" by means of existing developments of domestic scientific schools and (2) proposing unified term for "logistics potential" suitable for further codification in the terminology dictionary. As a result, a visual representation of "logistics potential" concept is being provided; the author's definition of the term "logistic potential" is being formulated; the need for "logistics system", "capability", "symbiosis", "resilience" and "progress" categories usage is being explained as the most suitable for revealing the content as well as helpful for achieving conciseness of the term.

Dictionary of basic indexing terminology

This multilingual dictionary of basic and most-used indexing terminology consists of six languages: English, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. There is a group-ordered version according to topic and an alphabetically ordered one sorted on the English terms. Resources as well as language specifics and idiosyncrasies are discussed.