Terminological Data Research Articles

Representing terminological data in the Semantic Web

Representing terminological data in the Semantic Web

ISO standards for terminology resources management

Abstract The ‘FAIR terminology’ paradigm is the first initiative that aims to establish a strong interrelation between the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principles, promoted at the European level to foster the Open Science movement, and the specifications advocated in the framework of ISO TC 37/SC 3 about the management of terminology resources. Through the complementary adoption of the SC 3 standards, the paradigm, therefore, proposes guidelines paving the way for the FAIRification of terminological data, metadata, and infrastructure. In this context, this study has a threefold objective. First, we will show the impact of three ISO TC 37/SC 3 standards (mainly ISO 16642: 2017; ISO 12620: 2019 and ISO 30042: 2019) for the foundation of the FAIR terminology paradigm. Secondly, we will present the integration of this data representation model in the framework of the European project ‘Terminology Without Borders’ (TWB) launched in 2019 by the Terminology Coordination Unit (TermCoord) of the European Parliament. Finally, we intend to reflect in a critical perspective to highlight some possible limitations of the previously mentioned SC 3 standards in terms of FAIRification of terminological data.

Legal Terminology Work For Local-Only Minorities

The paper outlines the challenges of doing legal terminology work in Italian and German to support the development of a local-only minority language (South Tyrolean German) and to foster communication with other German-speaking countries. The target groups of terminology – legal experts, language mediators and the public – have different needs and expectations that were addressed in the Information System for Legal Terminology bistro by exploiting specific terminological data categories, by seeking a compromise when drafting definitions and by implementing technical functions.

TBX and ‘Lemon’: What perspectives in terminology?

Abstract Different solutions are offered today for modelling multilingual terminological data. In this article, we focus on the description of two approaches: on the one hand, the model proposed in the context of ISO TC 37/SC 3, based on the adoption of the Terminological Markup Framework/TermBase eXchange standards; on the other hand, the ‘Lemon’ model and, more generally, the Ontology Web Language adopted in the framework of the Semantic Web. The aim of this study is to propose a contrastive multilevel analysis between these two paradigms, with the ultimate goal of highlighting their divergences and convergences. The terminological case study chosen to test the two approaches is represented by the pathology known as ‘body dysmorphic disorder’, which poses challenges in terms of conceptual and linguistic representation. Starting from the phenomena of reconceptualization and denominative variation of this disorder, we will show that the two models are based on diverging but complementary theoretical and methodological perspectives.

Zagadnienia racjonalnego tworzenia prawa

The article deals with the problems of rational legislation, and falls into three parts.The first part embraces terminological data and a very brief discussion of certain shortcomings of the legislative process in Poland. In the second one an attempt has been made to formulate a model of rational legislative process. In the third one some postulates as to how law should be made have been put forward.In order to put into shape a model of a legislative process it is necessary to formulate an exhaustive amount of questions (problems), to be resolved by legislators, and to establish in what sequence they should be resolved. The new suggestions as to the legislative process have been inspired by the shortcomings of the present system of jurisdiction and the imperfections of the present legislative practice. Among the directives related to the legislative process those have been distinguished and discussed which either point to the foundations of the postulated bills and amendments, or specify the conditions behind a rational resolution concerned with the effect of the legislation on public life, finally those which pertain to the choise of legal measures, indicate how to optimize the legislative work and formulate the texts of the provisions of the law. Due mention has also been made of the directives which establish an ideological model of legislation in a socialist state, i.e. pertaining to democratizing the legislative process and the rule of law in the legislative activities of the state.

Challenges and procedures in transferring fully metaphorical terms in the EU’s multilingual institutional setting

The use of figurative language in European political jargon can pose a significant translation challenge, particularly given the European Union’s 24 official languages. This study examines fully metaphorical terms such as whistleblower, gatekeeper, and greenwashing, aiming to identify issues of interlingual transfer from English into Italian and Estonian – a rare language combination in multilingual terminology research. Following a descriptive, cognitive approach, the research combines qualitative and quantitative observations of terminological data taken from IATE, the terminology database of the European institutions. The objective is to propose a concrete set of procedures that can be put into practical use by language professionals in the processes of term creation and translation. As a result of analysing the way fully metaphorical English terms are rendered, our study identifies five main interlingual transfer procedures. The findings reveal that direct metaphor transfer, the most common method, is not applied when the transferred metaphor would have culture-specific connotations incompatible with the source language’s unit of understanding. In such cases, the metaphor may be lost, adapted, changed, or the English term borrowed. The study highlights the importance of well-considered terminological choices in multilingual institutional settings where political decisions have a significant social impact.

Lithuanian-English Cybersecurity Termbase

The aim of the paper is to present compilation and structuring principles, scope and development possibilities of the bilingual Lithuanian-English cybersecurity termbase. The paper discusses different approaches to terminology management, the best practices of which have been used to collect cybersecurity terminology and compile the termbase. Data collection has been mainly based on semasiological and corpus-driven approaches involving creation of deep learning systems trained to extract terminology from the cybersecurity corpora. To achieve systematicity and comprehensiveness of the dataset, the onomasiological and corpus-based approaches have also been incorporated in the data collection process. The termbase design decisions (its macrostructure and microstructure) have been based on onomasiological principles, while term variation has been handled by applying the descriptive approach. The termbase has been developed in the open-source cloud-based terminological management platform Terminologue. To ensure interoperability, the termbase has been exported into the TBX format and deposited into the CLARIN-LT repository. The paper also discusses possibilities of publishing terminological data as linguistic linked open data and linking it with other terminological resources and cybersecurity ontologies. The termbase is expected to be useful for cybersecurity specialists, translators, terminographers, lexicographers and the general public, as well as to contribute to the development of the Lithuanian cybersecurity terminology.

INTEGRATING CORPUS ANALYSIS TOOLS AND PRACTICES FOR TERMINOLOGY STUDIES IN ESP COURSES

This practice illustration paper aims to present the rationale and methodology of using corpus analysis tools and other software to develop students’ terminology analysis skills and enhance terminology acquisition at university level. It focuses not only on students of philology, but also on non-linguists within ESP courses. The paper presents the types of assignments for terminological analysis based on corpus analysis methodology as well as skills and competences developed through such activities. Assignments on corpus analysis of terminology provide several important benefits. Besides developing language analysis skills and deepening the knowledge of the specific domain, students also develop their research skills through data collection and analysis. They become researchers who can explore the linguistic phenomena on their own and share their discoveries. They develop the skills of working with different data sources, selection of relevant materials for the research, extracting, interpreting, and managing terminological data. It is hoped that the activities and practices presented in the paper will inspire ESP and EFL teachers to integrate the use of digital language technologies into terminology teaching strategies

Toward a theorizing strategy with components of terminologies, classifications, and nursing theories.

This article describes a theorizing strategy that integrates the components of classifications or terminologies with elements of grand or middle-range theories. The source of metatheoretical data to support the strategy was the levels of theories by Dickoff etal. (1968). Terminological data sources were professional classifications and terminologies. The authors synthesized data and philosophical, metatheoretical, theoretical, and terminological knowledge from primary sources on the subject to construct arguments and demonstrate suitable links. The proposal presented in this article of a strategy for building theories integrates theories and classifications or standardized nomenclatures. It applies levels of theorization: scrutiny of phenomena, description, conceptualization, naming, relationship, modeling, and operationalization to achieve higher levels of explanatory, predictive, and prescriptive properties on generated theory. The implications for practice and research are connected to the theorizing strategy proposed in this article. We assume that using professional language at all levels of theorization can ensure that the concepts generated are closer to clinical practice.

ОТДЕЛ ПРИКЛАДНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И ДИАЛЕКТОЛОГИИ: ВЕХИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ

The article discusses the stages of formation of the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology. This department was created on the basis of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the years of its existence, the laboratory has made a significant contribution to the support of the Bashkir language in computer technology. Standards for the code table and keyboard layout for the Bashkir language were developed, a number of software products were localized that created an «infrastructure» for the national language in IT technologies. The employees of the division created linguistic information systems: a machine fund of the Bashkir language, corpus projects, a terminological data bank, which operate on the Internet in the public domain. Significant work was done by Bashkir dialectologists in the early and middle of the 20th century: field material was collected on the reference points of dialects, dialectological dictionaries were published, the dialect system was described, and an atlas of dialects of the national language was prepared. But due to the departure of the generation of dialectologists and the mistakes made by the previous leaders of the IIL in the personnel issue, from the 90s to the present, a systematic scientific study of the Bashkir dialects and dialects has not been conducted at the IIL. The number of expeditions with a unified program for collecting the materials themselves has sharply decreased. The materials of previous expeditions were not digitized, most of them were lost. For more than 30 years, there have been shifts and changes in dialects and dialects that have not been recorded or studied. Modern dialectology puts forward new approaches to the study of dialects, a new methodology for processing field materials has appeared. Taking into account the need to restore research on Bashkir dialectology, in particular, the immediate start of collecting field materials, since the process of the disappearance of the speakers themselves is underway, creating information resources on dialects on their basis, the directorate of the institute and the leadership of the UFIC, it was decided to strengthen the staff of the unit with specialists in dialectology and transform the laboratory to the department. The article deals with new scientific tasks facing the department.

Theoretical and applied aspects of understanding the concept “legal orientation” in legal science

The study of theoretical and applied aspects of understanding the concept “legal orientation” in legal science is relevant, of practical interest and requires scientific consideration. Globalization generates radical changes that can lead to both further evolution of humanity and adverse consequences. The search for joint survival and development programs depends on the legal culture that determines the legal orientations of social actors. The purpose of this paper was to figure out the theoretical and applied aspects of understanding the concept “legal orientation” in legal science. This study is based on an interdisciplinary approach and considers the knowledge of various sciences about human behaviour. General scientific and special scientific methods of cognition of social phenomena and processes were used to conduct the study. Among general scientific methods, methods of logical-semantic and terminological analysis, anthropological, system-structural, causal-functional, data analysis, praxeological, and content analysis were used. Experimental methods of observation, conversations, surveys, and questionnaires were used to obtain empirical data. The presented results of the theoretical and applied study of the concept “legal orientation” in legal science allowed figuring out at least four meanings of its use, showed its inextricable connection with the concept “value orientations” – a dynamic system that regulates social behaviour and human activity, and therefore requires constant diagnostics. Based on the diagnosis of the value orientations of the student youth of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, methodical recommendations were developed to form the system of value orientations of a young individual who obtains higher education, which will be consonant with the system of value orientations of Ukraine. The results of this study will be useful for researchers investigating the axiological and praxeological components of human activity in various spheres of social life; for state and public institutions related to the implementation of strategies for the development of civil society and the rule of law, for teachers and lecturers in the education and upbringing of future citizens of Ukraine, as well as for all stakeholders.

Terminology Data Processing: Model of the Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science

This paper focuses on terminological data identification, management, standardization and linguistic modeling techniques used in preparing a new model of the Lithuanian-English Dictionary of Librarianship, Information and Book Science at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. This model is analysed from the point of view of current trends in terminology and standardization, and can expand knowledge exchange and help in its exchange accross these areas as well as improve the quality of professional content management in the future. Another aim of this paper was to update the importance of glossaries of technical terms for linguistic representation and global digital dissemination of scientific data in Lithuanian. This can help improve the quality of librarianship, information and communication knowledge, publicity, and wider use.

Human Intelligence (HI –<i>Nous</i>) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in ESP/EAP Teaching and Editing of Inter-Disciplinary Research for International Communication – Case Studies and Methods

In this study the author will present how Human Intelligence (HI – nous), in co-operation with Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Internet can communicate his/her knowledge and interdisciplinary research to an international context (i.e., Erasmus exchange programs and/or international conferences). Having over a twenty-year experience of teaching ESP/EAP at a non-English University and over a twenty-five-year experience of editing research papers in English, the writer will present how a nous/student/researcher and an academic can use to his/her advantage IT tools, such as electronic dictionaries and forums. Finally, the author of this study will propose: (a) a couple of methods, which can be applied through AI (i.e., Google or any other search engines) so that the non-English nous/student/researcher/academic (a nous) will be certain that s/he communicates "correctly" and "appropriately" his/her research in an international context whose primary language of communication is English; and (b) a specific bilingual (or multilingual) knowledge management tool (i.e. an electronic TDB: Terminological Data Bank).

Methodological Framework for the Development of an English-Lithuanian Cybersecurity Termbase

The aim of the paper is to present a methodological framework for the development of an English-Lithuanian bilingual termbase in the cybersecurity domain, which can be applied as a model for other language pairs and other specialised domains. It is argued that the presented methodological approach can ensure creation of high-quality bilingual termbases even with limited available resources. The paper touches upon the methods and problems of dataset (corpora) compilation, terminology annotation, automatic bilingual term extraction (BiTE) and alignment, knowledge-rich context extraction, and linguistic linked open data (LLOD) technologies. The paper presents theoretical considerations as well as the arguments on the effectiveness of the described methods. The theoretical analysis and a pilot study allow arguing that: 1) a combination of parallel and comparable corpora enable to considerably expand the amount and variety of data sources that can be used for terminology extraction; this methodology is especially important for less-resourced languages which often lack parallel data; 2) deep learning systems trained by using manually annotated data (gold standard corpora) allow effective automatization of extraction of terminological data and metadata, which enables to regularly update termbases with minimised manual input; 3) LLOD technologies enable to integrate the terminological data into the global linguistic data ecosystem and make it reusable, searchable and discoverable across the Web.

BISTRO: the online platform for terminology management. Structuring terminology without entry structures

BISTRO is an online platform which supports the translation process in various phases. The phases which can be distinguished are the terminologi-cal preparation of the source text, the creation of terminological glossaries and the retrieval of related documents and their terminological elaboration. For this purpose BISTRO hyperlinks a terminology database with bilingual and trilingual corpora. Term tools such as term extraction (TE), term recognition (TR) and keyword-in-context (KWIC) may be applied to the query results, which consist of retrieved terms or corpus segments. BISTRO ’s architecture is open for new tools and contents, providing at the same time the interface for the management of the underlying data structure and the constant update of the terminological data.

Verso una terminografia per il traduttore giuridico

It is often stated that the structure of a terminological data bank should be developed taking the user’s needs into account. Translation-oriented terminology is certainly no exception to this rule. The creator of a data bank for legal terminology should assess the specific problems typically found in legal translation as well as the use of terminological resources by legal translators. However , users’ needs and users’ behaviour are extensively investigated in specialised lexicography, but seem to be a rather under-researched area in terminology and termino graphy. By drawing on relevant lexicographic experience, some empirical observations on the terminological needs of LSP translators, and translationoriented terminography with particular reference to legal terminology, this study aims at developing a list of ‘questions’ (related to terminological problems), to which a legal translator should find answers in a properly constructed and reliable language resource.

Processos de lexicalització en llengua de signes catalana de denominacions de l'àmbit del moviment associatiu sordsignant

Summary: This contribution aims to analyse the types of word formation processes for signs denominating Catalan Deaf organisations in Catalan Sign Language. First, a corpus has been created from video-signed texts by identifying and extracting terms of the associate-member organisations. Second, a terminological data file template has been designed using common standard criteria to feed a terminological database. Following the group’s previous work (Jarque, Bosch-Baliarda, & Codorniu, 2019), 4 types of lexicalisation processes have been analysed: formal (e.g. compounding, blending), functional (e.g lexicalisation, zero derivation), borrowing (e.g loanwords, mouthings) and semantic (e.g semantic change, extension). The cognitive mechanisms involved (conceptual metaphor and metonymy) are also described. The analysis is framed within the construction-based theoretical models and points out the need to establish new complex non-linear models to explain the multiple processes involved. Keywords: Catalan Sign Language, compounding, construction, constructional approach, lexical creation, multi-word unit, word-formation process, signing deaf community

Онтология как терминосистема нотации BPMN

Introduction. Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is widely used standard for modeling business processes and supported by the Object-Oriented Technology Specification Management Group (OMG). However, the BPMN 2.0 specification is quite lengthy and contains over 500 pages. Item definitions are scattered across different sections of the specification and sometimes conflict. In addition, the structure of elements and their relationships are described in the form of metamodel, but further syntactic rules are defined within the natural language text. The purpose. This article proposes an ontology that formally represents the BPMN specification. The item description is consolidated within the appropriate class, and further explanations are provided in the annotations. The taxonomic structure in an ontology provides navigation through concepts in is-a relationships. Methods. A possible way to organize terminological vocabulary is the construction of ontologies, terminological systems and the creation of terminological data banks. The open source Protégé ontology editor was chosen to form the ontology. The correctness of the resulting terminology is partly ensured by the Reasoner included in Protégé. Results. The ontology of BPMN 2.0 notation can be used in the educational process as reference, as well as to control knowledge. In addition, ontology can be used as tool for solving semantic search problems. A potentially interesting result can also be an automated synthesis procedure based on the proposed ontology of questions for tests in the LMS Moodle system or similar.

РОЛЬ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ КУРСІВ НА ПЛАТФОРМІ MOODLE У ФОРМУВАННІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ СУДНОВИХ МЕХАНІКІВ

This article is devoted to the place of electronic courses of the Moodle platform in the formation of professional competence of future ship engineers. The formation of professional competence of future ship engineers in scientific discourse is investigated. There are several basic concepts: professional competence and e-course. The study is focused on solving the problem of distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic. The Moodle platform is considered as a basis for the creation and use of a set of teaching materials, methods and forms of educational process in a maritime educational institution. A set of interrelated methods is used (terminological analysis, data generalization, methodological methods and approaches). Electronic course of the Moodle platform Ship diesel installations (Theory, Course design) is considered as the main tool for formation of professional competence of future ship engineers. The tools of the e-course include the following: H5P, HotPot, IMS content package, SCORM package, URL (web link), Database, Choice, Wiki, Glossary, Tasks, External tool, Book, Label, Survey, Workshop, Page, Folder, Quiz, Lesson, File, Forum, Chat. It is noted that elements such as messenger, Task activity, Forum and Chat provide feedback on the e-course, which is very difficult to organize in quarantine. It is noted that the use of e-courses has a number of advantages that help improve the quality of teaching professional disciplines. The advantages include: flexible class schedule; the ability to view lecture materials as many times as each student needs individually; a more effective way to study disciplines; availability, etc. However, the courses also have disadvantages, such as the need for a high level of motivation and self-discipline. In our further research it is planned to analyze a mixed model of teaching professional disciplines to future ship engineers on the basis of integrated courses at the Maritime College. Key words: professional competence, ship engineers, e-courses, Moodle, maritime professionals.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МЕРЕЖНИХ РЕСУРСІВ ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ НЕФІЛОЛОГІЧНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

У статті висвітлено теоретичні основи та елементи практичного досвіду використання мережних ресурсів як одного з важливих засобів формування термінологічної компетентності майбутніх фахівців нефілологічного профілю в закладах вищої освіти України під час навчальної діяльності різних видів. Окреслено зміст поняття «термінологічна компетентність» як важливого складника професійної компетентності, визначено особливості інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій з метою оптимізації процесу навчання та опанування термінології в рамках курсу «Українська мова (за професійним спрямуванням)». Зроблено огляд термінологічної діяльності міжнародних і національних організацій зі стандартизації країн Європи та Америки, схарактеризовано термінологічну активність провідних міжнародних організацій з метою доречного використання цієї інформації в навчальному процесі. Наголошено, що значне місце в інформаційному сегменті посідають термінографічні ресурси: термінологічні банки / бази даних, електронні термінологічні словники і словники автоматизованих систем оброблення текстів та предметно зорієнтованих корпусів текстів, які стають основою для ефективної методики організації практичних занять, самостійної роботи студентів і проведення наукових досліджень з проблем термінології. Запропоновано систему пізнавальних, тренувальних і творчо-дослідницьких вправ, які мають на меті формування термінологічної компетентності студентів нефілологічних спеціальностей закладів вищої освіти, зокрема розв’язання проблемних ситуацій, які вимагають пошуку електронних термінографічних джерел і фахових текстів, їх оцінки, креативного використання, перекладу і зіставлення українських наукових термінів з відповідниками з інших мов, редагування, що забезпечують у комплексі ефективну професійну діяльність. З’ясовано, що використання інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, насамперед мережних ресурсів, у навчальному процесі створює передумови для кардинального оновлення змістово-цільових і технологічних сторін навчання.