Termination Of Access Research Articles

Pengaturan Pemblokiran Konten Penyebaran Kampanye Hitam Melalui Media Sosial

Social media is regarded as the fifth pillar of democracy. The role of the mass media as the controller of governance and democracy is increasingly recognized and is now regarded as the fourth pillar of the democratic system. However, along with the opportunities that exist, the digital age also poses a serious challenge to democracy. This spread of disinformation can confuse people, empower voters and influence their choices. Another challenge is black campaign attacks of false information or hoaks, insults and slander aimed at political opponents to knock each other down, carried out through social media. Starting from the issue, the author tried to analyze and describe further about the blocking of the spread of black campaign content through social media. This research is conducted in a normative jurisprudence, that is, by looking at the problem through the legal principles contained in Indonesian law. In article 280 (1) letter c of the Election Act, which regulates the prohibition of campaigns in elections, the rules on black campaigns on social media are not comprehensively written and do not have a clear definition. According to Article 40 (2) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Act, the Government is obliged to prevent the dissemination and use of Electronic information and/ or electronic documents that have a prohibited load in accordance with the provisions of the regulations of the laws. However, this blockage can only be made against Electronic info and/or electronic documents which have illegal content, and does not include the termination of Internet network access as a whole. To offset the possibility of Internet abuse, the government has established a Internet Restriction Policy. By limiting the use of media, i.e. blocking and filtering websites or social media, surveillance, forced deletion of content, thorough blocking of social media on platforms and other communications information technologies.

The Termination Access of Unregistered Private Scope Electronic System Operators in Human Rights Perspective

The policy of terminating access to Private Scope Electronic System Operators, to several internet platforms including: Paypal, Yahoo, Epic Games, Steam, Dota, Counter Strike, Xandr.com, and Origin, which occurred on July 30, 2022. The government's policy in terminating access to unregistered private scope electronic system operators has resulted in material and immaterial losses to citizens who use the platform of unregistered private scope electronic system operators. This research uses normative legal research method, that using a statutory, conceptual, and cases approach to analyze issues related to the termination of access to unregistered Private Scope PSEs. This research concludes that the government's policy of terminating access to unregistered private electronic system operators is contrary to human rights regulation. These rights include the right to access, communicate and obtain information and the right to an economy for citizens who are harmed by the termination of access to unregistered private scope electronic system operators.

Legal Protection for Citizens Affected by The Termination of Access Policy of Unregistered Private Scope Electronic System Operators

Legal Protection for Citizens Affected by The Termination of Access Policy of Unregistered Private Scope Electronic System Operators

Legal Aspects of Consumer Protection in E-Commerce Transactions: Implementation and Urgency of Regulations in the Digitalization Era

Digitalization is an activation of the use of digital-based technology. This process is certainly influenced by increasingly sophisticated technological developments. Currently, digitalization continues to develop and expands to all areas of human life, such as education, industry, electronic transactions, electronic media and other fields. Digitalization is here to provide efficiency, effectiveness, provide convenience, and shorten time for individual and group performance. Electronic transactions are transactions carried out between sellers and buyers in contractual relationships using an electronic system. Electronic transactions can be used by anyone, anytime and anywhere. People as consumers get convenience, speed, ease of payment systems, time efficiency when carrying out electronic transactions using E-commerce or other media. On the other hand, electronic transactions still have shortcomings. Lack of use of electronic transactions such as the enactment of standard contracts, legal terms of agreement in drafting contracts have not been implemented effectively, electronic system and transaction operators have not provided legal protection for consumers if losses arise, termination of access to consumers, identity changes by sellers, fraud, and many more . Therefore, Consumer Legal Protection is very important in carrying out electronic transactions. The state can play a role in providing legal protection for consumers through preventive, repressive efforts, as well as with legislation for the interests of weak parties.

The Right to Communicate and Accessing Information on the Termination of Access Policy of Unregistered Private Scope Electronic System Operators

The policy of terminating access to Private Scope Electronic System Providers (Private Scope PSE), to several internet platforms including: Paypal, Yahoo, Epic Games, Steam, Dota, Counter Strike, Xandr.com, and Origin, which occurred on July 30, 2022. The termination of Private Scope PSE Access is due to the unregistered Private Scope PSE, whose provisions are regulated in the Permenkominfo PSE Private Scope. The policy of terminating access to the Private Scope PSE by the government is detrimental to citizens as users of the Private Scope PSE platform services whose access is terminated by the Government. Citizens have the right to communicate and access Private Scope PSE services which are Human Rights, as stipulated in the provisions of Article 28F of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Article 14 of the Human Rights Law, Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Public Investments in Domestic Software as a Tool for Accelerating the Economic Development of Russia

Purpose of the study. The state policy aimed at stimulating national economic growth should necessarily be based on justified scientific conclusions and the results of empirical studies. In particular, a relatively new method for accelerating the country’s economic development is state investment in the digitalization of the economy. In this respect, the present study aims to roughly estimate the economic effect of additional public investments in the development of domestic software and databases and the increase in the share of IT specialists in the total employment structure.Materials and methods. The paper used regression analysis methods for panel data based on Rosstat statistics. In particular, the authors applied the econometric fixed effects model.Results. The study demonstrated the higher efficiency of investment in the development of software and databases as compared to the similar efficiency of capital investment in other types of fixed assets. The possible economic effect of additional budget financing for domestic software developers was estimated. The results of calculations clearly demonstrate that additional capital investments in Russian software and databases in the amount from 0.16 to 0.64% of the Russian Federation’s consolidated budget annually (in 2020 prices and in relation to its size for the same period) can accelerate GDP growth in Russia by 0.16-2.44 percentage points per year. At the same time, these calculations hardly make it possible to speak about a strong impact of additional government spending on the increase in the number of people employed in the IT sector. Consequently, it cannot be stated with certainty that it is advisable to further increase the number of state-funded places at Russian universities in IT areas. However, this conclusion is based on panel data, the time interval of which ends in 2020. Taking into account the recent years’ trends can question the relevance of the obtained conclusion.Conclusion. Thus, additional public investment in the digitalization of the national economy and automation of business processes at Russian enterprises is an important tool for accelerating Russia’s economic development. Currently, many domestic enterprises and organizations implement large-scale projects aimed at deepening automation (creating “smart factories”, transferring state-financed institutions’ document flow into an electronic form, introducing artificial intelligence, and many others). Besides, the reduction in the presence of some foreign software manufacturers in Russia makes it relevant to minimize losses associated with the termination of access to foreign software and databases. One of the options for solving this problem is the financial stimulation of developers of their domestic counterparts.

Стан наукової проблеми щодо дослідження характеристик продуктів взаємодії розплаву ядерного палива з бетоном

Стан наукової проблеми щодо дослідження характеристик продуктів взаємодії розплаву ядерного палива з бетоном

Analisis Pelaksanaan Permenkominfo No. 5/2020 terhadap Pasal 28f/1945 dan Maqashid Syariah

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics Number 5 of 2020 concerning Private Electronic System Operators against Article 28F of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia concerning the right to obtain information and how the views of the concept of maslahat in maqashid sharia relate to the implementation of these regulations. This regulation has the main focus of requiring all electronic system operators, both local and foreign, operating in Indonesia to register with the government. If you do not register, the government will terminate access to the electronic system in question. This has been proven a few months ago, where the government has cut off access to several digital platforms that have not registered, such as paypal, yahoo, epic games, steam, DOTA games, CS games, and origin (EA), even though they will be reopened in the future. because it drew a lot of criticism from citizens for the termination of access. So that the implementation of this regulation is still considered less effective. The method used in this study is a literature review and a normative juridical approach to answering problems based on a scientific perspective. The results of this study indicate that there is conformity in the implementation of Minister of Communication and Information Regulation Number 5 of 2020 with the concept of Maqasid Syariah, even though the fulfillment of information rights for citizens has not been fully fulfilled in several aspects.

Dopamine Receptor Antagonist‐Induced Elevation of the Compulsion Zone Results in Differential Effects on Cocaine Self‐Administration and Lever‐Pressing Behavior

Dopamine receptor antagonists raise both the cocaine priming and satiety thresholds (the lower and upper limits of the compulsion zone, respectively), so antagonists will decrease the probability of cocaine priming self‐administration behavior. However, if priming occurs in the presence of dopamine receptor antagonists, then cocaine consumption will accelerate. The compulsion zone also explains the lever‐pressing after access to cocaine is terminated, but the effects of antagonists on the compulsion zone are unexplored. The compulsion zone theory predicts that antagonists will decrease the duration of unloading activity. Male rats were trained to self‐administer cocaine on an FR1 schedule. Upon lever‐pressing, a unit dose (3 umol/kg i.v.) was administered. The dopamine receptor antagonists, SCH23390 (10‐30 nmol/kg), eticlopride (10‐30 nmol/kg), or molindone (750‐3000 nmol/kg) were administered i.v. either while cocaine was accessible during the maintenance phase or following termination of access denoting the start of the unloading phase. The lever‐pressing activity was recorded during the unloading phase. Antagonists accelerated self‐administration during the maintenance phase due to the elevated satiety threshold, consistent with previous studies. Antagonists administered immediately prior to the unloading phase shortened the duration of lever‐pressing, and lever‐pressing began at a higher calculated cocaine level. This is consistent with the antagonists elevating the compulsion zone. The faster elimination of cocaine at these elevated levels results in cocaine levels transiting the compulsion zone more rapidly. The differential effect of dopamine receptor antagonists on lever‐pressing behavior may provide insights to the appropriate use of antagonists as medications for cocaine use disorder.

TINJAUAN HUKUM TERKAIT TAWARAN KREDIT TANPA AGUNAN (KTA) MELALUI SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS)

Related to Short Message Service (SMS) received from banks actually the government has provided protection for consumers of telecommunication service users, among others through the Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Informatics No. 5 of 2021 on the Implementation of Telecommunications (Permenkominfo 5/2021) which stipulates that telecommunication service providers must store telecommunication service customer data as long as telecommunication service customers actively subscribe to telecommunication services. This research aims to see what steps can be legally taken if you feel disturbed by the credit without collateral (KTA) offer given through short messages such as SMS. The research method used in this study is a normative method of law. First, telecommunication service providers are also required to keep the data and /or identity of customers secret unless otherwise specified under the law. Second, violations of these provisions by telecommunication service providers will be subject to administrative sanctions that can be in the form of written reprimands, the imposition of administrative fines, temporary suspension of attempted activities, termination of access, police force, revocation of services; and/or, revocation of the permit attempts.

The compulsion zone explains the self-administration of cocaine, RTI-55 and bupropion in rats

Rats that reliably self-administered cocaine also reliably self-administered the cocaine analog RTI-55 and bupropion. The inter-injection intervals of these dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitors were regular at a given unit dose and increased as a function of unit dose. However, the mean rate of intake differed widely, ranging from 731 to 459 to 2.1 nmol/kg∙min−1 for bupropion, cocaine and RTI-55 respectively, a dramatic 348-fold range. An analysis of inter-injection intervals as a function of unit dose generated values for the mean satiety threshold of 50.6, 5.1 and 0.7 nmol/kg and t1/2 of 56.7, 9.3 and 255.6 min for bupropion, cocaine and RTI-55, respectively. The difference in rate of intake of bupropion and RTI-55 relative to cocaine is a product of their 0.1 and 7.3 fold difference in PD potency and their 6.1 and 27.5 fold difference in t1/2. Additionally, the relative durations of lever-pressing following termination of drug access correlated with the t1/2 estimates. It is hypothesized this duration represents the time required for the drug concentration to fall from the satiety threshold below the priming threshold (the minimum DAT inhibitor level that will induce lever-pressing). This indicates that the time needed for an animal to cease lever pressing following termination of access to the DAT inhibitor is predominately a function of the PK properties of the agonist. The self-administration behavior paradigm in the context of the compulsion zone theory can be used as a bioassay to determine the PK/PD properties of indirect dopamine receptor agonists.

Understanding the role of therapeutic plasma exchange in COVID-19: preliminary guidance and practices.

Background and objectivesCytokine release syndrome in COVID‐19 is due to a pathological inflammatory response of raised cytokines. Removal of these cytokines by therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) prior to end‐organ damage may improve clinical outcomes. This manuscript is intended to serve as a preliminary guidance document for application of TPE in patients with severe COVID‐19.Material and methodsThe available literature pertaining to the role of TPE for treatment of COVID‐19 patients was reviewed to guide optimal management. It included indication, contraindication, optimal timing of initiation and termination of TPE, vascular access and anticoagulants, numbers and mode of procedures, outcome measures and adverse events.ResultsOut of a total of 78 articles, only 65 were directly related to the topic. From these 65, only 32 were acceptable as primary source, while 33 were used as supporting references. TPE in critically ill COVID‐19 patients may be classified under ASFA category III grade 2B. The early initiation of TPE for 1–1·5 patient’s plasma volume with fresh frozen plasma, or 4–5% albumin or COVID‐19 convalescent plasma as replacement fluids before multiorgan failure, has better chances of recovery. The number of procedures can vary from three to nine depending on patient response.ConclusionTPE in COVID‐19 patients may help by removing toxic cytokines, viral particles and/or by correcting coagulopathy or restoring endothelial membrane. Severity score (SOFA & APACHE II) and cytokine levels (IL‐6, C‐reactive protein) can be used to execute TPE therapy and to monitor response in COVID‐19 patients.

Negotiating Identities and Power

Introduction: despite universal efforts, child marriages still occur worldwide. However, not all child marriage unions last, and little is known about how such marriages end. Most critically, there is little information on what happens to young mothers when child marriage unions dissolve. This paper explores the experiences of adolescent mothers who were in child marriages in the cultural context of central Malawi.
 Methodology: using qualitative methods, data was collected in two districts in central Malawi. One focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with key community members (n=14) and three FGD, guided by an unstandardized interview guide, were conducted with adolescent mothers aged 15-22 years (n=15). The FGD with adolescent mothers were conducted in three groups, ranging from three to nine participants per group. In addition to this, a key informant interview was conducted with a community leader who is traditionally recognized as paramount chief (n=1). The data was analysed using a content analysis. The study applied the concept of ‘doing gender’ by West and Zimmerman (1987) in the analysis.
 Results: what emerged from the data is that adolescent mothers embodied fragmented identities that are changing over time given the influence of life events. Amid different combinations of roles, several identities were observed: mother, wife, young, adolescent, girl, married, unmarried, victim of child marriage, survivor of child marriage, unemployed, employed, re-enrolled student, and school dropout. While these identities changed, gender did not, thus the changing identifications provided displays for ‘doing gender’ under a diverse set of subjectivities. Expressions of power at the micro-level were demonstrated by adolescent mothers through ‘resilience vs. perseverance’.
 Conclusions: the study highlights that cultural sensitivity and responsiveness by traditional leaders, such as the chief, play a role in the empowering revisions of one’s identity by championing liberating life events through the termination of child marriage or access to girls’ education regardless of resistance.

Compulsion zone theory of the self‐administration paradigm explains different drug durations of extinction responding with different cocaine analogues.

The compulsion zone theory of cocaine self‐administration states that lever‐pressing behavior is a drug‐induced behavior that is induced only when drug concentrations are between the priming and satiety thresholds. This explains responding after the termination of access to cocaine (the extinction phase of each session). Therefore, self‐administered drugs with longer durations of action would be expected to induce protracted extinction responding.To test this hypothesis, extinction responding was measured in rats after self‐administering 3 indirect dopamine agonists: cocaine (n = 11 rats) or the cocaine‐mimetic drugs, RTI‐55 (n = 7 rats), and bupropion (n = 7 rats). These drugs are known to have different half‐lives, with a rank order of RTI‐55, bupropion, and cocaine from longest to shortest. Across these drugs, we observed the number of lever‐presses correlated with the rank order, there were, on average, 20 presses for cocaine, 35 bupropion presses 53 RTI‐55 lever presses after the termination of access to each drug, respectively. However, lever‐pressing behavior would extinguish on an average of 18 minutes with cocaine, and 27 minutes with bupropion, while responding induced by RTI‐55 persisted for several hours, extinguishing within an average of 288 minutes. These durations were significantly different from one another (p < 0.01, t‐test) and correlated with the established rank order of the half‐life of each drug.Additionally, we tested apomorphine (n=12 rats) a direct dopamine receptor agonist that is reliably self‐administered and has a short half‐life. Apomorphine‐induced responding extinguished in an average of 7 minutes. Apomorphine showed comparable lever presses to cocaine with an average of 23 per extinction. This indicates the extinction lever‐pressing is a method of measurement not limited to dopamine reuptake inhibitors but can be observed in direct‐acting agonists.These data provide further evidence that the lever‐pressing behavior after the termination of drug access is a drug‐induced response drug‐induced. The different durations of extinction responding, and numbers of extinction presses are not consistent with the idea that extinction occurs because animals learn that the drug is no longer available. Importantly, the compulsion zone theory applies to both self‐administered dopamine reuptake inhibitors other than cocaine, as well as direct‐acting dopamine receptor agonists. Thus, drugs with a longer half‐life take longer to transit the compulsion zone and induce lever‐pressing behavior for a correspondingly longer time. Further study into extinction responding may yield more information on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of self‐administered drugs.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIDA grant U01DA039550Percent of active extinction sessions over time, with the cut‐off criteria data. Active sessions were grouped into 10‐minute bins. We see a rightward shift in extinction sessions of drugs with longer t1/2.Figure 1Durations of normalized sessions with the criteria applied. These durations were significantly different relative to the half‐life of each drug after the criteria are applied.*indicates significance (p < 0.01, t‐test)Figure 2

Considering Fair Use: DMCA’s Take Down & Repeat Infringers Policies

Courts have recently clarified some aspects of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act safe harbor system, yet other aspects remain hazy. In this haze, ISPs are incentivized to over-block content, and copyright holders are allowed to give a narrow, subjective reading of a user’s fair use. Subjectively, copyright holders can, in good faith, hold objectively unreasonable views about fair use. The asymmetry between copyright holders’ rights and remedies and users’ rights and remedies threatens socially valuable speech and creates a chilling effect. And the risk of extra-judicial termination of Internet access under a vague and variable repeat infringers policies threatens fundamental First Amendment interests. Policy changes are proposed to harness fair use considerations to protect First Amendment interests in the digital sphere. The calculus and consequence for sending takedown notices should be recalibrated. By curbing copyright overreach and minimizing the chilling effect, the potential for robust exchanges over new communication technologies can be realized.

Considering Fair Use: DMCA’s Take Down & Repeat Infringers Policies

Courts have recently clarified some aspects of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act safe harbor system, yet other aspects remain hazy. In this haze, ISPs are incentivized to over-block content, and copyright holders are allowed to give a narrow, subjective reading of a user’s fair use. Subjectively, copyright holders can, in good faith, hold objectively unreasonable views about fair use. The asymmetry between copyright holders’ rights and remedies and users’ rights and remedies threatens socially valuable speech and creates a chilling effect. And the risk of extra-judicial termination of Internet access under vague and variable repeat infringers policies threatens fundamental First Amendment interests. Policy changes are proposed to harness fair use considerations to protect First Amendment interests in the digital sphere. The calculus and consequence for sending takedown notices should be recalibrated. By curbing copyright overreach and minimizing the chilling effect, the potential for robust exchanges over new communication technologies can be realized.

SOSIALISASI RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG PASAL 485 PADA PENANGGULANGAN CYBER SEX

The violation of the law is: "Article 32, which reads every person who played, display, use, possess or store pornographic products as referred to in Article 6 shall be liable to a maximum imprisonment of 4 (four) years and / or a maximum fine of Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billion rupiah). (Note: Article 6 of each person is prohibited from playing, displaying, exploiting, memorizing or storing pornographic products as referred to in Article 4 paragraph (1), except those authorized by law". Islamic law views any extramarital sexual relations as adultery and threatening with punishment, whether the perpetrator is married or not, done likes it or not. Our source of law Qs, 24: 2: "The woman who commits adultery and the adulterer then hail every one of them a hundred times dera. This uses the method of empirical normative legal research, which is "Explaining what it is about a legal event or legal conditions. The municipal or local government seems impressed still in determining the termination of access to pornography or cybersex including socialization of positive criminal law about the crime of single adultery such as Draft Law Article 485. And the proposed criminal law of 2 years imprisonment or fine penalty of R 50,000,000.00 (Fifty million rupiahs) for a single individual. As the law of takzir.

Vehicle ownership reduction: A comparison of one-way and two-way carsharing systems

This paper explores how membership in different carsharing service types impacts vehicle ownership. We study the difference between carsharing services offering a one-way (free-floating) service utilizing 2-seaters (Car2go) to a two-way service utilizing a range of vehicles (Modo). By analyzing 3,405 survey responses from carsharing users in Vancouver, we found that users of both Car2go and Modo reported reduced vehicle ownership after joining a carsharing service. However, households differ both in how many cars they owned before they joined carsharing services, and how their membership was associated with further change in car ownership. The average Vancouver household owns 1.56 vehicles. According to this survey's respondents, households joining Car2go report average car ownership rates of 1.08 prior to joining up and 0.98 afterwards. Households joining Modo reduced their ownership from an average of 0.68 to 0.36 vehicles. Furthermore, Modo members were close to five times more likely to reduce car ownership compared to Car2go users. We also found that the two services are used differently. Car2go members are more likely to use the service as a complement to all modes of transportation. Modo members are more likely to use access to carsharing as a substitute for private car ownership. Analysis of expressed preferences in response to termination of access to carsharing indicates that carsharing services have been substituting mobility services previously supplied by private vehicles. The intention to gain a vehicle under the service termination was strongest among users who had both Car2go and Modo memberships. These findings show the two services are not rivals but complements providing different mobility services.

Appetite and weight gain suppression effects of alcohol depend on the route and pattern of administration in Long Evans rats

Ethanol can be a food source but its effects on energy balance and contribution to obesity remain inconclusive. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of ethanol on energy intake and body weight would depend on the administration dose, pattern and the blood ethanol concentration (BEC) time-course. Experiment 1 examined changes in food intake, diet preference, and body weight after saline or ethanol (1 and 3g/kg) injection (IP). Experiment 2 compared the effects in rats that received either 3g/kg/day ethanol administered all at once (EtOH_S) or 2 1.5g/kg injections spaced by 3h (EtOH_D). Experiment 3 examined the effects of 7.5h/day, Mon through Fri for 8weeks, voluntary ethanol drinking (5% and 10% ethanol) on food intake and body weight. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicate that acute ethanol administrations dose-dependently reduced energy intake, high fat diet preference and weight gain. Acute 3g/kg ethanol injection in the EtOH_S group decreased energy intake, weight gain and visceral fat to a greater extent than in the EtOH_D group. Results of Experiment 3 show that male and female rats voluntarily drank 1.65–2.31g/kg ethanol within 3.5h with reduced chow intake but unchanged total energy intake and weight gain. Furthermore, 3g/kg ethanol injection resulted in BEC that remained at intoxicating levels e.g. >120mg/dL for several hours post-administration and was higher in the EtOH_S than in the EtOH_D group. In contrast, BEC in voluntarily drinking was ~67mg/dL and decreased to below 10mg/dL 5h after termination of ethanol access. Taken together, these data suggest that 3g/kg ethanol injection robustly suppresses appetite and weight gain due to the higher BECs attained. Furthermore, BEC attained and maintained is a determining factor for how ethanol administration affects appetite and long-term energy balance.

Microstructural analysis of rat ethanol and water drinking patterns using a modified operant self-administration model

BackgroundEthanol drinking pattern has emerged as an important factor in the development, maintenance, and health consequences of alcohol use disorders in humans. The goal of these studies was to further our understanding of this important factor through refinement of an operant rodent model of ethanol consumption capable of drinking pattern microstructural analysis. We evaluated measures of total consumption, appetitive behavior, and drinking microstructure for ethanol and water at baseline and assessed alterations induced by two treatments previously shown to significantly alter gross ethanol appetitive and consummatory behaviors in opposing directions. MethodsMale Long–Evans rats were trained on an FR1 operant paradigm which allowed for continuous liquid access until an 8second pause in consumption resulted in termination of liquid access. Total appetitive and consummatory behaviors were assessed in addition to microstructural drinking pattern for both ethanol and water during a five day baseline drinking period, after chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure, and following administration of a cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716a. ResultsAs in previous operant studies, ethanol vapor exposure resulted in increases in ethanol-directed responding, total consumption, and rate of intake. Further, striking differential alterations to ethanol and water bout size, duration, and lick pattern occurred consistent with alterations in hedonic evaluation. Vapor additionally specifically reduced the number of ethanol-directed lever presses which did not result in subsequent consumption. SR141716a administration reversed many of these effects. ConclusionsThe addition of microstructural analysis to operant self-administration by rodents provides a powerful and translational tool for the detection of specific alterations in ethanol drinking pattern which may enable insights into neural mechanisms underlying specific components of drug consumption.