Terminal Alcohols Research Articles

Solvent-Dependent Assembly and Magnetic Relaxation Behaviors of [Cu4I3] Cluster-Based Lanthanide MOFs: Acting as Efficient Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion with Propargylic Alcohols.

Two structurally similar metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [Dy2Cu4I3(IN)7(DMF)2]·DMF (1) and [Dy2Cu4I3(IN)7(DMA)2]·DMA (2) (HIN = isonicotinic acid) feathering different coordinated solvent molecules were successfully isolated by tuning the types of solvents in the reaction system. Structural tests indicate that 1 and 2 are both built from 1D Dy(III) chains and copper iodide clusters [Cu4I3], generating into three-dimensional frameworks with an open 1D channel along the a axis. 1 and 2 display extensive and excellent solvent stability. Magnetic studies of 1 and 2 indicate that they exhibit interesting solvent-dependent magnetization dynamics. Importantly, 1 and 2 can act as highly effective catalysts for the carboxylic cyclization of propargyl alcohols with carbon dioxide (CO2) under ambient operating conditions. Additionally, the substrate scope was further explored over compound 1 based on the optimal conditions, and it exhibits efficient cyclic carboxylation of various terminal propargylic alcohols with CO2. This research offers an effective approach for the solvent-guided synthesis of MOFs materials and also presents the great application value of MOFs in CO2 chemical conversion.

Rh(II)-catalyzed formal [3+3] cycloaddition of diazonaphthoquinones and propargyl alcohols: Synthesis of 2,3-dihydronaphtho-1,4-dioxin derivatives

A Rh(II)-catalyzed formal [3+3] cyclization of diazonaphthoquinones and propargyl alcohol is reported to afford 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxins. Various terminal propargyl alcohols react with diazonapthoquinone in the presence of Rh2(OAc)4 to give the corresponding dihydrodioxins in good to high yields. However, dihydrodioxins are not formed in the reaction of internal propargyl alcohols, and the O–H insertion product and 2,5-dihydrofurans are formed as the main product(s) depending on the terminal substituent. 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxins are proposed to be formed via Rh(II)-catalyzed intermolecular oxonium ylide formation and subsequent 6-exo-dig cyclization with the internal alkynyl group.

Gold-Catalyzed Iminations of Terminal Propargyl Alcohols with Anthranils with Atypical Chemoselectivity for C(1)-Additions and 1,2-Carbon Migration.

This work reports gold-catalyzed iminations of terminal propargyl alcohols with anthranils or isoxazoles to yield E-configured α-amino-2-en-1-ones and -1-als with complete chemoselectivity. These catalytic iminations occur exclusively with C(1)-nucleophilic additions on terminal alkynes, in contrast to a typical C(2)-route. For 3,3-dialkylprop-1-yn-3-ols, a methyl substituent is superior to long alkyl chains as the 1,2-migration groups toward α-imino gold carbenes. For secondary prop-1-yn-3-ols, phenyl, vinyl, and cyclopropyl substituents are better than hydrogen as the migrating groups, obviating typical gold carbene reactions. DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the observed C(1)-regioselectivity and the preferable cyclopropyl migration based on gold carbene pathways.

Construction of Benzopolycycles via Pd-Catalyzed Intermolecular Cyclization of 2,7-Alkadiynylic Carbonates with Terminal Propargyl Tertiary Alcohols.

A palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective and chemoselective intermolecular cyclization of 2,7-alkadiynylic carbonates with terminal propargyl tertiary alcohols to construct benzopolycycles containing furan and pyrrole moieties has been developed with a very broad scope. Polycycles containing spirane structures or dispirane structures could be also smoothly synthesized in moderate to good yields. The reaction enjoys excellent regioselectivity.

Copper(i) iodide cluster-based lanthanide organic frameworks: synthesis and application as efficient catalysts for carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO2 under mild conditions.

Two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, [Dy2Cu4I4(NA)6(DMF)2]n (1) and [Gd2Cu2I2(IN)6(DMF)4]·5DMF (2) (HNA = nicotinic acid, HIN = isonicotinic acid), constructed based on lanthanide ions and copper iodide clusters ([Cu4I4] and [Cu2I2]) were successfully synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 has a three-dimensional framework and compound 2 displays a two-dimensional plane with sql topology, respectively. Both of them exhibit high thermostability and solvent stabilities. Additionally, catalytic explorations reveal that 1 displays higher catalytic activity than 2 for the carboxylic cyclization of propargyl alcohols. More importantly, 1 also exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the carboxylation reactions of CO2 and terminal propargylic alcohols with various substituents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of non-noble metal based MOF catalysts for the carboxylative cyclization of propargyl alcohols with CO2 under atmospheric pressure and at room temperature, which provides a highly promising approach for MOFs in the catalytic conversion of CO2 to valuable chemicals.

Metabolomics-based profiling of three terminal alkene-producing Jeotgalicoccus spp. during different growth phase

Production of terminal alkenes by microbes has gained importance due to its role as a chemical feedstock in commercial industries. Jeotgalicoccus species has been widely unexplored despite being well-known as a natural producer of terminal alkene, catalyzing the one-step fatty acid decarboxylation reaction by OleTJE cytochrome P450. In this study, widely targeted ion-pair LC-MS/MS was used to monitor central carbon metabolism of Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans JCM 5429, Jeotgalicoccus huakuii JCM 8176, and Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus JCM 5429at logarithmic and stationary phases. Growth and production profile of terminal alkene, alcohols and organic acids were also measured. Among the three strains used in this study, J. halotolerans and J. psychrophilus showed higher terminal alkene production compared to J. huakuii. All strains achieved maximum terminal alkene production at logarithmic phase and therefore, detailed analysis of the metabolite profiles of the three strains were performed in logarithmic phase. PCA analysis showed that the strains were discriminated based on their ability to produce terminal alkene along PC1 and some of the important metabolites corresponding to this separation is the acetyl-CoA and 2-oxoglutarate. This study is the first report on metabolite profiling of three Jeotgalicoccus spp. in different growth phases. The results from this study can provide a better understanding of the changes that occur in the metabolome level during growth and production of terminal alkene in Jeotgalicoccus species.

Upgrading CO2 by Incorporation into Urethanes through Silver‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Stepwise Amidation Reaction

One‐pot two‐step stepwise reaction of terminal propargylic alcohols, carbon dioxide, and primary/secondary amines for the effective synthesis of various urethanes through robust silver‐catalysed C‐O/C‐N bond formation is reported. Catalytic activities were investigated by controlling catalyst loading, reaction pressure and time, and very high turnover number (turnover frequency) was obtained: 3350 (35 h−1) with 0.01 mol% silver catalyst under 0.1 MPa, and up to 13360 (139 h−1) with 0.005 mol% silver catalyst under 2.0 MPa at room temperature. The strategy was ingeniously regulated, and synchronously afforded a wide range of β‐oxopropylcarbamate and 1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐one motifs in excellent yields and selectivity together with unprecedented high turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) value.

The influence of the organolithium reagent nature on the possibility of the O→Csp migration of the R3Si group in propynes HC≡CCH2OSiR3

A possibility of the O→Csp 1,4-migration of the R3Si group in silyl ethers of terminal acetylenic alcohols upon treatment with organolithium reagents (RLi) was studied. In the case of 3-trimethylsilyloxypropyne, depending on the nature of RLi, the heterolysis of the Si—O bond occurs either by the action of acetylide formed as a result of deprotonation with the formation of 3-trimethylsilylprop-2-yn-1-ol trimethylsilyl ether, or by the action of the metalation agent with the formation of propargyl alcohol. The realization of the O→Csp 1,4-migration of the Me3Si group requires the use of mild organolithium reagents (lithium hexamethyldisilazanide and diisopropylamide). Silyl ethers having steric hindrance at the carbon atom bonded to the reaction center or around the silicon atom do not react with the studied organolithium reagents.

Controlled Dimerization of Mn12 Single-Molecule Magnets.

Controlled dimerization of Mn12 single-molecule magnets (SMMs) was achieved via a synthetic route involving a competition between bridging and terminal ligands, namely, diols and alcohols. The reaction using a 1:1 ratio of the competing ligands resulted in the isolation of a new family of covalently linked dimers of Mn12 SMMs. This is the first step toward the controlled growth of SMM oligomeric arrays.

Metal-Catalyzed Intra- and Intermolecular Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Alkynes in Aqueous Media: A Review

The metal-catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to alkynes is a very effective tool for the synthesis of carboxylate-functionalized olefinic compounds in an atom-economical manner. Thus, a large variety of synthetically useful lactones and enol-esters can be accessed through the intra- or intermolecular versions of this process. In order to reduce the environmental impact of these reactions, considerable efforts have been devoted in recent years to the development of catalytic systems able to operate in aqueous media, which represent a real challenge taking into account the tendency of alkynes to undergo hydration in the presence of transition metals. Despite this, different Pd, Pt, Au, Cu and Ru catalysts capable of promoting the intra- and intermolecular addition of carboxylic acids to alkynes in a selective manner in aqueous environments have appeared in the literature. In this review article, an overview of this chemistry is provided. The synthesis of β-oxo esters by catalytic addition of carboxylic acids to terminal propargylic alcohols in water is also discussed.

Biocatalytic Formal Anti-Markovnikov Hydroamination and Hydration of Aryl Alkenes

Biocatalytic anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroamination and hydration were achieved based on two concepts involving enzyme cascades: epoxidation–isomerization–amination for hydroamination and epoxidation–isomerization–reduction for hydration. An Escherichia coli strain coexpressing styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI), ω-transaminase (CvTA), and alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) catalyzed the hydroamination of 12 aryl alkenes to give the corresponding valuable terminal amines in high conversion (many ≥86%) and exclusive anti-Markovnikov selectivity (>99:1). Another E. coli strain coexpressing SMO, SOI, and phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR) catalyzed the hydration of 12 aryl alkenes to the corresponding useful terminal alcohols in high conversion (many ≥80%) and very high anti-Markovnikov selectivity (>99:1). Importantly, SOI was discovered for stereoselective isomerization of a chiral epoxide to a chiral aldehyde, providing some insights on enzymatic epoxide rearrangement. Harnessing this s...

AgI /TMG-Promoted Cascade Reaction of Propargyl Alcohols, Carbon Dioxide, and 2-Aminoethanols to 2-Oxazolidinones.

Chemical valorization of CO2 to access various value-added compounds has been a long-term and challenging objective from the viewpoint of sustainable chemistry. Herein, a one-pot three-component reaction of terminal propargyl alcohols, CO2 , and 2-aminoethanols was developed for the synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones and an equal amount of α-hydroxyl ketones promoted by Ag2 O/TMG (1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine) with a TON (turnover number) of up to 1260. By addition of terminal propargyl alcohol, the thermodynamic disadvantage of the conventional 2-aminoethanol/CO2 coupling was ameliorated. Mechanistic investigations including control experiments, DFT calculation, kinetic and NMR studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through a cascade pathway and TMG could activate propargyl alcohol and 2-aminoethanol through the formation of hydrogen bonds and also activate CO2 .

(para‐Cymene)Ru(dppp)Cl][PF6]‐Catalysed Stereospecific Synthesis of O‐Dienyl Esters, and Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity of a Long‐Chain Fatty Acid O‐Dienyl Ester

O‐Dienyl esters are obtained through the regio‐ and stereospecific addition of both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids to terminal propargylic alcohols, with the sequential formation of a carbon–oxygen bond and dehydration, in the presence of [(p‐cymene)Ru(dppp)Cl][PF6] (1). Also, the cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the newly synthesized O‐dienyl ester (Z)‐3‐methylbuta‐1,3‐dienyl oleate have been investigated.

Silver(I)-Promoted Cascade Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols, Carbon Dioxide, and Vicinal Diols: Thermodynamically Favorable Route to Cyclic Carbonates.

A silver(I)-promoted cascade reaction was developed for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from terminal propargylic alcohols, carbon dioxide, and vicinal diols. Compared with direct condensation of vicinal diols with CO2, this protocol provides a thermodynamically favorable route to cyclic carbonates and α-hydroxyl ketones in excellent yields (up to 97%) without the additional dehydration step. Such a cascade procedure proceeds presumably through initial reaction of propargylic alcohol with CO2 and subsequent nucleophilic attack of vicinal alcohol on in situ-formed α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate, resulting in successive generation of α-alkylidene cyclic carbonate, unsymmetrical β-oxoalkyl carbonate, cyclic carbonate, and α-hydroxyl ketone.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Alkynoates by Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Terminal Alkynes and Alcohols.

AbstractThe improved protocol uses a novel catalyst system and has a wider substrate scope than previous methods.

Maximization of cell viability rather than biocatalyst activity improves whole-cell ω-oxyfunctionalization performance.

It is a common misconception in whole-cell biocatalysis to refer to an enzyme as the biocatalyst, thereby neglecting the structural and metabolic framework provided by the cell. Here, the low whole-cell biocatalyst stability, that is, the stability of specific biocatalyst activity, in a process for the terminal oxyfunctionalization of renewable fatty acid methyl esters was investigated. This reaction, which is difficult to achieve by chemical means, is catalyzed by Escherichia coli featuring the monooxygenase system AlkBGT and the uptake facilitator AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. Corresponding products, that is, terminal alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, constitute versatile bifunctional building blocks, which are of special interest for polymer synthesis. It could clearly be shown that extensive dodecanoic acid methyl ester uptake mediated by high AlkL levels leads to whole-cell biocatalyst toxification. Thus, cell viability constitutes the primary factor limiting biocatalyst stability and, as a result, process durability. Hence, a compromise had to be found between low biocatalyst activity due to restricted substrate uptake and poor biocatalyst stability due to AlkL-mediated toxification. This was achieved by the fine-tuning of heterologous alkL expression, which, furthermore, enabled the identification of the alkBGT expression level as another critical factor determining biocatalyst stability. Controlled synthesis of AlkL and reduced alkBGT expression finally enabled an increase of product titers by a factor of 4.3 up to 229 g Lorg-1 in a two-liquid phase bioprocess setup. Clearly, ω-oxyfunctionalization process performance was determined by cell viability and thus biocatalyst stability rather than the maximally achievable specific biocatalyst activity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 874-884. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ChemInform Abstract: Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols, Carbon Dioxide and Monohydric Alcohols: Thermodynamically Feasible Access to β‐Oxopropyl Carbonates.

AbstractThe procedure affords various title compounds in mostly high yields, if terminal propargylic alcohols are used.

Cobalt–copper based catalysts for higher terminal alcohols synthesis via Fischer–Tropsch reaction

The production of higher terminal alcohols through CO hydrogenation according to the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) process has been a topic of interest since the Institut Français du Pétrole (IFP) demonstrated short-chain C1–C6 mixed alcohols production over cobalt–copper based catalysts. A number of catalyst formulations were screened for their suitability at that time. In particular, the addition of Cr, Zn, Al, Mn and V to CoCu was investigated. In a number of patents, it was shown that catalyst preparation is crucial in these catalyst formulations and that high alcohols selectivity can only be achieved by carefully respecting the procedures and recipes. This short critical review highlights recent developments in CoCu-based catalysts for higher terminal alcohols synthesis via F–T synthesis. Special attention will be given to catalyst preparation which according to developments in our group is based on oxalate precipitation. This way we show that the close association of Co and Cu on the one hand and promoter/dispersant on the other are of utmost importance to ensure high performance of the catalysts. We shall concentrate on “CoCuMn”, “CoCuMo” and “CoCuNb” catalyst formulations, all prepared via oxalate precipitation and combined with “entrainment techniques” if necessary, and show high total alcohols selectivity can be obtained with tunable Anderson-Schulz-Flory chain-lengthening probability. Either long-chain C8–C14 terminal alcohols as feedstock for plasticizers, lubricants and detergents, or short-chain C2–C5 alcohols as “alkanol” fuels or fuel additives can be formed this way.

A Trialkylphosphine-Derived Palladacycle as a Catalyst in the Selective Cross-Dimerization of Terminal Arylacetylenes with Terminal Propargyl Alcohols and Amides

A method for the selective cross-dimerization of terminal aryl alkynes with propargyl alcohols to afford linear (E)-enynol products is reported. The complex [Pd(μ-κ2-O,O-OAc)(κ2-C,P-(t-Bu)2PCH2C(Me)2CH2)]2 selectively affords (E)-5-aryl-2-en-4-yn-1-ol products in good yields under mild conditions with high chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. In contrast, previously reported examples of this reaction afford the branched 4-aryl-2-hydroxymethanol-1-buten-3-yne. Propargyl amides are also selectively cross-dimerized, but with lower regioselectivity for the linear enyne. The method has been applied to the synthesis of (E)-5-phenyl-2-penten-4-yn-1ol, which is a precursor to type 2 diabetes drug candidate NNC 61-4655, in 72% yield from phenylacetylene and propargyl alcohol. The palladacycle precatalyst reacts with aryl alkynes to afford the first example of a dimeric palladacycle complex with a μ-κ2-C1,C1-bound acetylide ligand. This complex is observed during the catalytic reaction and is a competent precatalyst.

Synthesis of 2-Alkynoates by Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of Terminal Alkynes and Alcohols.

A homogeneous PdII catalyst, utilizing a simple and inexpensive amine ligand (TMEDA), allows 2‐alkynoates to be prepared in high yields by an oxidative carbonylation of terminal alkynes and alcohols. The catalyst system overcomes many of the limitations of previous palladium carbonylation catalysts. It has an increased substrate scope, avoids large excesses of alcohol substrate and uses a desirable solvent. The catalyst employs oxygen as the terminal oxidant and can be operated under safer gas mixtures.