Term Values Research Articles

A coupled–channels model describing the low-lying [formula omitted], [formula omitted] and [formula omitted] electronic states of nickel monohydride with experimental accuracy

A detailed study of the three interacting low-lying electronic states 2Δ, 2Σ+ and 2Π of NiH –the so called “supermultiplet” – is presented. A coupled-channels model reproduces the experimental term values of 58NiH, 60NiH and 62NiH with accuracy very close to the estimated uncertainty of 0.01 cm−1. The model is based on a set of Hund’s case (a) potential curves and R-dependent coupling functions. In addition to the expected spin-orbit and various rotational couplings between the zero-order states, second-order effects are found to be important. The spin-orbit interaction is large compared to the separations between these electronic states, so that most of the observed rovibrational levels are strong mixtures of the Ω components of the multiplet. The fitting procedure proved difficult because there were no perturbation-free data to determine the starting values for the model functions. For the potential curves we were guided by previous effective Hamiltonian models; ab initio predictions supplied starting values for the spin-orbit and the rotational coupling functions. We believe that this model may be reliably extrapolated to higher rotational levels, with potential applications in the simulation of high temperature spectra, for example in the context of stellar atmospheres.

Theoretical rovibronic spectroscopy of the calcium monohydroxide radical (CaOH).

The rovibronic (rotation-vibration-electronic) spectrum of the calcium monohydroxide radical (CaOH) is of interest to studies of exoplanet atmospheres and ultracold molecules. Here, we theoretically investigate the Ã2Π-X̃2Σ+ band system of CaOH using high-level ab initio theory and variational nuclear motion calculations. New potential energy surfaces (PESs) are constructed for the X̃2Σ+ and Ã2Π electronic states along with Ã-X̃ transition dipole moment surfaces (DMSs). For the ground X̃2Σ+ state, a published high-level ab initio PES is empirically refined to all available experimental rovibrational energy levels up to J = 15.5, reproducing the observed term values with a root-mean-square error of 0.06 cm-1. Large-scale multireference configuration interaction calculations using quintuple-zeta quality basis sets are employed to generate the Ã2Π state PESs and Ã-X̃ DMSs. Variational calculations consider both Renner-Teller and spin-orbit coupling effects, which are essential for a correct description of the spectrum of CaOH. Computed rovibronic energy levels of the Ã2Π state, line list calculations up to J = 125.5, and an analysis of Renner-Teller splittings in the ν2 bending mode of CaOH are discussed.

Very high-resolution Synchrotron radiation far infrared spectrum of C-13 methanol arising from the ground torsional vibrational state and evidence of avoided crossing due to ΔK = 4 interaction

In this work, very high-resolution far-infrared (FIR) and infrared (IR) Synchrotron Radiation spectra of C-13 substituted methanol species have been recorded with very high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in the entire region from 40 to 5000 cm−1. High resolution allowed the recording to be done with an unprecedented resolution of about 0.0014 cm−1 which is on the order of the doppler width of the lines. The peak of the spectral lines could be obtained with an estimated accuracy of ± 5 KHz. Analysis of the spectra has been performed for quantum numbers associated with the torsional ground state. Assignments have been obtained for K- values up to about 15 and J- values of about 35 for the three symmetry species. Asymmetry splitting has been observed for low K transitions and accurate asymmetry splitting constants have been obtained. Including the available microwave (MW) and millimeter-wave (MMW) measurements, a complete set of spectral line assignments have been obtained for the ground torsional state of the vibrational state. Following J.K. Watson’s method [1] all the spectral lines have been fitted to the exact term values of the energy levels. Localized perturbation has been observed for K = 9 A and state mixing resulted in forbidden transitions through intensity borrowing. A complete atlas has been presented for all possible quantum numbers for the ground state levels and the accurate term values have been obtained for all possible states. According to our knowledge, this atlas represents the most accurate line positions for this species reported so far. In addition, the results have been applied to confirm and obtain very accurate wavenumbers for several FIR laser lines pumped by CO2 lasers. The present atlas may be useful as a secondary wavenumber standard in the FIR region and should be useful for astrophysical detection.

Ab initio investigation of ground and excited states of ScH molecule

The theoretical study of the electronic structure of Scandium Hydride ScH has been carried out using ab-initio methods. By employing (MRCI-SD/SA-CASSCF) and by using basis sets involving contribution of all electrons of both Scandium and Hydrogen atoms, 18 singlet and 15 triplet low-lying electronic states have been calculated below 28803 cm−1. Potential energy curves have been plotted and the term values at equilibrium Te, the vibrational constants ωe and ωeχe of ScH electronic states have been fitted. In addition, we calculated the permanent electric dipole moments for all these predicted states, the transition dipole moments TDMs within states at a range of internuclear distance around the equilibrium, the vibronic intensities FCF and the radiative lifetime. The calculated spectroscopic constants are in excellent consistency with the available experimental results and with other previous theoretical works. These calculations also predicted many excited states unobserved experimentally. The observed perturbations in D1Π and C1Σ+ have been investigated in this work.

Far infrared laser, high resolution submillimeter wave, far infrared, and infrared, spectroscopy of molecule of astrophysical significance: deuterated methanol species [formula omitted

In this report, a wide range of spectroscopic studies was undertaken on the astrophysical significant deuterated methanol (CD3OD) species. In the submillimeter wave(SMMW) wave a large number of very accurate spectral line positions in the useful range of 130-750GHz have been reported. The actual spectral recording of the spectrum in the range 325-344GHz with a high signal to noise ratio (S/N) have been presented. These will serve the radio astronomers a laboratory back-up to detect this species in interstellar space which will help to determine the deuterium/Hydrogen (D/H) ratio to understand the evolution of chemistry and the formation process of large molecules in space. At the low temperature of interstellar space, the quantum tunneling effect can be better understood by the deuterium fragmentation process. The study is extended in the far-infrared (FIR) region by high-resolution Fourier transform measurements. The spectral lines originating in the first excited state and those terminating in the first excited states have been assigned. About 2500 lines have been identified and atlas of the assigned lines along with previously not repotted, lines have been reported. The Hamiltonian model used has been clearly explained in terms of rotation and torsional-rotational molecular motion. All the SMMW(accuracy±100kHz) lines along with the FIR lines (accuracy ±0.0004cm-1) have been fitted with the model and the parameters determined. The molecular parameters reproduce the measured transition wavenumbers approximately within the experimental uncertainty. It should be noted the exact term values for the connected ground state levels are included in an Appendix-1, for economy this is submitted as a depository. In the infrared (IR) region a number of vibrational bands have been recorded but the presence of water vapour hindered the analysis work. However, with the knowledge of the molecular parameters and low-resolution knowledge about 10 different CO2 lasers pumped FIR laser system have been assigned and a number of FIR lines have been predicted.

392 A 10 year review of the relationship between HbA1c and delivery outcomes in pregestational diabetes

Glycaemic control in the medium and long term is evaluated by HbA1c. Yet the value of HbA1c interpretation in pregnancy may be diminished by increased red cell turnover during pregnancy. We sought to examine the impact of HbA1c levels throughout gestation on outcomes in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. This was a 10-year retrospective review of all patients with PGDM attending a large university teaching hospital. Data was obtained from hospital records. The gestation at delivery and birthweight was noted, in addition to mode of delivery, HbA1c at booking and delivery. 396 women with PGDM were included in this study. The median [IQR] HbA1c levels (mmol/mol) at booking, delivery and change during pregnancy were 51[19], 43[11] and -8[13]. A statistically significant reduction in HbA1c throughout gestation was observed (p< 0.001). The median [IQR] of birthweight centiles was 69[50–96]. Scatterplots and correlations of HbA1c and birthweight centiles are presented in Figure 1. The distributions in HbA1c and birthweight centiles were heavily skewed. First trimester and term HbA1c were moderately correlated(r=0.67) and the within-patient change in HbA1c had a strong negative correlation with first trimester values(r=-0.71), but did not correlate with term HbA1c values(r=-0.04). The correlation between delivery HbA1c and birthweight centiles was positive but weak (r=0.35). 177(45%) of this cohort was delivered by scheduled cesarean section. An additional 69(17%) required emergency CS, 33(8%) were operative vaginal deliveries and 117(30%) were spontaneous vaginal. Summaries of HbA1c levels are presented in Table 1. No correlation was identified between HbA1c and mode of delivery. Neither baseline HbA1c, term values, nor trends across gestational age appear to impact birthweight centile or mode of delivery in type I or II diabetes. While optimising glycaemic control in the periconception period and during pregnancy affects the long term health of mother and child, these values cannot be relied upon to reflect the impact of glycaemic control on fetal growth.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions Using Complex Neutrosophic Hypersoft Mapping

Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death all over the world. This study aims to define the debates around the diagnosis of infectious diseases and their associated issues. After looking at the side effects of Infectious Diseases, it becomes difficult to distinguish the types of Infectious Diseases and their severities. It is difficult to detect the efficiency in treating a patient record and predicting the length of medicine because the indeterminacy, false components, amplitude term (A-term), phase term (P-term), and sub parametric values are commonly rejected in terms of practical evaluation. This paper introduces the Complex Neutrosophic Hypersoft (CNHS) set and CNHS mapping with its inverse mapping to overcome these limitations. This theory will be more flexible in three ways. First, it includes indeterminacy and falsity components, which will utilise parametric values to analyse data in all three dimensions of the patient’s illness: positive, indeterminant, and negative. Secondly, for easier understanding, it separates the various attributes into distinct attribute-valued sets. Third, it provides for a large range of membership function values by expanding membership to the unit circle on an Argand plane and introducing an additional term known as the P-term to account for the periodic character of the data. To correctly analyse the problem, these principles can be coupled with scientific modelling. This study demonstrates a correlation between symptoms and treatments. A table with a fuzzily defined gap between 0 and 1 is created for different types of infectious diseases. The computation is based on CNHS mapping in order to properly detect the condition and select the appropriate prescription for each patient’s ailment. Eventually, a generalised CNHS mapping is offered, which can assist a doctor in releasing the chronology of the patient’s health status and predicting the time frame of therapy until the sickness is cleared.

New distance measures of hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets

Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTSs) is an important decision-making tool for qualitative evaluation, and the distance measures between HFLTSs have been widely concerned. The purpose of this paper is to overcome the defects of the existing distance measures between HFLTSs and propose some improved and more reasonable distance measures of HFLTSs. Firstly, we find that the existing HFLTSs distance measures do not satisfy basic properties such as triangle inequality through analysis. Additionally, considering that the existing distance measures do not think about the influence of the different number of linguistic terms on the calculated results, some distance measures considering both the decision-makers’ hesitance degree and linguistic term values are further proposed. The developed distance measures not only satisfy the basic properties but also avoid the loss of decision information. Finally, the developed distance measures are applied to the field of judicial execution and compared with the calculation results of the existing distance measures. The results show that the developed distance measures are more consistent with the actual decision-making process, which is helpful in improving the quality of decision-making.

Dynamics of Regional Development in Regional and Municipal Economy

This article deals with the dynamics of territory development in the regional and municipal economy. The development of the territory is and has always been limited or restricted by the available sources of capital, the dynamics of its use, and the localization of its distribution in the chosen territory. Today’s limits are, under Czech conditions, laid down by the Building Act; namely, the land-use plan, the strategic plans for development, and the political mechanisms of the elected leaders. The verbalization of the democratization of the economy is swayed by the concepts of meritocratic holding and the attempts to create values, but also by already existing values. We interpret the term values as infrastructure developed in the past, but also as resources given by the natural, geographic, and other environments.

MODELING OF INTELLECTUAL CONTROL SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATION OF MODIFIED FUZZY COLORED PETRI NETS

A modification of the Petri nets is proposed  a Fuzzy Colored Petri Net (FCPN), leading to the integration of Fuzzy Petri Nets (FPN) and Colored Petri Nets (CPN). Separately, the shortcomings of FPN and CPN and the advantages the developed FCPN for modeling intelligent control systems are identified and justified. In the developed modified FCPN the membership functions of the terms of a linguistic variable are applied to markers of the CPN as color and fuzzy existence conditions are assigned to arcs depending on the values of the linguistic variable. As a result, FCPN with enhanced capabilities was obtained, which eliminates the shortcomings of CPN and FPN. The FCPN and a simulation approach are defined, which includes a reasoning algorithm, as well as a detailed procedure for modeling and analysis of nonlinear discrete objects. The structure is organized in the CPN Tools system with the synchronization of the CPN ML (Markup Language) language with the MatLab package. The choice of membership function and fuzzification of term values is performed in the Fuzzy Toolbox application of the MatLab system. The proposed approach is illustrated by simple example, including the control of water pumps, to maintain the required water level in the pumping well. A model is developed for the automation of adaptive fuzzy control of water pumps based on modified FCPN. Based on the criteria for the operation of water pumps according to the water levels in the pumping well, many positions and transitions of the FCPN are formed. Describing the necessary behavior of the system by the relations between the positions and transitions of the FCPN using the logic “If ... Then ...” an adaptation algorithm is developed. Based on the algorithm, the matrices of input and output incidents are determined. The graph model of the FCPN is developed. Visualization of the model is implemented in the CPN Tools system. The computer simulations and net analysis experiments demonstrate the convenience of the developed approach when modeling the intelligent control of dynamic systems.

High-resolution Fourier-transform spectroscopy and deperturbation analysis of the A1Π(v = 1) level in 12C18O

The A1Π(v = 1) level of the 12C18O isotopologue was precisely reinvestigated with two complementary spectroscopic techniques. High resolution B1Σ+ → A1Π(0, 1), (1, 1) and C1Σ+ → A1Π(0, 1) emission bands were recorded in the visible region, 20,700 – 26,100 cm−1, with a 1.71 m Fourier-transform spectrometer (Bruker IFS 125-HR) installed at the University of Rzeszów. The resulting line centre accuracy of isolated and medium to strong lines is 0.005 cm−1. In addition, high-resolution spectra of the A1Π ⟵ X1Σ+(1, 0), B1Σ+⟵ X1Σ+(0, 0) and (1, 0) as well as C1Σ+⟵ X1Σ+(0, 0) bands were recorded between 66,200 and 95,250 cm−1 using the vacuum-ultraviolet Fourier-transform spectrometer installed at the DESIRS beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The wavenumber accuracy for isolated and strong spectral lines is 0.01 cm−1. A data set of 626 spectral lines belonging to seven bands was incorporated into a global deperturbation analysis. Significantly improved deperturbed molecular constants for the A1Π(v = 1), a´3Σ+(v = 10), D1Δ(v = 1), and I1Σ−(v = 2) levels, term values of the B1Σ+(v = 0, 1) and C1Σ+(v = 0) Rydberg states as well as the accompanying spin-orbit and rotation-electronic (L-uncoupling) interaction parameters were obtained. The experimental ro-vibrational term values of the A1Π(v = 1) level and its perturbers were also determined. The mixed composition of interacting states is expressed in terms of their 1Π percentage character.

Flame Surface Density Transport Statistics for High Pressure Turbulent Premixed Bunsen Flames in the Context of Large Eddy Simulation

ABSTRACT The implications of elevated pressure on the statistical behavior of the flame surface density (FSD) transport statistics together with the behavior of selected established sub-models of the unclosed terms of the FSD transport equation have been analyzed in the context of large eddy simulation. For this purpose, five turbulent premixed Bunsen flames have been considered from an existing database. Four of the Bunsen flames are characterized by different pressure levels and are located on the boundary of the wrinkled and the corrugated flamelet (CF) regimes to allow for the possibility and clear identification of combustion instabilities that are often observed at high pressures. The fifth flame is in the thin reaction zones regime and serves as a reference case for the purpose of comparison. For a given filter width to flame thickness ratio, the terms of the FSD transport equation and their models behave in a qualitatively similar manner for different pressure levels. However, as the flame thickness decreases with increasing pressure, it is unlikely that a high pressure flame will be simulated for the same spatial resolution (i.e. LES filter width) normalized by flame thickness as that of an atmospheric flame. It is more likely that the spatial resolution remains constant and in this case, the modeling becomes much more challenging for higher pressures: the magnitudes of the sub-grid contributions increase for larger filter width to flame thickness ratio and thus the accuracy of sub-grid modeling is expected to play a more important role in determining the fidelity of the simulations. The flames considered in this work feature a relatively low ratio of turbulent velocity fluctuations to laminar flame speed, and under these conditions, positive values of the sub-grid curvature term and negative values of the strain rate term are observed toward the leading edge of the flame brush. This behavior cannot be captured by the well-established existing models for the sub-grid curvature term as these model expressions yield deterministically negative values. Similarly, existing models for the tangential strain term yield deterministically positive values. Detailed explanations have been provided for the observed behaviors of the unclosed terms of the FSD transport equations and their respective model predictions.

Spectroscopic characterization of the v2 = 3 and v2 = v4 = 1 states for 15NH3 from high resolution infrared spectra

The a, s inversion levels of v2 = 3 and v2 = v4 = 1 vibration states of 15NH3 are studied from high resolution infrared spectra up to 3200 cm−1. Spectra were recorded from 60 to 2000 cm−1 using the Bruker IFS 125 interferometer located at the Canadian Light Source and from 1900 to 3200 cm−1 using the Bomem DA 008 in Bologna. Transitions in 3ν2 and ν2+ν4, in the 3ν2 ← ν2, ν2+ν4 ← ν2, 3ν2 ← 2ν2, ν2+ν4 ← 2ν2, 3ν2 ← ν4, ν2+ν4 ← ν4, and 3ν2 ↔ ν2+ν4 hot bands, and the rotation-inversion transitions in 3ν2 and ν2+ν4 have been observed. 5770 transitions with Jmax′/Kmax′ up to 15 have been assigned, including 395 perturbation allowed ones. All transitions were fitted simultaneously on the basis of a rotation-inversion Hamiltonian which includes distortion constants up to 10th power in the angular momentum and all symmetry allowed interaction parameters between and within the a, s inversion levels of v2 = 3 and v2 = v4 = 1. The term values of the lower levels of transitions have been calculated using the parameters recently derived for the ground and v2 = 1, 2 and v4 = 1 states. The data were reproduced at experimental accuracy. The results are compared with those of 14NH3. The experimental transitions are compared with their theoretically predicted values. The list of assignments is supplied as supplementary material. The present results noticeably improve the wavenumber line list in the HITRAN 2016 data base.

New rotational analysis of the 010-010 and 000–010 bands in the A[formula omitted] - X2Π electronic transition of the N2O[formula omitted] molecule

In this work a new analysis of the 010-010 and 000–010 bands in the A2Σ+ - X2Π electronic transition of the N2O+ molecule is performed by high resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy. Two sets of spectra of the N2O+ molecule at different temperatures are analysed, one at 30 K and the other at 340 K approximately, which made possible an unambiguous assignment of the spectral lines. Due to this fact and from a “natural” advantage of the Fourier transform spectroscopy since, being an interferential spectrometry, the obtained spectrum provides absolute wavenumbers and no further calibration is required, the more accurate wavenumber allowed new and improved molecular constants and band origins, making it possible to obtain more reliable values for previously reported molecular constants. With these new constants, a new set of spin-vibronic term values was determined and compared to the values already reported in the literature.

Patterns in synchrotron near-free-rotor FIR spectra of CH3OH and CD3OH – The tau of methanol

Analysis of high-resolution synchrotron far-infrared spectra of CH3OH and CD3OH has been extended up to high vt = 3 to 5 torsional levels in the near-free rotor region. In this region, the free-rotor angular momentum quantum number m becomes the natural label for the torsional levels, and sub-bands with Δm = 0 have torsional overlap matrix elements close to unity giving rise to surprisingly strong features in the spectrum. A simple graphical picture of free rotor parabolas gives a convenient spectral predictor for the locations of the strong sub-bands, and shows that they display systematic patterns when classified by Dennison’s torsional index τ instead of the customary A and E symmetries. The initial lines of observed near-free-rotor sub-bands with the same τ connections fall in tight τ-groups encompassing a wide range in K with a constant separation between groups of different Δτ, confirming a pattern predicted from the earliest literature on internal rotation in methanol. Together with previously known data, results for newly assigned sub-bands illustrate the τ-grouping and extend the information database of ground-state methanol term values.

The high-temperature rotation-vibration spectrum and rotational clustering of silylene (SiH2)

A rotation-vibration line list for the electronic ground state (X˜1A1) of SiH2 is presented. The line list, named CATS, is suitable for temperatures up to 2000 K and covers the wavenumber range 0–10 000 cm−1 (wavelengths > 1.0 µm) for states with rotational excitation up to J=52. Over 310 million transitions between 593 804 energy levels have been computed variationally with a new empirically refined potential energy surface, determined by refining to 75 empirical term values with J ≤ 5 and a newly computed high-level ab initio dipole moment surface. This is the first, comprehensive high-temperature line list to be reported for SiH2 and it is expected to aid the study of silylene in plasma physics, industrial processes and possible astronomical detection. Furthermore, we investigate the phenomenon of rotational energy level clustering in the spectrum of SiH2. The CATS line list is available from the ExoMol database (www.exomol.com) and the CDS database.

Community of philosophical inquiry as a method in early bioethical education

‘Community of inquiry’ is a concept introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce, and was originally restricted to the practitioners of scientific inquiry. M. Lipman (2003) expanded this concept by moving it into a broader setting – the classroom. He converted the classroom into a community of inquiry, in which “students listen to one another with respect, build on one another’s ideas, challenge one another to supply reasons for otherwise unsupported opinions, assist each other in drawing inferences from what has been said, and seek to identify one another’s assumptions.” David Kennedy (2012) claimed how “Lipman, taking a cue from his friend and mentor Justus Buchler, developed and called ‘community of philosophical inquiry’— the most appropriate way to practice with students the philosophical curriculum that he had developed. This idea is also a philosophical one, and it has a farreaching implication, both practical and theoretical – for learning theory, for theory of teaching, for argumentation theory, for theory of knowledge, for group psychology, for moral education, and perhaps, ultimately of the greatest importance, for grounded political theory and practice.” In various and different approaches to philosophy with children, we can find a community of philosophical inquiry as one of the main methods. For instance, a community of philosophical inquiry is one of the methods used in Ethics and Values Education: “The term ethics and values education (EVE) applies to all aspects of education which either explicitly or implicitly relate to ethical dimensions of life and are such that can be structured, regulated and monitored with appropriate educational methods and tools.” (Strahovnik, 2015). Leaning on the cited definition of EVE, if we focus specifically on the issues of the contemporary world with its ecological crisis and rapid digitalization, we can set the relation of the ethical dimensions of life as a bioethical question. Using methodology for the community of philosophical inquiry as a basis for bioethical questioning, we can satisfy the need for innovative and effective bioethical education from an early age. In my lecture, I will show how the community of philosophical inquiry can be connected withbioethical topics such as the relationship between man and wild animals, man and plants, man and nature in global, etc.

Synchrotron spectroscopy of the CSH-bending and CH3-rocking bands of methyl mercaptan

The CSH-bending and CH3-rocking infrared bands of CH3SH have been investigated in Fourier transform spectra recorded at 0.001 cm−1 resolution employing synchrotron radiation at the Canadian Light Source in Saskatoon. The relative band strengths and structures are quite different from those of the CH3OH methanol analogue, with the CSH bend being very weak and both the in-plane and out-of-plane CH3 rocks being strong with intensities greater than the C–S stretch. The CSH bend has parallel a-type character with no detectable b-type component. The out-of-plane CH3 rock is a purely c-type perpendicular band, whereas the in-plane rock is of mixed a/b character. Sub-bands have been assigned for A and E torsional species up to about K = 10 for each vibrational mode, providing upper-state term values from which K-reduced substate origins were determined. For the CSH bend, the origins follow the customary oscillatory torsional pattern as a function of K with a sharply reduced amplitude of 0.362 cm−1 compared to the 0.653 cm−1 for the ground state. The torsional energy curves for the out-of-plane rock are also well-behaved but have inverted ordering of the A–E torsional splitting components and a larger amplitude of 1.33 cm−1. In contrast, the substate origins for the in-plane rock are scattered over a range of about 2 cm−1 without clear oscillatory structure. Several instances of coupling among the lower modes and the ground state via resonances between accidentally near-degenerate levels have been observed and characterized. Ab initio calculations are found to give a good representation of the frequency and relative intensity patterns for the lower vibrational modes.

‘To what extent does Amazon.com, Inc success be accredited to its organizational culture and ND Jeff Bezos's leadership style?

This research aims at finding the answer to the research ‘To what extent does Amazon.com, Inc's success be accredited to its's organizational culture and ND Jeff Bezos's leadership style? &#x0D; This research question is answered by using the concepts of Business management for identifying the organisational culture of Amazon and leadership style od Jeff Bezzo and later identify the role of the corporate culture and leadersip style in the success of Amazon.&#x0D; The secondary research shows that Amazon has an extremenly positive and welcoming organizational culture along with effective leadership style of Jeff bezzo which has led to the success of the company. Organisational culture motivate the human resources of the company to give their best efforts towards excellent customer services and customer satisfaction.&#x0D; The CEO jeff has inculcated a warn culture by injecting his values and used a mix of Authoratirian and democratic leadership style which has led to the success of the company. Human resources are the most important asset of every organisation and the positive organisational culture has contributed to the optimum utilization of the human resource capabilities in Amazon. The research essay end with the finding that the visonary leadership style of Jeff has inducted the long term values in the employees of Amazon. Amazon’s organisational culture can be depicted in the rituals, stories, behavior, communication, style, workplace practices, celebrations and dress code of the employees and management

Thermal Variability in the Lublin Region During the Frost Wave in January 2017

&lt;p&gt;Fale mrozów należą do ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych stanowiących – podobnie jak inne tego typu zjawiska – zagrożenie dla zdrowia i życia człowieka oraz wpływających niekorzystnie na środowisko przyrodnicze. Za falę mrozów przyjmuje się ciąg przynajmniej trzech kolejnych dni, podczas których minimalna dobowa temperatura powietrza była równa lub niższa od –15°C (Wibig i in. 2009). Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie warunków termicznych na Lubelszczyźnie podczas szczególnie mroźnego stycznia 2017 r. Jako materiał źródłowy wykorzystano wyniki pomiarów minimalnych i maksymalnych dobowych wartości temperatury powietrza oraz terminowe wartości temperatury powietrza o kroku czasowym 1 godziny, z terenowych stacji meteorologicznych Katedry Hydrologii i Klimatologii UMCS, zlokalizowanych na obszarze Lubelszczyzny (Celejów, Leśniowice, Rybczewice, Wola Wereszczyńska, Guciów) oraz stacji meteorologicznych IMGW-PIB (Siedlce, Terespol, Lublin-Radawiec, Włodawa, Sandomierz, Zamość, Kozienice). Fala mrozów na Lubelszczyźnie wystąpiła w dniach od 5 do 11 stycznia 2017 r., przy czym na większości stacji (z wyjątkiem stacji w Terespolu) 9 stycznia minimalna dobowa temperatura powietrza była wyższa od –15°C. Podczas analizowanego okresu najniższą temperaturę powietrza zanotowano 7 stycznia na stacji w Guciowie (–25,3°C). Przyczyną tej fali mrozów był napływ powietrza arktycznego z północy.&lt;/p&gt;