Term Values Research Articles

Ideal Gas Thermodynamic Functions For NO From the Total Partition Sum and Its Moments

The total internal partition sum, Qint(T), and the translational partition sum, Qtrans(T), were computed for six isotopologues of NO: 14N16O, 15N16O, 14N18O, 14N17O, 15N18O, 15N17O. These were used to determine the total partition sum, Q(T), and its first and second moments, Q̃′T and Q̃″T. The total internal partition sum was computed using term values determined by Qu et al. [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 504, 5768–5777 (2021)] for 14N16O and those of Wong et al. [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 470, 882–897, (2017)] for the other isotopologues. These term values are the best available and hence provide the most accurate total internal partition sums and its first and second moments. The uncertainties in Qint(T), its moments, and the resulting thermodynamic functions were determined from the uncertainty in the term values and the uncertainty due to the convergence of the partition sum and its moments. From these quantities, the isobaric heat capacity, Helmholtz energy, entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs function, and the JANAF functions hef and gef, and their uncertainties, were computed on a 1 K grid from 1 to 9000 K. The data are compared with the literature values. The resulting thermodynamic quantities are the most accurate determined from direct summation of Q(T), Q̃′T, and Q̃″T.

Electronic properties and vibrationally averaged structures of X̃ 2Σ+ MgOH: a computational molecular spectroscopy study.

For X̃ 2Σ+ MgOH, we have calculated the 3D potential energy surface (PES) at the MR-SDCI+Q/[cc-pCV5Z (Mg), aug-cc-pV5Z (O), cc-pV5Z (H)] level and derived the vibrational properties from there using the discrete variable representation (DVR) method. The PES minimum is at the linear structure; hence, MgOH is a "linear molecule." The 3D PES is shallow, and MgOH tends to bend in the region immediately when either or both Mg-O and O-H bonds become longer than those of the equilibrium structure (re(Mg-O) = 1.7614 Å, re(O-H) = 0.9453 Å, and ∠e(Mg-O-H) = 180°). The zero-point structure, determined as the expectation values over the DVR3D wavefunctions, has 〈r(Mg-O)〉0 = 1.7837 Å and 〈r(O-H)〉0 = 0.9948 Å, and the deviation angle from linearity 〈〉0 = 26.4°. The harmonic frequencies ωe for the Mg-O stretching, bending, and O-H stretching modes are 768, 142, and 4060 cm-1, respectively, and the corresponding term values ν1, ν2, and ν3 are 752, 156, and 3867 cm-1. All the vibrational behaviors, such as quasi-linear features, unusual relationship ν2 > ω2, a large amplitude bending motion, etc., are elucidated in terms of the ab initio electronic wavefunctions and the DVR3D vibrational wavefunctions. We have another piece of evidence to support our postulation that a linear molecule is observed as being bent.

Synchrotron radiation far infrared spectrum of the astrophysically significant Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) molecule in the gauche states in the vibrational ground state and other infrared observations

In this communication, the analyses of synchrotron radiation far infrared (FIR) spectrum corresponding to the gauche- (e1ando1) states of Ethyl Alcohol are reported. Detailed assignments have been performed for b-type transitions for K values ranging from 5 to 32 and up to a maximum J value of 50. The assignments confirmed the earlier microwave (MW) and millimeter wave (MMW) spectroscopic results. The transition wavenumbers have been used to determine the term values for the gauche-states involved for all the K and J values for which observation has been made. About 2000 spectral lines have been assigned, including some accurately calculated lines that fall in the MW and MMW regions. Although transitions between the trans-species and gauche species are not allowed in Ethanol, many resonances and level crossings of energy levels cause forbidden transitions. One such system of level crossings between K=10o1 and 12ee00 has been analyzed in detail, and the interaction coefficient determined. The state mixing seems quite strong and causes forbidden transitions (ΔK=0,2,3), including transitions for trans↔gauche, have been found. In addition, many new strong transitions have been assigned, which belong to the trans-species. To extend our work to higher wave numbers to facilitate observations made by the infrared detector on board the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the analysis of the torsional fundamental band transitions (around 220cm-1) for o2←e0 and o2←e1 has been taken up. Some of the assignments are discussed here. Lastly, the lower-lying vibrational bands centered around 425cm-1 (CCO– bending mode) and the band at around 800cm-1 (CH3- rocking mode) have been recorded. The CCO bending band shows an unmistakable parallel character for the trans-species. The assignment work on the CCO-bending band is in progress, and the assignments for K=0andK=1(+and-) are included in this report. Accurate term values for the CCO-bending mode could be obtained. The results allowed the determination of the leading rotational constants for the trans-species in the excited vibrational state of the CCO-bending state. The complete known assigned lines of about 16,000 lines for the parent isotopomer and about 650 lines for 13 -C1 and 13−C2 (see graphical abstract) substituted Ethanol isotopomers are gathered in Appendix I and II, respectively. These atlases should be a valuable tool for further energy level analysis and astronomical detection of Ethanol in interstellar space.

ExoMol line lists – LX. Molecular line list for the ammonia isotopologue 15NH3

Abstract A theoretical line list for 15NH3 CoYuTe-15 is presented based on the empirical potential energy and ab initio dipole moments surfaces developed and used for the production of the ExoMol line list CoYuTe for 14NH3. The ro-vibrational energy levels and wavefunctions are computed using the variational program TROVE. The line list ranges up to 10 000 cm−1 (λ ≥ 1 μm) and contains 929 795 249 transitions between 1 269 961 states with J ≤ 30. The line list should be applicable for temperatures up to ∼1000 K. To improve the accuracy of the line positions, a set of experimentally-derived energy levels of 15NH3 is produced using the Marvel procedure. To this end, 37 experimental sources of the line positions of 15NH3 available in the literature are collected, combined and systematised to produce a self-consistent spectroscopic network of 21 095 15NH3 transitions covering 40 vibrational bands ranging up to 6818 cm−1 and resulting in 2777 energy term values. These Marvel energies are then used to replace the theoretical values in the CoYuTe-15 line list and also complemented by pseudo-Marvel energies obtained by an isotopologue extrapolation using the previously reported Marvel energies of the 14NH3 parent isotopologue of ammonia. A list of 53 856 high resolution transitions between Marvel states and theoretical intensities is provided in the HITRAN format. Comparison with the recent experimental spectra of 15NH3 illustrate the potential of the line list for detections and as an efficient assistant in spectroscopic assignments. The line list is available from www.exomol.com.

High-resolution FTIR spectroscopy and analysis of the K a = 0 ← 1 subbands of the fundamentals ν 3 and ν 6 of the dimer (HF)2

We report new far-infrared spectra of (HF)2 obtained by high resolution long-path Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The origins of the two tunneling components of the K a = 0 ← 1 subband of the in-plane symmetric bending fundamental ν 3 were found to be at 450.4546 cm − 1 (Γ t : A + ← B +) and at 451.4583 cm − 1 (B + ← A +), and of the K a = 0 ← 1 subband of the out-of-plane bending fundamental ν 6 at 382.0802 cm − 1 (A + ← A +) and at 383.2245 cm − 1 (B + ← B +). The K a = 0 term values with respect to the ground state Γ t = A + term are 486.9442 cm − 1 for the A + and 486.8834 cm − 1 for the B + tunneling levels of ν 3. They are 417.5053 cm − 1 for the A − and 419.7140 cm − 1 for the B − vibration-tunneling sublevels of ν 6. The results are discussed in relation to full-dimensional quantum dynamics and predictions based on recent ab initio calculations and our empirically refined potential energy hypersurfaces. Graphical abstract

The far infrared absorption spectrum of D216O, D217O, and D218O: Experimental line positions, empirical energy levels and recommended line lists

The far infrared absorption spectra of D216O, D217O, and D218O are analyzed with improved accuracy and sensitivity in the 50–720 cm−1 range corresponding to the rotational band. Four room-temperature absorption spectra of highly deuterated water vapor were recorded at the SOLEIL synchrotron by high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy. Line centers are reported with a typical accuracy of 5 × 10−5 cm−1 for well isolated lines. The combined line list of about 9700 water lines was assigned to about 10 400 transitions of the nine stable water isotopologues (H2XO, HDXO, D2XO, with X = 16, 17, and 18). A total of 2885 transitions of eight bands involving the first five vibrational states were assigned to D216O. Among them, 2057 are newly reported. The obtained set of transition frequencies was merged with literature data to generate a new set of empirical energy levels for the first five vibrational states of D216O. A total of 1089 transitions of the (000)–(000) and (010)–(010) bands were measured for D217O. They were merged with literature sources to derive 724 empirical term values of seven vibrational states, up to 8088 cm−1. 348 D217O levels are newly determined. A set of 1150 transitions belonging to the (000)–(000) and (010)–(010) bands was measured for D218O. 3451 empirical energies of rotation–vibration levels up to 9222 cm−1 were retrieved using our observations and literature sources. The extension and accuracy of the derived empirical energy levels allow us to recommend new line lists with empirically corrected line positions for D216O, D217O, and D218O.

Characterization of low-lying electronic states of diatomic sodium bismuthide cation including the spin-orbit coupling effect

We present a high-level ab initio investigation of the diatomic sodium bismuth (NaBi+), which is a hitherto experimentally unknown species. The explicitly correlated multireference configuration interaction method is used to calculate energy points of thirteen low-lying Λ-S electron states associated with five dissociation limits. Detailed information on structural features, electronic characters, and spectroscopic constants is acquired. Our calculated relative energies between each of the interested higher dissociation limits and the lowest one for NaBi+, as well as splittings of energy levels for Bi, agree well with experimental data. Besides, we have identified and discussed the transition properties of bands from excited Ω states to the ground one, including transition dipole moments, Einstein coefficients, Franck-Condon factors, vibrational branching ratios, and radiative lifetimes. The extent of perturbations originating from the spin-orbit coupling effect to the present species is quantified through discussions on term values of spin-orbit matrix elements, and the spin-orbit coupling effect is proved to have introduced a significant effect to the low-lying electronic states of NaBi+.

Unraveling proton strangeness: Determination of the strangeness sigma term with statistical significance

This study delves into the contribution of the strange quark within the proton, which influences several fundamental proton properties. By establishing a robust relationship between the proton’s quantum anomalous energy and the sigma term, we successfully extract the contribution of the strangeness sigma term in the proton, obtaining it from parametrized fits of the differential cross section using exponential and dipole forms. The extracted sigma term values are estimated to be 455.62±64.60 MeV (exponential fit) and 337.74±106.79 MeV (dipole fit). Additionally, we present novel results for the proton trace anomalous energy, observing values of 0.13±0.02 (exponential fit) and 0.15±0.03 (dipole fit). Our analysis integrates the novel data from the J/ψ−007 and GlueX Collaborations, to some extent providing an experimental phenomenological window into the nonzero strange quark content inside proton, with the statistical significances 7.1σ (exponential fit) and 3.2σ (dipole fit), respectively. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of scheme independence in the extraction results and examine the uniformity of sigma terms obtained from the datasets provided by the two collaborations. Our analysis may reveals compatibility between the extracted results of the respective experiments. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Fourier-transform spectroscopy and global deperturbation treatment of the A1Σu+ and b3Πu states of K2 in the entire bound energy range.

Rotationally resolved Fourier-transform spectra of laser-induced fluorescence A1Σu+∼b3Πu→X1Σg+ of K2 molecules were recorded and analyzed, yielding 4053 term values of the spin-orbit (SO) coupled A ∼ b complex of the 39K2 isotopologue with ∼0.01 cm-1 accuracy. Their compilation with 1739 term values from previously published sources allowed them to cover the energy range [9955, 17 436] cm-1 from the bottom of the lower-lying b3Πu state up to the vicinity of the atomic asymptote 4s2S12 + 4p2P12, with a rotational quantum number J ∈ [0, 149]. The experimental data were processed by a direct 6 × 6 coupled-channel (CC) deperturbation treatment, which accounted explicitly for both SO and electronic-rotational interactions between all six e-symmetry states: A1Σu+(0u+), b3Πu(0u+,1u,2u), c3Σu(1u), and B1Πu(1u). The initial parameters of the global deperturbation model have been estimated in the framework of abinitio electronic structure calculations applying multi-reference configuration-interaction and coupled-clusters methods. The interatomic potentials analytically defined for A and b states, as well as SO-splitting of the triplet b state and A ∼ b SO-coupling functions, have been particularly refined to fit the 5792 term values of the 39K2 isotopologue, whereas the rest parameters were fixed on their abinitio values. The resulting mass-invariant parameters of the 6 × 6 CC model reproduced the overall rovibronic term energies of the A ∼ b complex of 39K2 with accuracy, which is well within the experimental errors. The quality of the deperturbation analysis was independently confirmed by comparison with the present obtained 705 and 14 term values of respective 39K41K and 41K2 isotopologues, as well as by agreement between measured and predicted relative intensity distributions in long A ∼ b → X(vX) band progressions. This deperturbation analysis provided the refined dissociation energy Tdis = 17 474.569(5) cm-1 and the long-range coefficient C3Σ = 5.501(4) × 105 cm-1 Å3 relevant to the non-relativistic atomic limit 4s + 4p. The derived Tdis yielded the accurate well depth De = 4450.910(5) cm-1 for the ground X1Σg+ state, whereas the new C3Σ value yielded the improved estimates for atomic K(4p2P12;32) radiative lifetimes, τ12 = 26.67(3) and τ32 = 26.32(3) ns.

Insight into melting point differences of dinitroimidazoles and dinitropyrazoles from the perspective of intermolecular interactions.

Dinitroimidazole (DNI) and dinitropyrazole (DNP), along with their congeners, possess similar molecular structures but exhibit distinct melting points. To analyse and elucidate the fundamental reasons for property differences from the perspective of intermolecular interactions, we proposed a simplified approach named binding energy in clusters (BEC) in computing weak interactions within complex crystal systems. Based on the results of the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) calculations, an approximate estimation of the melting point range can be derived by taking into account the cumulative effect (energy of electrostatic, dispersion and induction terms) and repulsive effect (energy of exchange term) values. We have also proposed a formula for calculating the specific melting point, which indicates that stronger intermolecular interactions have a major impact on the melting point, while the distribution of weak interactions also affects the melting point. This work would provide an effective reference for molecular design and structure-performance analysis.

The ground electronic state of CS: A global multi-isotopologue direct potential fit analysis

A collection of 6759 pure-rotational and vibrational–rotational spectroscopic line positions available for seven isotopologues of the ground X1Σ+ electronic state of carbon monosulfide has been employed in a weighted nonlinear least-squares direct fit to the potential energy function of 12C32S and supplementary functions describing breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. All radial functions are represented by compact analytical models having proper theoretical asymptotic behavior. The spectroscopic line positions are reproduced on average to within the associated experimental uncertainties by the quantum–mechanical eigenvalues of the derived Hamiltonians for individual isotopologues. The potential energy function is constrained to obey the theoretical radial behavior both at short-range and at long-range. Accurate quantum–mechanical vibrational term values and rotational and centrifugal distortion constants are provided for all stable isotopologues of CS included in the least-squares fits.

Thermodynamic Functions for N2 from the Total Partition Sum and its Moments

The total partition sum, Q(T), and its first and second moments, Q′(T) and Q″(T), were determined in terms of the total internal partition sum, Qint(T), and the translational partition sum, Qtrans(T), for 14N2, 14N15N, and 15N2. The total internal partition sum was computed using term values determined using the molecular constants of Le Roy et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164310 (2006)] for the ground electronic state and molecular constants for the first eight excited electronic states. The work of Le Roy et al. provides the best term values available and, hence, the most accurate total internal partition sums and their first and second moments. The convergence of Qint(T) and its moments were carefully studied and resulted in values with small uncertainty to 9000 K. From these quantities, the isobaric heat capacity, the Helmholtz energy, the entropy, the enthalpy, the Gibbs function, and the JANAF functions S0, hef, and gef, were computed on a 1 K grid from 1 to 9000 K. The resulting thermodynamic quantities are the most accurately determined from the direct summation of Q(T), Q′(T) and Q″(T). These data are compared with literature values.

The ground, v2 = 1, 2 and v4 = 1 states of 14ND3 analyzed at experimental accuracy

Ammonia is the object of extensive investigations due to the peculiar pattern of its interacting vibration states and its central role in astronomical sciences. 14ND3 is of interest in astrochemistry because the determination of deuterium fractionation ratios in ammonia and its deuterated isotopologues contributes to a deeper knowledge of the chemistry in the cold, dense cores of the interstellar medium. Here, the ground, v2 = 1, 2 and v4 = 1, a, s states of 14ND3 are analyzed thanks to new spectra recorded with the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, from 60 to 1500 cm−1 at a resolution ranging from 0.00096 to 0.003 cm−1. Overall, 7765 inversion, rotation-inversion, and vibration–rotation-inversion transitions in ν2, 2ν2, ν4, 2ν2 ← ν2, 2ν2 ← ν4, ν4 ← ν2, ν2 ← ν2, 2ν2 ← 2ν2, and ν4 ← ν4 have been fitted simultaneously to characterize the s and a levels of the excited states. 4021 and 2388 transitions were assigned in the cold and hot bands, respectively, and 150 inversion and 1206 inversion-rotation transitions in v2 = 1, 2 and v4 = 1. The effective Hamiltonian adopted includes all symmetry allowed interactions between and within the studied excited states, according to the most recent results on ammonia. The transitions have been reproduced at experimental accuracy using 118 spectroscopic parameters, determined with high precision. In addition, a new analysis of the ground state has been performed. 9256 data have been fitted, 78 inversion and 837 rotation-inversion transitions, and 8341 ground state combination differences. An improved set of parameters and term values are derived thanks to the increased precision of the newly assigned rotation-inversion transitions with J/ K values up to 31/30 and to the larger number of the ground state combination differences.

The Relationship between Tourism Planning and Bioclimatic Comfort in Rural Areas: The Case of Kofçaz/Kirklareli/Türkiye

In this study, the bioclimatic comfort status for tourism was determined through PET using RayMan model in the case of rural settlements of Kırklareli/Kofçaz located in the northwest part of Turkey. For calculating the thermal comfort index of PET in RayMan, monthly average temperature, relative humidity, and wind measurement long- term values between 1980-2018 with respect to 13 climate stations located within the borders of Turkey and Bulgaria were used and interpolated with the IDW method in ArcGIS program. Afterwards, seasonal, and monthly climatic maps were established regarding annual average temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The maps obtained were classified according to the comfort zones that determine the bioclimatic comfort and the bioclimatic comfort map of the study area was created. As a result of the assessments performed, it has been determined that the bioclimatic comfort situation varies temporally and spatially. The results obtained from the study will be effective in determining the period and place preferences in tourism planning, determining rural development-oriented strategies, and ensuring the quality of life and comfort of the relevant stakeholders. It will serve as a reference for the climate-sensitive approach targeted in upper-scale plans and policies within the scope of combating climate change.

HOW TO DO THINGS WITH “VALUES”: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE MEANINGS AND FUNCTIONS OF A CORE CONCEPT ON TWITTER

The term _values_ is prominent in political discourse. Yet its ubiquity is matched by its vagueness, especially when considering usage among different cultures. Twitter provides a promising venue for exploring the contested political discourse surrounding this term. In this paper, we study the use of the term values on Twitter across different language communities. We ask: _what meanings do users ascribe to the term “values”?_ and _what are the social and political discursive functions of the term?_ For both questions, we will explore cross-cultural similarities and differences. We compiled a corpus of around 15 million tweets containing the term _values_ from 2019-2021 in English, German, Italian, Japanese, and Korean. We use two complementary methods for analyzing the data: 1) a big-data computational analysis, finding the most prominent terms co-occurring with and phrases containing the term _values_; 2) a systematic content analysis of a smaller subset of the corpus. *Preliminary Results of English and Japanese tweets suggest* fundamental differences in how the two languages frame _values_: while the term in English appears mainly in a partisan political context, Japanese usage is far more personal and apolitical. In the English corpus, the term is often invoked in politically motivated rhetorical attacks, often alleging hypocrisy. In the Japanese corpus, tweeters use the term to promote a societal norm of respecting others’ values and to discuss generational gaps. Our analysis demonstrates the potential of Twitter-based research for unpacking the meanings and functions of this core concept, across cultures.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) for the Summertime in the Period 2000–2021 in Slovenia: The Implication of Heat Stress for Agricultural Workers

Due to climate change crisis, the risk of occupational heat stress for agricultural workers has recently increased. The temporal and spatial biometeorological conditions in different climatic regions of Slovenia during summer were analyzed using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and additionally the water loss index (SW) and the accepted level of physical activity (MHR). Term values of air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed at 10 m and cloud cover at 14:00 CEST were used as input for the BioKlima 2.6 software package and were retrieved from the Slovenian Environment Agency for the summer months in the period 2000–2021. The rise in the average UTCI values was shown to be positive and statistically significant for summer (0.7 °C/decade) as well as for all three months, the highest being for June (0.9 °C/decade). The percentage of summer days during 2000–2021 that were under strong or very strong heat stress varied widely by location, ranging from one-third to more than one-half. Average monthly UTCI values at 14:00 CEST were the highest in July, reaching 30 °C in a submediterranean climate, Črnomelj is the only station with this average higher than 32 °C. Daily highest UTCI value was 47 °C (Črnomelj). It was shown that conditions in the middle of a hot summer day are not suitable for moderate or severe agricultural workloads.

Pre-Born–Oppenheimer energies, leading-order relativistic and QED corrections for electronically excited states of molecular hydrogen

For rovibronic states corresponding to the B and electronic states of the hydrogen molecule, the pre-Born–Oppenheimer (four-particle) non-relativistic energy is converged to a 1–3 parts-per-billion relative precision. The four-particle non-relativistic energy is appended with leading-order relativistic, leading- and estimated higher-order quantum-electrodynamics corrections. The resulting term values referenced to the rovibronic ground state are obtained in an excellent agreement with the experimental results. Further results are reported and discussed for other rovibronic states assignable to the and the and electronic states.

Frequency comb-referenced cavity ring-down spectroscopy of natural water between 8041 and 8633 cm−1

The 1.25 µm atmospheric transparency window is of importance for a number of atmospheric applications. As a continuation of our previous works on the improvement of water vapor line parameters in the near infrared, the room temperature absorption spectrum of water vapor in natural isotopic abundance is recorded with unprecedented sensitivity between 8041 and 8633 cm−1, using comb-referenced cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The line positions and intensities of more than 5400 lines were retrieved. Their intensities range between 3.6 × 10−30 and 1.5 × 10−22 cm/molecule. The high sensitivity and low noise level of the recordings (αmin≈ 10−11 cm−1) allow for measuring more than 1600 new lines and determine their positions with an accuracy of about 10−4 cm−1 in the case of isolated features. The rovibrational assignments were performed using known experimental energy levels and calculated spectra based on variational calculations by Schwenke and Partridge. The final line list is assigned to more than 5400 transitions of the first six water isotopologues (H216O, H218O, H217O, HD16O, HD18O and HD17O). The measured line positions allow to determine the energy of 79 new levels of H216O, H218O, H217O, and HD16O, and to correct 139 previously reported term values. Although a good agreement is generally observed, the comparison to the HITRAN2020 spectroscopic database and to the W2020 transition frequencies reveals a number of discrepancies both for line positions and line intensities. The lack of traceability of some HITRAN line parameters and some biases in the derivation procedure of the W2020 energy levels are confirmed in the studied range. Validation tests of the theoretical values of the line intensities against measured values show both band-by-band variations of the deviations on the order of a few % and line-by-line fluctuations within a given band.

Формализация параметров модуля фертигации в системах капельного орошения

Purpose: to formalize the parameters on which the choice of optimal fertilizer application rates depends with fuzzy sets for constructing a fuzzy model and a control system for the fertigation module. Materials and methods. The use of Soft Computing methods is required by the need to represent the input variables values in the form of fuzzy sets, with further structural and parametric identification of a fuzzy model for controlling the concentration of nutrients in the solution. This will enable to compile fuzzy knowledge bases in the form of “IF – THEN” rules and, using fuzzy logic methods, to determine the well-defined values of output variables: the necessary application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with irrigation water. Results. As input variables, the parameters on which the choice of optimal fertilizer rates depends are determined. At the output of the model, three variables determining the norms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the nutrient solution are used. For each of the selected input and output variables, the measurement ranges and the linguistic term values are selected and membership functions are constructed. Conclusions. The conducted formalization of input and output values will make it possible to build the structure of the fertigation module control model, to form fuzzy rule bases and to implement fuzzy logical inference according to the Mamdani algorithm. This will allow defuzzification of the output variables using the center of gravity method in order to obtain a clear numerical value at the output. It is also possible to carry out parametric identification of the obtained model from the training sample by adjusting the membership functions parameters of the. Thanks to the use of IoT technologies, it will be possible to carry out external control and, if necessary, manual control of the fertigation system.

MHD Nanoliquid Flow Along a Stretched Surface with Thermal Radiation and Chemical Reaction Effects

The consequences of viscous, ohmic, thermal radiation, and chemical reaction on an incompressible, steady, magnetized nanofluid moving through a stretched surface are investigated for choosing two distinct Nanoliquids (Cuo/water and Silver/water). Through the similarity transformations, the controlling dimensional equations of momentum, energy, and concentration were simplified to non-dimensional forms. The solution to the resulting problem is obtained by Bvp4c. The velocity, temperature and concentration are significantly shown for various emerging factors. On both kinds of nanofluids, thermal is grown consistently with an increasing Eckart number. It does, however, lessen as the radiation term values increase. Moreover, if the Schmidt number ranges on the concentration fluid flow indicate that the H(η) profile is going to fall. The tendency for H(η) to boost as the Soret number raises is becoming increasingly noticeable. Ag/water has a higher heat flow rate than Cuo/water when the amounts of Eckart and Radiation numbers are changed. Tables and plots displayed an engineering physical parameter such as coefficient of skin friction, rate of heat transmission and mass transfer.