Terms Of Sustainability Research Articles

An Assessment On The Knowledge Level Of Farmers Regarding Paddy Straw Management In Ludhiana, Punjab

Managing paddy straw in conservation agriculture is crucial for long term sustainability of agriculture. Rice straw, which is often scattered or burned in the fields, serves multiple purposes like mushroom production, fuel for cooking, ruminant fodder, stable bedding, and paper making. The study has put forth the knowledge level of farmers regarding paddy straw management. The present study was carried out in the Ludhiana district of Punjab purposively on the basis of availability of rice growers using multistage sampling technique with 100 respondents. The study revealed that 47 per cent belong to middle age group ranging from 35-50 years. Among all, 39 per cent of the farmers have completed senior secondary education. Agriculture was the major occupation of the respondents. It has been reported that more than half of the farmers belonged to nuclear families and majority of farmers had small sized family of 2 to 5 members. The operational land holding data of the respondents was categorized into marginal, small, semi-medium, medium and large categories and the majority of farmers have large land holdings of more than 25 acres. Notably, maximum respondents demonstrated a medium knowledge level regarding paddy straw management. The overall result regarding paddy straw management indicates a mixed level of awareness. While the majority of farmers were knowledgeable about certain aspects such as preferred rice variety for extending time period for straw management and the use of a baler. The study established a positive and highly significant relationship between knowledge level and and factors like education and training.

Quantifying the impacts of urbanization on urban green, evidences from Maga City, Lahore Pakistan

Globally, green spaces are considered as a fundamental part of biodiversity to balance the environment in an ecosystem particularly in urban areas. Contrary to this, urban green is declining in the least developing nations particularly due to rapid urbanization. This impact alter the condition of environmental services in term of non-provision and insufficient urban green spaces for the local population. This study takes Shahdara Town as an area of interest that is a congested urban area of Lahore Pakistan, and currently facing social injustice in terms of a dense urban area with few green spaces. The study uses Geographical Information Science for the identification of green spaces, calculation of their total area, and quantification of green cover extent by using NDVI, to comparing them with population to analyzed the environmental justice. To check the social perspective of the population regarding green areas and their importance among urban people, a comparison has been made with the presence of parks in the area, their association with living conditions and quality of life of locals. This social prospective was investigated by applying the Multiple Linear Regression Model (MLRM) by taking the availability of park/urban green in area as dependent variable and accessibility to parks, its total distance from a house, and frequency of visit as independent variables. The resultant analysis shows that according to international standards, per capita green spaces are less in this town, of Lahore. This imbalance provision of environmental services is a challenging task, for policymakers and a hurdle for urban sustainability. Finally, the outcomes of the research provide a documented base evidence and social analysis for environmental sustainability in terms of provisions of environmental services for the urban dwellers in the region.

Unveiling the dynamic impact of energy generation on economic sustainability in Canada: A roadmap towards sustainable development

Economic sustainability is a critical concern when considering the dynamic effects of renewable and nonrenewable energy generation. This study aims to investigate the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy generation, energy technology, the labor force, and capital formation on economic sustainability in Canada from 1990 to 2021. As a step further, we also explore the moderating role of energy technology using a dynamic ARDL simulation model and Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration test. Study results reveal that renewable energy generation positively impacts economic sustainability in both the short and long term. Nonrenewable energy generation shows positive effects in the short term but has a negative impact on economic sustainability in the long term. Labor availability initially affects economic sustainability negatively in the short run but becomes insignificant over time. Gross capital formation consistently contributes positively to economic sustainability. The study also highlights the importance of integrating renewable and nonrenewable energy generation with energy technology for enhanced economic sustainability. To stimulate economic sustainability, policymakers should prioritize promoting renewable energy due to its consistently positive impact in the short and long term. A gradual transition from nonrenewable energy is crucial to mitigate long-term disadvantages. Labor development should adapt over time, and encouraging capital formation is vital. Integrating energy sources with advanced technologies maximizes economic sustainability. These measures aim to support economic sustainability and foster a sustainable and resilient future for Canada.

Environmental Sustainability and Urban Growth Issues: Empirical Evidence from Osogbo Capital Territory, Nigeria

Worldwide, urban centers have continued to see exceptional increase in spatial urban growth since more than 50 years ago in the majority of emerging countries. Osogbo, the capital of Osun State, is hardly discussed despite being one of the cities in Nigeria that is quickly urbanizing. In order to establish a justification for good governance in the pursuit of environmental sustainability, the article examines challenges related to urban growth and environmental sustainability in the Osogbo Capital Territory. Four Hundred and Fifty (450) questionnaires were distributed among the residents of six (6) residential areas and 384 questionnaires were retrieved, representing 85.33%, ergo judged fit for analysis of this study. Using a Stratified Random Sampling Techniques in order to ensure a fair representation of different socio-economic groups in Osogbo, Primary Data were obtained from field surveys with the administration of questionnaires across the Three (3) neighborhood strata to include: Core Area, Intermediate Area and New Areas. A pilot survey was conducted to test the reliability of the research instruments which paved the way for the refinement of the final questionnaire. The study used the severity index test of association, mean weighted score, and percentage-based descriptive methodology. The analysis's findings indicated that urban population growth had a big impact on environmental sustainability in terms of the state of the infrastructure and facilities, people's satisfaction with the facilities that are currently available, and the environmental issues in the neighborhood that was chosen. In order to maintain our cities and ensure the future well-being of inhabitants, the paper consequently advises proper methods of crucial policies to be held in order to achieve sustainable development, as this will further promote sustainability of Nigerian cities.

Theoretical Research into Leadership for Sustainability

Given the social and environmental challenges facing all organizations, there is a need for new leadership models, methods, and tools for implementing organizational change for sustainable development. Thus, throughout this article, it is reviewed the current approaches to leadership for sustainability in terms of their conceptual frameworks and extant research, which all advocate a balanced stakeholder approach to leadership to address the social and environmental issues related to sustainability and sustainable development. Being drawn from spiritual and centered on leadership theories, the article offers a Global Leadership for Sustainability model that incorporates and extends the conceptual domain beyond current approaches to leadership for sustainability. Spirituality, through the qualities of self-transcendence and interconnectedness, is critical for sustainability and fundamental for Global Leadership for Sustainability. The article also emphasizes the importance of cultivating a Global Mindset for Sustainability, which incorporates two ethical principles—an ethic of remote moral responsibility and an ethic of care and compassion. As a result, global leaders for sustainability become more committed to moving beyond satisfying stakeholders’ demands for economic returns, towards a more sustainable, triple-bottom line, balanced approach. Finally, we discuss implications for theory, research, and practice. Global leaders for sustainability are consequently more dedicated to adopting a triple-bottom-line, balanced approach that goes beyond meeting stakeholders' needs for financial gains. To change the paradigm of leadership and develop leaders who can cooperate to tackle difficult sustainability challenges, sustainability education is crucial. An up-to-date and broadened understanding of leadership is what ‘leadership for sustainability' means, putting sustainable values into practice, leading from a paradigm of living processes, and developing an inclusive, collaborative, and reflective leadership style. To make recommendations for best practices in leadership development, this study reviews and integrates literature on leadership, leadership development, and sustainability education. The following are some recommended pedagogical strategies for developing leaders: self-observation and awareness, contemplation, inquiry into various and ecological viewpoints, experiential learning, and community engagement.

Enhancing Social Sustainability via Branding Strategies among Personal Care and Cosmetics Customers: The Moderating Role of Brand Visibility

Sustainability has existed since the day it was originated by the Brundtland Commission in the year of 1987. The term sustainability has been vaguely defined and it creates different interpretations. In line with today’s economic situation, organizations increasingly perceive sustainability as an opportunity for them to gain a competitive advantage. In the current era, most of the powerful brands aspire to achieve the same social goal; hence business leaders and marketers are now facing a problem in maintaining its social sustainability. Most studies investigate social sustainability goals from the perspective of business operations. Results from the field study involving 420 customers from six (6) premier shopping malls across Kuala Lumpur demonstrated evidence for construct validity and reliability based on the multiple regression analysis, the result of the study of this study shows that only the Branded House strategy and Halal strategy were proven to have significant relationship with social sustainability. In terms of testing the hypotheses involving the moderating roles of the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable, 2 out of 4 hypotheses were supported in which brand visibility moderates the relationship between Halal branding and social sustainability, whereas brand visibility moderates the relationship between stand-alone strategy and social sustainability The implications of this research are, the organization needs to consider corporate dominant strategy and Halal strategy to ensure long-term business operation and this research also provides additional insight on social sustainability model by investigating the branding strategies namely corporate dominant, brand dominant, mixed branding and Halal branding.

Knowledge Management and Lifelong Learning - Some Aspects of Their Development in Bulgaria

The modern economy is characterized by globalization of processes and a high degree of digitization nowadays. The dynamism, competitiveness, the increased migration of the population and, in particular, of labor resources, lead to the need of constant search for new ways of doing things. In this regard, today the key role of an extremely valuable resource is acquired by knowledge. Moreover, the intangible resources to which they refer are crucial for the success of organizations. Achieving sustainability in economic, social and cultural terms implies the generation, acquisition and effective use of knowledge. This is closely related to supplemental learning of already acquired knowledge and skills. The purpose of this article is to characterize knowledge and its management and to analyze the degree of implementation of the lifelong learning strategy in Bulgaria

Analisis Komparasi Biaya Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Organik dan Anorganik Di Desa Karang Sari Belitang III OKU Timur

Indonesia has a wealth of tropical biological resources, an abundance of sunlight, water and soil, as well as a culture of people who respect nature. This is what makes Indonesia has great potential for organic farming. The demand for organic rice in Indonesia continues to increase every year. In 2001 organic rice production was 1,180 tons, while in 2004 organic rice production increased to 11,000 tons. In 2005 Indonesia's organic rice market reached 28 billion rupiah with a growth of around 22 percent per year. Organic farming systems are increasingly popular lately due to the failure of inorganic farming systems in maintaining land and environmental sustainability in the long term. This is because in its application, the agricultural system is very dependent on the use of chemical substances such as urea, TSP, ZA, pesticides and so on so that in the long run it will have an impact on damage to agricultural land which will ultimately reduce productivity. Karang Sari Village, one of the villages in Belitang III District, OKU Timur Regency, where the majority of the population has a livelihood as lowland rice farmers, seeks organic rice cultivation without using chemical fertilizers or pesticides, but most farmers still grow rice conventionally (inorganic).

Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları Çerçevesinde Kadınların Güçlenmesi: “Kızlar Sahada” Örneği

In Türkiye, efforts to eliminate gender inequality, barriers to access to sport and cultural norms in sport are increasing by the day. The aim of this research is to the empowerment of girls and women through football within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 5) using the “Girls on the Field” platform as a case. According to the findings, the 'Girls on the Field' platform as been seen as an exemplary platform that "prioritizes sustainability in terms of its founding purposes" and adopts empowerment activities in sport through football. As a result, the “Girls on the Field” platform is seen as an exemplary organization in establishing similar platforms in Turkey and the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

Ranking projects in regional electrification plans considering technical and social criteria. Case study in Mexico

Plans to extend rural electrification usually face budget constraints, so must prioritize the projects to define the implementation order. The project ranking must be defined with a clear procedure to justify the order among all stakeholders. Moreover, techno-economic and also social criteria must be considered to maximize positive impact and ensure long term sustainability. The current literature in rural electrification still has an economic bias and mainly offers independent designs for each community but no prioritized order to guide the institution promoting the program. This study presents a multicriteria decision-aid procedure to define a hierarchical order of the electrification of the communities throughout a rural region considering technical and social criteria. The proposed procedure starts with an assessment of the region, to determine the socio-economic context of the communities and the local energy resources, Next, the electrification project of each community is designed and assessed considering 7 technical and 7 social criteria. Then, a hierarchical order of electrification of the communities is calculated combining AHP method and discrete compromise programming to find a trade-off ranking involving all criteria. The procedure is applied to 8 communities of the municipality of Cintalapa-Chiapas (Mexico). Ranking results are discussed and complemented with a sensitivity analysis to robustly assist decision-making when implementing the program. The procedure can be adjusted to be used in other contexts.

A STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT MARKETING PERFORMANCE OF INDONESIAN ORNAMENTAL FISH EXPORTERS

Export performance is an indication of the companies’ success in the export. High export performance is important for companies in terms of ensuring sustainability in the long term. Indonesia expected to be a major player in the global economy especially for live ornamental fish export industry, so “how the marketing performance strategy in Indonesia for permanent success?” like this thought significantly raised. The objective on this research aims to examine the effect of market orientation, product innovation on competitive advantage and the effect of competitive advantage on company performance. Type of the data in this study is descriptive qualitative research. The data collection technique for this research was to conduct in-depth interviews, observations and data analysis as well as related documents. To collect quality and sufficient data, researchers will make observations and In-depth interviews for this study and will conduct interviews with 6 (Six) informants who have been selected who really understand the ornamental fish marketing in this business. Credibility or validity of the data used the triangulation procedure. The findings all participants agreed on this case study research. Overall, market orientation, product innovation, and competitive advantage are interconnected factors that can contribute to a company's market success and performance. By understanding customer needs, offering innovative products, and establishing a competitive edge, a company can position itself for success in the market.

Sustainability of Cooperatives in One City in Negros Occidental

This study aims to determine Sustainability level of cooperatives in Cadiz City, in terms of its non-financial and financial components. This study is a quantitative and qualitative design of descriptive research. Instruments used were the Cooperative Performance Report Questionnaire and interview questions which were conducted through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and/or face to face interview. Results revealed that Sustainability of cooperatives in terms of non-financial components when taken as a whole is great. Extent of cooperatives’ sustainability in terms of financial components when taken as a whole is Moderate. No significant relationship between the cooperatives’ non-financial sustainability and financial sustainability when they are taken as a whole and when grouped according to type. No significant difference on extent of cooperative sustainability when assessed in terms of their non-financial components and grouped according to different types of cooperative. No significant difference on extent of cooperatives’ sustainability when assessed in terms of their financial components and grouped according to different types of cooperative. The researcher concluded that cooperatives’ sustainability are much affected by its non-financial components in terms of Human Resource Management, Structure and Social Aspects. In terms of its financial aspects, Institutional Strengths and profitability performance of cooperatives hinder its sustainability.

Sustainability-oriented dry cutting tool collaborative optimization model for face-hobbing hypoid gears

Dry cutting as an important sustainability manufacturing technology is enhancing ever-higher levels of hypoid gear production. To improve economic and environmental attributes of sustainability manufacturing, a new data-driven dry cutting tool collaborative optimization model considering both geometric accuracy and loaded contact performances is established for face-hobbing hypoid gears. Where, an innovative ease-off tooth contact analysis (e-TCA) method is proposed to establish accurate relations between ease-off flank and loaded contact performance evaluations. Then, for the initial design flank from arc-shaped tool, Top-Rem tool modification is applied to establish the collaborative optimization model. By fine-modifying the ease-off flank relating to Top-Rem tool parameters, the current design flank can get an adaptive approximation to the target flank requiring the loaded contact performance evaluations. Moreover, in addition to the accuracy and efficiency of dry cutting at its own, the cutting gear number of per hour, cutting gear number of per tool and cutting power consumption are used the main assessment items on sustainability. The numerical and experimental examples are provided to verify that the proposed tool collaborative optimization model will significantly improve sustainability in terms of economic and environmental assessments.

Promoting sustainable learning among accounting students: evidence from field experimental design

PurposeSeveral studies have attempted to explain the integration of sustainable development in business school curricula. However, little is known about who (male students vs female students), at which age (under 21, 21–25 and 26–30) and at which stage of their undergraduate education (freshman, junior or senior) can attain and retain an adequate understanding of sustainability in accounting education. For this reason, the present study aims to investigate the students' interest in sustainability in accounting with respect to their demographic factors.Design/methodology/approachThe study used a quantitative research design where data were collected at a single point in time. Further, an independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and factorial design were performed on 132 responses conveniently collected from accounting students in the College of Business Administration (COBA) at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University (PMU) in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.FindingsThe study found no differences between the attitudes of male and female students toward sustainability in accounting education. Similarly, no statistical differences were found in the three age categories identified in this study. However, significant results were found throughout the different academic classifications (seniority): freshman students, junior students and senior students. Further, differences in the mean scores for freshman and junior accounting students were different between the male and female students, indicating that both male and female senior students' attitudes toward sustainability in accounting education were higher than those of male and female freshman and junior accounting students. The study concluded that students achieve an adequate understanding of sustainability in accounting education related to the relativism category of the Perry model of intellectual development.Originality/valueLiterature on attitude of students toward sustainability in education, specifically accounting education, is questionable and needs further exploration. This is due to the fact that only a small number of accounting students have been exposed to sustainable accounting education. Similarly, a recent study found a significant deficiency in sustainable accounting education in four Saudi Arabian universities, with only 4.5% of respondents knowing the comprehensive definition of sustainable development and 88% respondents having very low to low familiarity with the term sustainability.

Ecofacilitative pedagogy as a form of sustanability and social therapy

This article raises the question of the role of non-formal and hybrid education as a form of personal and social sustainability in the war-time adversity. The authors attempt to estimate the role of the eco-facilitation course as one of the original Ukrainian approaches to psychological assistance. The course was provided to different categories of students (displaced and relocated within Ukrainian borders or with a refugee status in Europe and USA). It was found that experimental training by the method of ecofacilitative teaching contributes to individual and social sustainability in terms of rhythmic development (thesis-antithesis-synthesis). In particular, the changes in pedagogy reflect the logic of their non-directive teaching (ecofacilitation). Ecofacilitation is an educational course aimed at developing skills for sustainable self-development or personal stabilization in conditions of instability and chaos, which closely corresponds to the living conditions of an individual during wartime.

Targeted quantitative metabolic profiling of brain-derived cell cultures by semi-automated MEPS and LC-MS/MS

The accurate characterisation of metabolic profiles is an important prerequisite to determine the rate and the efficiency of the metabolic pathways taking place in the cells. Changes in the balance of metabolites involved in vital processes such as glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as in the biochemical pathways related to amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, and their precursors reflect the physiological condition of the cells and may contribute to the development of various human diseases. The feasible and reliable measurement of a wide array of metabolites and biomarkers possesses great potential to elucidate physiological and pathological mechanisms, aid preclinical drug development and highlight potential therapeutic targets. An effective, straightforward, sensitive, and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was developed for the simultaneous quali-quantitative analysis of 41 compounds in both cell pellet and cell growth medium obtained from brain-derived cell cultures. Sample pretreatment miniaturisation was achieved thanks to the development and optimisation of an original extraction/purification approach based on digitally programmed microextraction by packed sorbent (eVol®-MEPS). MEPS allows satisfactory and reproducible clean-up and preconcentration of both low-volume homogenate cell pellet lysate and cell growth medium with advantages including, but not limited to, minimal sample handling and method sustainability in terms of sample, solvents, and energy consumption. The MEPS-LC-MS/MS method showed good sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, and precision. As a proof of concept, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of both cell pellet and cell growth medium obtained from a line of mouse immortalised oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs; Oli-neu cell line), leading to the unambiguous determination of all the considered target analytes. This method is thus expected to be suitable for targeted, quantitative metabolic profiling in most brain cell models, thus allowing accurate investigations on the biochemical pathways that can be altered in central nervous system (CNS) neuropathologies, including e.g., mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, or use of specific nutrients for growth and proliferation, or lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism.

Multi-day fair collaboration in demand-responsive transportation

In this paper, we consider the case of companies that offer a demand-responsive transportation service, such as a shared-taxi service, and are engaged in a horizontal collaboration initiative. The goal of the coalition is to optimize the transportation operations in such a way that no company is penalized, in terms of customers served and/or working time. We present an optimization model for a multi-day planning horizon that includes constraints aimed at guaranteeing a level of fairness to all companies that can be controlled over the planning horizon and day-by-day, if beneficial. An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic is then presented for its solution. The computational experiments show that, although the model constraints the optimization space, it still guarantees substantial savings. Moreover, they show that the model is flexible and can guarantee the sustainability in the long term of the collaboration initiative.

The Impact of Climate Change on Environmental Sustainability and Human Mortality

Climate dictates the critical aspects of human environmental conditions. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather conditions due to human-induced climate change have alarmingly increased. Consequently, climate change directly affects environmental sustainability and human mortality in the short term and creates prolonged and complicated long-term indirect grave risks. This paper examines three-level environmental impact risks associated with climate change on human mortality. It proposes a conceptual framework for developing an empirical event-based human mortality database related to climate change and communication strategies to enhance global environmental adaptation, resilience, and sustainability.

Medium-to-long term sustainability of a health systems intervention to improve service readiness and quality of non-communicable disease (NCD) patient care and experience at primary care settings in Uganda

BackgroundWith the double burden of rising chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and persistent infectious diseases facing sub-Saharan Africa, integrated health service delivery strategies among resource-poor countries are needed.Our study explored the post-trial sustainability of a health system intervention to improve NCD care, introduced during a cluster randomised trial between 2013 and 2016 in Uganda, focusing on hypertension (HT) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) services.In 2020, 19 of 38 primary care health facilities (HFs) that constituted the trial’s original intervention arm until 2016 and 3 of 6 referral HFs that also received the intervention then, were evaluated on i) their facility performance (FPS) through health worker knowledge, and service availability and readiness (SAR), and ii) the quality-of-patient-care-and-experience (QoCE) received.MethodsCross-sectional data from the original trial (2016) and our study (2020) were compared. FPS included a clinical knowledge test with 222 health workers: 131 (2016) and 91 (2020) and a five-element SAR assessment of all 22 HFs. QoCE assessment was performed among 420 patients: 88 (2016) and 332 (2020). Using a pair-matched approach, FPS and QoCE summary scores were compared. Linear and random effects Tobit regression models were also analysed.ResultsThe mean aggregate facility performance (FPS) in 2020 was lower than in 2016: 70.2 (95%CI = 66.0–74.5) vs. 74.8 (95%CI = 71.3–78.3) respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.18). Mean scores declined in 4 of 5 SAR elements.Overall FPS was negatively affected by rural or urban HF location relative to peri-urban HFs (p < 0.01). FPS was not independently predicted but patient club functionality showed weak association (p = 0.09).QoCE declined slightly to 8.7 (95%CI = 8.4–91) in 2020 vs 9.5 (95%CI = 9.1–9.9) in 2016 (p = 0.02) while the proportion of patients receiving adequate quality care also declined slightly to 88.2% from 98.5% respectively, with no statistical difference (p = 0.20). Only the parent district weakly predicted QoCE (p = 0.05).ConclusionsFour years after the end of research-related support, overall facility performance had declined as expected because of the interrupted supplies and a decline in regular supervision. However, both service availability and readiness and quality of HT/DM care were surprisingly well preserved.Sustainability of an NCD intervention in similar settings may remain achievable despite the funding instability following a trial’s end but organisational measures to prepare for the post-trial phase should be taken early on in the intervention process.

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND OUTER SPACE – TODAY’S LAW CHALLENGES

Space security means safe and permanent access to space and limiting threats coming from there. This definition also includes the security aspects of man-made devices sent into space and of ground stations. Space infrastructure can be described as a network of space and ground systems connected by communication channels and allowing access to space. Today, the largest space powers have begun to consider space as an operational domain of warfare. Space more and more often appears to be a field for competition, which might become an arena of conflict. The aim of this article is to present today’s many law challenges to the security of space infrastructure, such as unintentional threats (space debris, geomagnetic and solar storms, and other random disturbances), intentional threats (ASAT anti-satellite weapons, malicious interference, and cyber-attacks), the growing problems of Earth orbit congestion, and the increasing amount of space debris from devices launched into space. The article also presents the role of international organizations (such as the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer space) in making laws that are intended to observe and react to all changes necessary in the outer space environment and to be proactive to help outer space to be safe and secure for all mankind. The conclusion is, however, not optimistic. Space security is a sensitive issue, mainly during conflicts or wars. States are not inclined to bind themselves by international law in this matter. Thus, due to the absence of hard international law (treaties), bilateral and multilateral agreements as well as the best practices from countries that organize space flights must apply. Space monitoring systems, such as the Situational Awareness System (SSA), the code of conduct in space, the UN Long Term Sustainability, or the space Traffic Management rules are legal tools to manage the above challenges in space today.