Term Small For Gestational Age Babies Research Articles

Iron Profile in Term Small for Gestational Age Infants at 10 Weeks of Age and Correlation With Maternal Iron Profile: A Prospective Cohort Study

Term small for gestational age (SGA) babies are at risk for developing iron deficiency anemia. The association between maternal and infant iron stores is not clear. To assess proportion of term SGA neonates developing iron deficiency anemia by 10 weeks of age, and measure correlation between iron profile and hepcidin of babies at birth and at 10 weeks of age with maternal iron profile. Prospective cohort study conducted from November, 2018 to April, 2020. 120 term SGA babies and their mothers. Hemogram, iron profile and serum hepcidin (every fourth case) estimated in mother, cord blood and baby at 10 weeks. Babies developing anemia at 6 weeks detected by hemogram and ferritin were started on iron supplementation and excluded from the study. Proportion of babies developing iron deficiency anemia at 10 weeks of age. 35 (29.2%) of 120 term SGA babies developed anemia (hemoglobin <9 g/dL) at 6 weeks. Proportion of infants who developed iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <9 g/dL and serum ferritin <40 µ/dL) at 6 and 10 weeks of age was 14.2% and 23.3%, respectively. No significant correlation was found bet-ween hemoglobin, iron and hepcidin of the baby in cord blood and at 10 weeks of age with that of mothers. Serum hepcidin in babies at birth (137.5 ng/mL) were higher than maternal values (128 ng/mL). A significant proportion of term SGA infants deve-loped anemia during early infancy, irrespective of maternal iron status.

Risk Factors and Short Term Morbidities Associated With Term-Small for Gestational Age Babies Delivered at Nepalgunj Medical College

Introduction: Small for gestational age (SGA) refers to birth weight of neonates less than 10th percentile for gestational age or 2nd standard deviation below the population norms on the growth charts.&#x0D; Aims: To identify common risk factors and common morbidities for small for gestational age babies.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study and it has been conducted at Department of pediatrics, Nepalgunj Medical college which is a tertiary level teaching hospital located in western part of Nepal. All term small for gestational age neonates born during study period from January 2020 to December 2020 were included. Detailed baseline demographic and clinical profile has been collected and recorded in the predesigned Proforma.&#x0D; Results: The most common risk factors associated with small for gestational age babies in our study were maternal hypertension (14.6%) , maternal GDM(9.6%), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy, maternal anemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism and congenital heart disease. The most common short term complications associated with Small for gestational age babies were hypoglycemia and Meconium aspiration syndrome.&#x0D; Conclusion: The most common risk factors associated with Small for gestational age babies in our study were maternal hypertension, maternal Gestational diabetes Mellitus (GDM), Urinary Tract Infection in 1st or 2nd trimester of pregnancy, maternal anemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypothyroidism and congenital heart disease. The most common short term complications associated with Small for gestational age babies were hypoglycemia and Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS).

Quality of Life, Emotional and Behavioral problems in Full-Term Small for Gestational Age Infants at Preschool Age

Objective: To determine the emotional, behavioral, and developmental problems and quality of life of children born as Term Small for Gestational Age (SGA) in the preschool period, and to compare them with children born as term appropiate for gestational age (AGA).Method: This study conducted as a prospective case control study. Term SGA babies who were followed up in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were taken in the study group, while babies born with term AGA were taken in the control group. All participants’ parents filled the Sociodemographic form, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Pediatric Quality of Life Scale (PedsQL) and were asked questions to complete the ADSI by expert psychologists.Results: 20 SGA (63 months ± 7 months) born term and 20 AGA (59 months ± 8 months) born term children were taken in the study group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gestational age, gender, and age at the outpatient clinic. Social problems were significantly higher in the SGA group (p = 0.014). The school functionality score (SchFS) was found to be significantly lower in the SGA group (p &amp;lt;0.01). In the developmental evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion: The long-term follow-up of term SGA patients is important, as inadequate recognition or inadequate treatment of the disorders that may arise may cause impairment not only in the quality of life and psychiatric condutions of the patients, but also in their ability to adapt to the society.Key words: Chondroblastoma, lower extremity, pain.

Study of fetal malnutrition in full-term small for gestational age babies

Introduction: Fetal malnutrition (FM) is a risk factor for increased neonatal morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Clinician’s comes across the challenge to identify small for gestational age (SGA) babies whose health is endangered in utero due to a hostile intrauterine environment and to monitor and intervene appropriately. Objectives: This prospective observational study aimed to know the prevalence of FM and to study the occurrence of adverse perinatal events in term SGA babies. Materials and Methods: The studyenrolled 903 term SGA neonates. Clinical assessment of nutrition (CAN) score was applied and anthropometric evaluation was carried out between 24 and 48 h of birth. Babies with adverse perinatal events were treated according to standard hospital protocol. Results: The prevalence of FM in the present study was 34.21% in term SGA babies. All anthropometric parameters such as birth weight, length, head circumference (HC), and ponderal index (PI) were significantly lower in SGA babies with FM as compared to those without FM. There was significantly higher occurrence of FM in SGA babies. Risk of FM was 3.17 times higher in SGA babies with length &lt;3rd centile and risk 2.07 times higher when HC was &lt;3rd centile. The risk of FM was 4.27 times higher when PI &lt;2.2. When PI was compared to CAN score for FM, it had low sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: CAN score is the better index for the detection of FM and for predicting high risk of perinatal morbidity in term SGA babies. Our study demonstrates that predicting malnutrition is more meaningful than birth weight alone.

Glycemic status in exclusively breast fed low birth weight babies In first 72 hours of life in a teriary care hospital

Background: Neonatal hypoglycaemia, a common metabolic problem, often goes unnoticed owing to lack of specific symptoms. It can lead to considerable mortality and morbidity with long term neurological sequelae. Adequate breast feeding play an important role in maintaining normal glucose levels. So, this study is done to assess the incidence of hypoglycaemia in exclusively breast fed low birth weight babies, both term and preterm neonates and evaluate the impact of early breast feeding on glycaemic status upto 72 hours of life.Methods: This study was conducted over 12 month period involving 236 AGA (Appropriate for gestational age), SGA (Small for gestational age) babies with birth weight between 1.6-2.49 kg. Blood glucose values were measured at birth, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h of life after delivery which was independent of feeding time. Hypoglycaemia was assessed against age of onset, gestational age, sex of baby, mode of delivery and time of initiation of breast feeding.Results: Total 56 episodes of hypoglycaemia were recorded in 52 babies of which 46 (27%) were term SGA babies and 6(8%) were preterm AGA babies (p=0.00148). The incidence of hypoglycaemia was found to be 22%, highest during the first 24 hours of life (93%) and delayed breast feeding is the most commonly noted risk factor (p=0.00024).Conclusions: Low birth babies are more prone to develop hypoglycaemia especially in first 24 hours of life with delayed introduction of breast feeding being one of the common risk factors and asymptomatic hypoglycaemia can be managed with frequent breast feeding without any formula feeds.

The Optimal Postnatal Growth Trajectory for Term Small for Gestational Age Babies: A Prospective Cohort Study

To identify an optimal growth trajectory for term small for gestational age (SGA) babies from birth to 7-years-old. Data were from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a US multicenter prospective cohort study from 1959-1976. Five weight growth trajectories of the 1957 term SGA babies were grouped by a latent class model. We selected the optimal growth pattern based on the lowest overall risks of childhood diseases. Compared with appropriate for gestational age children, SGA babies with no catch-up growth (439, 22.4%) had higher risks of infection in infancy (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.6), growth restriction (11.2, 8.6-14.6), and low IQ (2.1, 1.7-2.8) at age 7 years. Those with excessive catch-up growth (176, 8.9%) had higher risks of overweight/obesity (7.5, 5.4-10.5) and elevated blood pressure (1.7, 1.1-2.4) at age 7 years. Babies with slow catch-up growth (328, 16.8%) or regression after 4 months (285, 14.6%) were associated with higher risks of low IQ (1.6, 1.2-2.1) and growth restriction (2.2, 1.5-3.2), respectively. Only babies with appropriate catch-up growth (729, 37.3%) did not have increased risk of adverse outcomes. Further, we also tested linear growth trajectories with similar findings. The optimal growth trajectory for term SGA infants may be fast catch-up growth to about the 30th percentile in the first several months, with modest catch-up growth thereafter, to be around the 50th percentile by 7-years-old.