Term Settlement Research Articles

Determining the suitable settlement areas in Alanya with GIS-based site selection analyses.

Urbanization, which is defined as an irreversible global-scale problem nowadays, necessitates the foundation of new settlement areas. In general, no sufficient scientific assessment and analysis were performed during these processes, and thus, various natural disasters cost the loss of many lives and properties every year. Nevertheless, considering the areas that are risky in terms of natural disasters during the selection of settlement areas might prevent a large-scale loss of lives and properties because of natural disasters. Within the scope of this study, it was aimed to determine suitable settlement areas in the Alanya district, which is one of the significant points of interest for tourists in our country and has a large population and new settlement areas because of this increasing population. Within this scope, besides the risks of flood and landslide that are the most important natural disasters in the region, and a forest fire that is among the most significant risks for the region, also the biocomfort zones were included in the assessments. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most important natural disaster risk was flooding in a large portion of the region and that only 6.72% of the study area was suitable for settlement in terms of all the criteria examined in the present study.

SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF TERRITORIES ASIAN RUSSIA

Introduction. In the regions of Asian Russia, there are problems and contradictions in the development of the social sphere, differentiation of urban and rural settlements in terms of infrastructure provision, transport accessibility. Achieving social sustainability of the territories of Asian Russia is the most important condition for the long-term crisis-free development of these territories, maintaining national security and ensuring the national interests of the country.
 Purpose of the study was to develop and test a methodology for assessing the social sustainability of territories, which is both able to present a holistic vision of the situation, and on the other hand, to detail the key problems in terms of their spatial localization.
 Materials and methods. The material for the article was the statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 27 territories of Asian Russia. The author’s methodology is based on the calculation of integral indices of social sustainability and involves ranking territories according to the availability of social infrastructure services, social security and the quality of the social environment.
 Results. The regions were differentiated according to the integral index of social stability, the purchasing power of wages and GRP per capita. The results of the study showed that, in general, for the regions of North Asia, it is necessary to determine the following as development priorities: health care, the labor market and the security of the social environment, material well-being and demographic development.
 The main conclusions and recommendations can be used by various legislative and executive authorities in improving the system for a comprehensive assessment of social sustainability and in developing programs for the socio-economic development of the regions of Asian Russia.

Experimental investigation on pipe-soil interaction due to ground subsidence via high-resolution fiber optic sensing

Understanding the pipe-soil interaction is critical for the design and safety assessment of buried pipelines subjected to large differential ground motion. Laboratory model tests were conducted to study the mechanical response of polyvinyl chloride pipes to ground subsidence. The optical frequency domain reflectometry technique was employed to perform distributed strain sensing of the pipe-soil system. An analytical method was proposed to estimate greenfield settlements in terms of fiber optic strain measurements. The pipe-soil interaction mechanism due to ground subsidence was investigated concerning four aspects, i.e., displacement profile of the pipe-soil system, pipe bending, soil arching, and interfacial shearing. Accounting for three-dimensional soil arching effects, a limit equilibrium solution for the earth pressure imposed on the pipe crown was given. This solution was developed from the two-dimensional Terzaghi soil arching theory and was validated based on the measured earth pressures. The feasibility of distributed fiber optic strain sensing technique in monitoring pipe-soil deformation was discussed through the comparison with the data of displacement transducers. In addition, the change in relative pipe-soil stiffness with increasing ground movements was studied based on the bending behavior of the pipe. A simplified method was given for quantifying the axial pipe-soil interaction based on longitudinal strains. This paper presents new inspiration on the intricacies of pipe-soil interaction using high-resolution distributed fiber optic sensing, which can be applied to structural health monitoring and optimum design of buried pipelines.

Effect of hukou Accessibility on Migrants’ Long Term Settlement Intention in Destination

Migrants’ long-term settlement intention in urban areas has been emphasized by both policy makers and researchers in promoting urbanization and coordinating regional economic development. This study advances the body of knowledge by investigating the effect of what E.S. Lee has proposed as ‘intervening obstacles’ in the ‘push-and-pull’ theory—the difficulty in obtaining hukou in migration destination, on their long-term settlement intention in urban areas. Logistic regressions were applied to examine the effect of urban registered residence system (the hukou system) accessibility on migrants’ long-term settlement intention in urban areas, as well as the determinants of subjective evaluated difficulty in obtaining urban hukou, based on a nation-wide large-scale survey in 46 Chinese cities. Our results suggest that difficulty in obtaining urban hukou does play an important role in shaping country-wide population movement. However, the negative impact of hukou difficulty on migrant workers’ residence intention is not linear, and only when the threshold in obtaining hukou is too high and difficult to achieve will migrant workers choose to return to their hometown in the long term. Moreover, the subjective evaluation of difficulty is further influenced by personal capability and living conditions in cities. This study provides pragmatic implications for administrations from either push side or pull side to improve habitant-related development strategies.

The introduction of a national digital currency: Practical and methodological experience of China

Subject. This article examines the key characteristics of the digital currency of the People's Bank of China. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the advantages of using the digital national currency in China, taking into account the practical experience of other countries, as well as assess the prospects for the internationalization of the yuan and changes in the scheme of international settlements in terms of a possible weakening of the US dollar. Methods. For the study, I used the systems and comparative analyses. Results. The article describes the key advantages of the cyber yuan and substantiates the possibility of applying the successful methodological and practical developments of China by other countries, including Russia, when implementing their own digital currency projects. Conclusions. The article recognizes the prospect of universal internationalization of the yuan and the destruction of the monopoly of the US currency with the help of the digital yuan conditionally possible and very distant.

Bound to the Land: Cove Fort in Kesler Family History and Memory

Bound to the Land: Cove Fort in Kesler Family History and Memory

Nepal-India Relation: Migration Perspective

People of Nepal and India share similar civilization having open border through which citizens of both countries easily migrate in each-others’ countries with no obstacles for lawful work. Mostly, people of both countries migrate for job but Nepalese people migrate to join in British – Indian regiments too and some people migrate for long term settlement and some are for illegal flesh trade. This article has dealt about Nepalese and Indian migrants in both countries and its scenario in an analytical ways on the basis of qualitative research method being centralized to the objectives of this research work. This study also focuses on economic, social, cultural and political prospects and impact of migration in both the countries.

Features of the contemporary settlement system on the Crimean Peninsula

In the 20th century, humanity finally chose the urban path of development as a priority. In the 21st century, the state strategic plans focus on large cities and urban agglomerations under the continuing urbanization. Rural territories are increasingly perceived by the authorities and urbanists as some dying forms, sacrificed for the development of cities. In the Russian Federation, this is especially true for a number of regions (Moscow Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, etc.), in which municipalities are turned into urban districts, and all administrative functions are transferred to the cities. The countryside is still rural, but its population is practically removed from decision-making. At the same time, there are reverse migrations - of urban dwellers to the countryside, which leads to further expansion of cities. The term settlement system means a set of settlements located in a certain territory and connected by a common organization of management, services and labor market. Therefore, the Crimean region has both - overpopulated rural areas and developing cities. The article considers the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula, in particular its urban part, as a basis of its demographic development. Based on statistical, cartographic, regional and historical approaches, the author considers the dynamics of urban settlement and such a phenomenon as urban agglomerations; identifies the main factors in the development of urban settlements, the subsystems of the urban settlement system and its central places. The article also describes the Simferopol-Sevastopol dual-core agglomeration which seems to break up into two autonomous agglomerations due to a range of factors.

The Spatial Design and Philosophy of Vernacular Dwellings in Lingnan Sub-region -- The Example of an Ordinary Village Settlement

Vernacular dwellings are an extremely important building type worldwide, and as an important carrier of the daily life of the vast rural population, they concentrate the local traditional building craftsmanship and the appearance of rural life. By tracing the construction and use of vernacular dwellings, it can provide useful clues for reconstructing the weak community relations in modern society. In the studies on residential houses, researchers often select official-style buildings located in the city and residential houses in the core of the region as the objects of study, and less research has been conducted on ordinary vernacular residential houses. Therefore, this paper selects a common village settlement located in the Lingnan sub-region, China as the research object, records the original information of the settlement, and restores the appearance of the dwelling with computer technology, and further analyzes the vernacular settlement in terms of planning and design, construction technology, and ecological characteristics, in order to comprehensively interpret its structural technology characteristics and cultural connotations, and provide useful assistance to policy makers and planning and design practitioners in the preservation and cultural transmission of historical buildings. Vernacular architecture has gradually disappeared in the context of modernization, and the study in this paper is also a blueprint to keep the backup of vernacular houses in Lingnan sub-region.

ЭТАПЫ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ ГОРОДОВ ТОБОЛЬСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ (1796-1920 ГГ.)

The article considers the main stages of the formation of the historical towns of Tobolsk province: expeditionary, defensive, commercial and economic and the stage of capitalism. The peculiarities of urban formation of settlements in terms of topography and economics were revealed. The functional purpose of the historical centers of the region (Ishim, Tobolsk, Tyumen, and Yalutorovsk) and the nature of urban planning changes in the late XIX - early XX centuries were determined.

Constructivist Architecture of Zlatoust: The Urban Heritage of the 1920s–1930s

This paper deals with the historical and cultural heritage of an important industrial centre of the Urals, the city of Zlatoust, namely, its constructivist architecture which emerged during the age of the first five-year plans, and which remained out of researchers’ view. The specifics of the urban process of the industrialisation age in older industrial settlements of the Urals was defined by the deployment of new constructivist buildings in the existing dense urban environment and in the proximity to production sites. The author describes two key locations of new construction in detail. In the old centre, around the Square of the Third International and along Lenin Street, the old dominants were demolished in the early 1930s (cathedral, Lutheran church) and replaced by new ones (club, bank, fire station, 4-storey residential buildings). In the northern part of the town, the residential zone was developed by the Zlatoust Steel Mill, which was heavily reconstructed in the early 1930s, its settlement had a peculiar planning (terraces on the steep slope of a mountain). Drawing upon archival sources, the author traces the process of planning and construction of key residential and public buildings of Zlatoust (factory kitchen, public bath), shows the peculiarities of urban development in the industrial settlement in the Urals, and outlines the projects of particular structures as well as the course of construction. In the second half of the 1930s, the urban development of Zlatoust was stagnating, and most projects from this period (House of Specialists, House of the Soviets) remained on paper. The author specially describes the housing policy of the Zlatoust Steel Mill. Also, he demonstrates that Zlatoust was a leader among the old (pre-revolutionary) industrial settlements in terms of construction, however, due to the outpacing population growth, administrative changes in the second half of the 1930s and the complex natural landscape, the social infrastructure of the city remained underdeveloped. That, in turn, provoked an acute shortage of housing and communal crises during the Great Patriotic War. The constructivist heritage of Zlatoust was incapable of becoming a cultural symbol of the city in the second half of the twentieth century, and even suffered major losses associated with both the expansion of industrial sites and the outflow of the population from the old part of the settlement.

Internal and External Security Challenges of Nepal

Nepal has been a home to diversified settlement in terms of ethnicity, religion, dialect and culture since its outset in civilization. It also lies between two great military and economic giants of Asia – India and China – that are hostile to each other. While these bring abundant opportunities for Nepal, it possesses several internal and external security threats. Nepal suffers from cyber-attack, environmental degradation, pandemic, ethnic, racial or religious conflicts, inequality and poverty, extremism, human trafficking, corruption, migration and trans-boundary crime. In addition, Nepal also faces several security threats, traditional and non–traditional, including terrorism and insurgency. These threats possess serious implications on peace and security of Nepal and the South Asian region. There is a need of serious study about the major internal and external security challenges that Nepal faces in recent decades. This study aims at examining some of the major security challenges, explore the factors behind it, and attempt to suggest few policy recommendations to the government of Nepal to deal with them. The study is conducted by reviewing the primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data includes documents of the government agencies, press release, joint statement and organizational reports. It also includes the interviews with security experts, bureaucrats, policy makers and academicians. Similarly, secondary data includes books, news reports, academic journals, seminars report and reports of research institutes and think tanks. The study highlights that Nepal should prepare itself to meet with the emerging internal and external security challenges what have emerged in recent times. With the rise of India and China, two adversarial powers in the region, Nepal possess extreme challenges in days to come. Similarly, hardly any countries of the world had prepared itself to deal with recent pandemic like COVID-19 that has shattered even the most powerful countries of the world. Taking lessons from these, it is time for Nepal to learn and prepare to mitigate the challenges.

The culture of erosion: Settler colonialism, geological agency, and New Zealand literature, 1930s–1950s

The Pākehā (settler) writing that flourished in New Zealand in the middle decades of the twentieth century is often seen as an attempt to ground settler culture in the precolonial earth. Produced at a time when erosion was seen as a pressing national and global environmental crisis, however, this essay argues New Zealand literary culture in fact was suffused with awareness of settlement’s profoundly damaged landscape. Returning to prominent critical statements, prose, and poetry from this period — notably by Allen Curnow, Charles Brasch, Monte Holcroft, and Frank Sargeson — reveals that imagery of erosion was central to imagining the nature and impact of settlement in geological terms. In contrast to the antagonistic relationship with nature plotted in these texts, writers such as Ursula Bethell and Herbert Guthrie-Smith offered alternative possibilities for environmental thought through models of geological understanding that drew on religious vocabularies and Māori thought. At the broadest level, focusing on settler literature produced in a moment of environmental crisis framed in geological terms has the potential to illuminate critical responses to the challenges posed by the Anthropocene.

МІСТО ШУМСЬК У КОМПЛЕКСІ ВОЛИНСЬКИХ МАЄТКІВ КНЯЗІВ РАДЗИВІЛІВ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XVIII СТ.

The article analyzes the demographic aspects and economic potential of the city of Shumsk as one of the structural elements of the Volyn properties of the princely house of the Radziwills in the second half of the 18th century. The inventory of this privately owned city and its informative potential was used as a basis for understanding the socio-economic aspects of the everyday life in the cities of Volyn at the time. In 1747 the Malynsky family sold Shumsk to the Radziwills. At the time of the acquisition of the property, the new owners gained a leading position among the magnates of the Ukrainian lands. The Radziwills significantly developed the city plan, expanded its infrastructure, and took care of its cultural and religious landscape. Overall, the new owners seemingly wanted to increase the significance of the settlement in terms of trade, economy and spiritual importance. Despite their large-scale efforts, the city continued to be under the influence of notably more powerful Volyn estates of the representatives of this princely house. At the time, the city and its citizens were considerably involved in the agricultural sector and did not have the opportunity to significantly strengthen the craft component. In fact, they often had to combine the former and the latter since the craft did not yet allow completely abandoning agricultural activities. In the second half of the 18th century, being an estate and economic unit of the Volyn estates of the Radziwills, Shumsk was closely connected with the neighboring town of Rokhmanov.

Conceptual Basis for Ukrainian Rural Development

The presence of imbalances and asymmetries of the rural development form the need of harmonious development directions of the village that led to the choice of a researched topic. The aim of this work is to find and study areas and mechanisms for the orderly development of rural areas based on the principles of formation food and economic security, organic farming, and waste-free life and bio-adequate approaches in growing up and education. The study covers the period from 1991 to 2014. Evaluation of the results was based on sociometric and statistical methods. Theoretical and methodological basis of research was grounded on system-synergetic approach to the study and modelling of socio-economic processes. It was formed a model of dynamic ecological social and economic settlement system capable of self-sufficiency. Specificity of the organization and functioning of the environmental settlements in terms of global challenges was identified.

Evaluation of Sustainability Principles in Adaptable Re-Functioning: Traditional Residences in Demirel Complex

Sustainable living is basically being able to construct the balance of protecting and using natural resources. In this way, the heritage value transferred to future generations is formed by the interaction of people and the environment. This is also very important for “architecture”, which expresses sustainability and is an important tool. In addition to the continuity of sustainable architecture and cultural heritage, it is possible to create economic resources and detect sociological data. Local architecture, which bridges the past and the present and best reveals the relationship of people with each other and their environment, has a place in many parts of the world with its rich diversity. Local architecture has an active place in contemporary society with its cultural, socio-economic and concrete identity values. These structures are protected by various strategies and methods and transferred to future generations. One of these methods is adaptive re-use. Within the scope of adaptive re-use, the study examined the principles of sustainability through eight second-degree registered İslamköy residences in the Demirel Complex of İslamköy village in Atabey district of Isparta province in Turkey. Thus, by evaluating three basic principles, environmental, economic and social, in terms of the continuity of local architecture with the sub-parameters determined, it was aimed to reveal the benefits and damages caused by the complex to the settlement in terms of sustainability. In this way, the change and transformation created by re-functioning with the renewal of building materials and typology was examined.

Water-Facing Distribution and Suitability Space for Rural Mountain Settlements Based on Fractal Theory, South-Western China

The establishment of rural settlements in the topographically complex mountainous area of South-Western China is restricted by various geographical features. The fractal characteristics and water-facing distribution of rural mountain settlements and the suitability of spaces for rural mountain settlements were analyzed for a greater scientific understanding of what factors would facilitate a more appropriate selection of residential sites. The results showed that: (1) Rural mountain settlements have significant fractal characteristics—the fractal dimension values of rural mountain settlements in terms of elevation, slope, disaster risk, and water-facing level ranged from 0.853 to 1.071, 0.716 to 0.997, 0.134 to 0.243, and 0.940 to 1.110, respectively. (2) The fractal dimension value of rural mountain settlements initially increased and subsequently decreased with increasing elevation, and gradually decreased with increases in slope and disaster risk, but with wave-curve increases in water-facing levels. (3) The suitable spaces for rural mountain settlements were those with a low disaster risk and with slopes less of than 5° under a water-facing level of 0 ~ 500 m in the elevation range of 1500–2000 m. Currently, 8.77% of rural mountain settlements are situated in high-risk and sub-high-risk areas. The spatial planning of national land in China may enhance the land consolidation of rural mountain settlements and plan for the placement of settlements in suitable spaces while avoiding high-risk areas and sub-high-risk areas to ensure the safety of lives and property. The results from this study could be used as a reference for future revitalization activities and the site selection of rural mountain settlements.

Устойчивое развитие как концепция повышения качества городской среды моногородов

The research featured the urban environment quality index for single-industry towns and non-single-industry towns in 2018–2019. The research objective was to identify statistical differences between single-industry towns and other urban settlements in terms of the components and combined value of the urban environment quality index. The paper introduces several strategies for the development of the urban environment of single-industry towns based on the concept of sustainable development. The study employed statistical methods and Statistica 10 program. Based on parametric and nonparametric criteria, the author revealed statistical differences for such aspects as "green areas" and "public and business infrastructure" for 2018 and 2019, as well as calculated the combined value for 2019. The strategies described in the present paper can help to overcome the existing problems of single-industry towns and avoid repeating the mistakes made by government when implementing similar federal programs in the past. The study may be of interest for executive authorities, municipal authorities, and residents of single-industry urban settlements.

Examination of the Sustainable Rural Tourism Potential of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina Using a Fuzzy Approach Based on Group Decision Making

Tourism is an economic activity with great contribution for the development of many countries. To develop rural areas, tourism is especially important and need to be improved in these areas. The Government of Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decided to have tourism improvement as one of main objectives in their development strategy focusing on better conditions for development of tourism. Investments in tourism should be applied to the entire area of the Brčko District. Since Brčko District mainly consists of rural areas, it is necessary to invest in rural tourism. The first step of this study was to determine the tourist potential of rural areas. The determination of rural tourist potential in Brčko District was carried out with the assistance of the Brčko District Government. For this purpose, the method of expert decision-making was used, and three experts were selected who evaluated six rural settlements. To obtain results based on expert evaluation, two multi-criteria methods were used: the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) for determining the importance of criteria and the fuzzy Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) method to rank rural settlements in terms of their tourism potential. The results showed that the settlement of Bijela has the best rural tourist potential, while the settlement of Grbavica has the least potential. The results obtained by applying this model showed how rural tourism in Brčko District can be improved. The research model for testing the tourism potential has shown good results and can be applied in other branches of tourism with some adaptation to certain branches of tourism.

Распространение ожирения в различных социально-демографических группах населения России

Распространение ожирения в различных социально-демографических группах населения России